Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with renal failure using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.

AIMS: Diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is difficult as they often have increased high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Observational US cohort study of emergency department patients undergoing hs-cTnT measurement. Cases with ≥1 hs-cTnT increase > 99th percentile were adjudicated following the Fourth Universal Definition of MI. Diagnostic performance of baseline and serial 2 h hs-cTnT thresholds for ruling-in acute MI was compared between those without and with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). The study cohort included 1992 patients, amongst whom 501 (25%) had CKD. There were 75 (15%) and 350 (70%) patients with CKD and 80 (5%) and 351 (24%) without CKD who had acute MI and myocardial injury. In CKD patients with baseline hs-cTnT thresholds of ≥52, >100, >200, or >300 ng/L, positive predictive values (PPVs) for MI were 36% (95% CI 28-45), 53% (95% CI 39-67), 73% (95% CI 50-89), and 80% (95% CI 44-98), and in those without CKD, 61% (95% CI 47-73), 69% (95% CI 49-85), 59% (95% CI 33-82), and 54% (95% CI 25-81). In CKD patients with a 2 h hs-cTnT delta of ≥10, >20, or >30 ng/L, PPVs were 66% (95% CI 51-79), 86% (95% CI 68-96), and 88% (95% CI 68-97), and in those without CKD, 64% (95% CI 50-76), 73% (95% CI 57-86), and 75% (95% CI 58-88). CONCLUSION: Diagnostic performance of standard baseline and serial 2 h hs-cTnT thresholds to rule-in MI is suboptimal in CKD patients. It significantly improves when using higher baseline thresholds and delta values.

Urinary Oxalate Excretion During Pregnancy in Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1: A Report of 4 Cases.

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excessive oxalate production because of specific gene defects. PH1 is the most prevalent type, causing recurrent kidney stone disease and often leading to chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Our previous study suggested that pregnancy did not adversely affect kidney function in female patients with PH. In this study, we identified 4 PH1 cases with urinary oxalate (UOx) measurements during pregnancy from the Rare Kidney Stone Consortium and Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation PH registry to investigate UOx levels during pregnancy in patients with PH1. The PH Registry is approved by the Institutional Review Board of Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). All 4 showed a decrease in UOx during pregnancy when compared with before pregnancy and after delivery. These findings contrast with those of the general population, in which the UOx tends to increase during pregnancy because of a simultaneous physiological increase in the glomerular filtration rate. Elucidating the mechanism underlying reduced UOx during pregnancy in PH1 could suggest novel PH therapies. These findings could also affect the clinical management and have implications regarding the safety of withholding novel PH1-directed molecular therapies that currently have uncertain safety profiles during pregnancy. We highlight the need for additional data on urinary changes in patients with PH and other populations while pregnant to clarify changes in UOx throughout pregnancy.

Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patient-Initiated Encounters Before the 6-Week Postpartum Visit.

OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics associated with a higher likelihood of patient-initiated encounters with a health care professional before the scheduled 6-week postpartum visit. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of postpartum persons who received prenatal care and delivered at a single academic level IV maternity care center in 2019. We determined associations between maternal sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and the likelihood of patient-initiated early postpartum encounters with χ2 tests for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous and ordinal variables. RESULTS: A total of 796 patients were included in our analysis, and 324 (40.7%) initiated an early postpartum encounter. Significantly more postpartum persons who initiated early postpartum encounters were primiparous persons (54.3%) than multiparous (33.8%) persons (P < .001). Postpartum persons who desired breastfeeding or who had prolonged maternal hospitalization, episiotomy, or cesarean or operative vaginal delivery were also significantly more likely to initiate early postpartum encounters (all P≤.002). Of postpartum persons who initiated early encounters, 44 (13.6%) initiated in-person visits, 138 (42.6%) initiated telephone or patient portal communication, and 142 (43.8%) initiated encounters of both types. Specifically, 39.2% of postpartum persons initiated at least one early postpartum encounter for lactation support, and nearly half of early postpartum encounters occurred during the first week after hospital discharge. CONCLUSION: Early postpartum encounters were more common among primiparas and postpartum persons who were breastfeeding or had prolonged hospitalization, episiotomy, cesarean delivery, or operative vaginal delivery. Future studies should focus on the development of evidence-based guidelines for recommending early postpartum visits.

Maternal COVID-19 vaccination status and association with neonatal congenital anomalies.

Introduction: Despite recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant people, the effect of vaccination on neonatal outcomes remains unknown. We sought to determine the association between COVID-19 vaccination status in pregnancy and presence of neonatally diagnosed congenital anomalies. Methods: A comprehensive vaccine registry was combined with a delivery database to create a cohort including all patients aged 16-55 years with a delivery event between December 10, 2020 and December 31, 2021 at a hospital within the Mayo Clinic Health System. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were analyzed in relation to vaccination status and timing, including a composite measure of congenital anomalies diagnosed in neonatal life. Comparisons between cohorts were conducted using chi-square test for categorical and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. A multivariable logistic regression was modeled to assess the association with congenital anomalies. Results: 5,096 mother-infant pairs were analyzed. A total of 1,158 were vaccinated, with 314 vaccinated in the first trimester. COVID-19 vaccination status, including vaccination during the first trimester of pregnancy, was not associated with an increased risk of composite congenital anomalies. When further examining congenital anomalies by organ system, we did demonstrate a significant difference in eye, ear, face, neck anomalies between vaccinated and not vaccinated groups (Table 3, Not vaccinated = 2.3%, Vaccinated = 3.3%, p-value 0.04) however we did not demonstrate this difference between the 1st trimester and not vaccinated groups (Not vaccinated = 2.3%, 1st Trimester = 2.5%, p-value 0.77). No differences were found between not vaccinated, vaccinated, or 1st trimester vaccinated groups for any other organ systems. There were no differences in birthweight by gestational age, APGAR scores, incidence of NICU admission, or living status of the neonate by vaccination status. Conclusion: We add additional information regarding the safety of COVID-19 vaccination status and timing as it pertains to neonatal composite congenital anomalies, with no association demonstrated. Our findings agree with prior literature that COVID-19 vaccination is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes or small for gestational age neonates. Further research is needed to elucidate the association between COVID-19 vaccination and eye, ear, face, neck, anomalies.

High Baseline High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Concentrations and Risk of Index Acute Myocardial Infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the previously recommended baseline high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) thresholds of 52 and 100 ng/L in identifying patients at high risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study compared the positive predictive value (PPV) for index AMI of these high-risk hs-cTnT thresholds in adult patients in the emergency department undergoing hs-cTnT measurement. RESULTS: The adjudicated MAyo Southwest Wisconsin 5th Gen Troponin T ImplementatiON cohort included 2053 patients, with 157 (7.6%) who received a diagnosis of AMI. The hs-cTnT concentrations of greater than 52 and greater than 100 ng/L resulted in PPVs of 41% (95% CI, 35%-48%) and 57% (95% CI, 48%-66%). In patients with chest discomfort, hs-cTnT concentrations greater than 52 ng/L resulted in a PPV of 66% (95% CI, 56%-76%) and hs-cTnT concentrations greater than 100 ng/L resulted in a PPV of 77% (95% CI, 65%-87%). The CV Data Mart Biomarker cohort included 143,709 patients, and 3003 (2.1%) received a diagnosis of AMI. Baseline hs-cTnT concentrations greater than 52 and greater than 100 ng/L resulted in PPVs of 12% (95% CI, 11%-12%) and 17% (95% CI, 17%-19%), respectively. In patients with chest pain and hs-cTnT concentrations greater than 52 ng/L, the PPV for MI was 17% (95% CI, 15%-18%) and in those with concentrations greater than 100 ng/L, only 22% (95% CI, 19%-25%). CONCLUSION: In unselected patients undergoing hs-cTnT measurement, the hs-cTnT thresholds of greater than 52 and greater than 100 ng/L provide suboptimal performance for identifying high-risk patients. In patients with chest discomfort, an hs-cTnT concentration of greater than 100 ng/L, but not the European Society of Cardiology-recommended threshold of greater than 52 ng/L, provides an acceptable performance but should be used only with other clinical features.

Natural history of urine and plasma oxalate in children with primary hyperoxaluria type 1.

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare, severe genetic disease causing increased hepatic oxalate production resulting in urinary stone disease, nephrocalcinosis, and often progressive chronic kidney disease. Little is known about the natural history of urine and plasma oxalate values over time in children with PH1. METHODS: For this retrospective observational study, we analyzed data from genetically confirmed PH1 patients enrolled in the Rare Kidney Stone Consortium PH Registry between 2003 and 2018 who had at least 2 measurements before age 18 years of urine oxalate-to-creatinine ratio (Uox:cr), 24-h urine oxalate excretion normalized to body surface area (24-h Uox), or plasma oxalate concentration (Pox). We compared values among 3 groups: homozygous G170R, heterozygous G170R, and non-G170R AGXT variants both before and after initiating pyridoxine (B6). RESULTS: Of 403 patients with PH1 in the registry, 83 met the inclusion criteria. Uox:cr decreased rapidly over the first 5 years of life. Both before and after B6 initiation, patients with non-G170R had the highest Uox:cr, 24-h Uox, and Pox. Patients with heterozygous G170R had similar Uox:cr to homozygous G170R prior to B6. Patients with homozygous G170R had the lowest 24-h Uox and Uox:cr after B6. Urinary oxalate excretion and Pox tend to decrease over time during childhood. eGFR over time was not different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children with PH1 under 5 years old have relatively higher urinary oxalate excretion which may put them at greater risk for nephrocalcinosis and kidney failure than older PH1 patients. Those with homozygous G170R variants may have milder disease. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Procedural Characteristics and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The outcomes of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease are not well described. METHODS: In a retrospective study of adult patients with congenital heart disease who underwent catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation between 2000 and 2020 at Mayo Clinic, procedural characteristics and outcomes were collected. The primary outcomes were atrial arrhythmia (AA) recurrence following a 3-month blanking period and repeat ablation. An arrhythmia clinical severity score was assessed pre- and post-ablation based on the duration of arrhythmia episodes, symptoms, cardioversion frequency, and antiarrhythmic drug use. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five patients (age, 57±12 years; 28% female; 63% paroxysmal atrial fibrillation) underwent 198 ablations with a median follow-up of 26 months (interquartile range, 14-69). One hundred ten, 26, and 9 patients had simple, moderate, and complex congenital heart disease, respectively. All patients underwent pulmonary vein isolation, and non-pulmonary vein targets were ablated in 79 (54%). AA recurrence at 12 months was 37% (95% CI, 29%-45%). On univariate analysis, increasing left atrial volume index was associated with higher odds of AA recurrence (odds ratio, 1.03 [1.00-1.06] per 1 mL/m2 increment; P=0.05). Noninducibility of atrial flutter was predictive of decreased odds of AA recurrence (odds ratio, 0.43 [0.21-0.90]; P=0.03). A second ablation was performed in 43 patients after a median of 20 (interquartile range, 8-37) months. Arrhythmia clinical severity scores improved following ablation, reflecting a decrease in symptoms, cardioversions, and antiarrhythmic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is feasible and effective in patients with adult congenital heart disease and reduces symptoms. Recurrence of AA frequently requires repeat ablation.

Use of the HEAR Score for 30-Day Risk-Stratification in Emergency Department Patients.

BACKGROUND: The 2021 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association chest pain guidelines recommend risk scores such as HEAR (History, Electrocardiogram, Age, Risk factors) for short-term risk stratification, yet limited data exist integrating them with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). METHODS: Retrospective, multicenter (n = 2), observational, US cohort study of consecutive emergency department patients without ST-elevation myocardial infarction who had at least one hs-cTnT (limit of quantitation [LoQ] <6 ng/L, and sex-specific 99th percentiles of 10 ng/L for women and 15 ng/L for men) measurement on clinical indications in whom HEAR scores (0-8) were calculated. The composite major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) outcome was 30-day prognosis. RESULTS: Among 1979 emergency department patients undergoing hs-cTnT measurement, 1045 (53%) were low risk (0-3), 914 (46%) intermediate risk (4-6), and 20 (1%) high risk (7-8) based on HEAR scores. HEAR scores were not associated with increased risk of 30-day MACE in adjusted analyses. Patients with quantifiable hs-cTnT (LoQ-99th) had an increased risk for 30-day MACE (3.4%) irrespective of HEAR scores. Those with serial hs-cTnT <99th percentile remained at low risk (range 0%-1.2%) across all HEAR score strata. Higher scores were not associated with long-term (2-year) events. CONCLUSIONS: HEAR scores are of limited value in those with baseline hs-cTnT 99th percentile to define short-term prognosis. In those with baseline quantifiable hs-cTnT within the reference range (<99th percentile), a higher risk (>1%) for 30-day MACE exists even in those with low HEAR scores. With serial hs-cTnT measurements, HEAR scores overestimate risk when hs-cTnT remains <99th percentile.

Outpatient Antibiotic Use is Not Associated with an Increased Risk of First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stones.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antibiotics modify human microbiomes and may contribute to kidney stone risk. In a population-based case-control study using 1247 chart-validated first-time symptomatic kidney stone formers and 4024 age- and sex-matched controls, the risk of kidney stones was transiently higher during the first year after antibiotic use. However, this risk was no longer evident after adjustment for comorbidities and excluding participants with prior urinary symptoms. Findings were consistent across antibiotic classes and the number of antibiotic courses received. This suggests that antibiotics are not important risk factors of kidney stones. Rather, kidney stones when they initially cause urinary symptoms are under-recognized, resulting in antibiotic use before a formal diagnosis of kidney stones ( i.e. , reverse causality). BACKGROUND: Antibiotics modify gastrointestinal and urinary microbiomes, which may contribute to kidney stone formation. This study examined whether an increased risk of a first-time symptomatic kidney stone episode follows antibiotic use. METHODS: A population-based case-control study surveyed 1247 chart-validated first-time symptomatic kidney stone formers with a documented obstructing or passed stone (cases) in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2008 to 2013 and 4024 age- and sex-matched controls. All prescriptions for outpatient oral antibiotic use within 5 years before the onset of symptomatic stone for the cases and their matched controls were identified. Conditional logistic regression estimated the odds ratio (OR) of a first-time symptomatic kidney stone across time after antibiotic use. Analyses were also performed after excluding cases and controls with prior urinary tract infection or hematuria because urinary symptoms resulting in antibiotic prescription could have been warranted because of undiagnosed kidney stones. RESULTS: The risk of a symptomatic kidney stone was only increased during the 1-year period after antibiotic use (unadjusted OR, 1.31; P = 0.001), and this risk was attenuated after adjustment for comorbidities (OR, 1.16; P = 0.08). After excluding cases and controls with prior urinary symptoms, there was no increased risk of a symptomatic kidney stone during the 1-year period after antibiotic use (unadjusted OR, 1.04; P = 0.70). Findings were consistent across antibiotic classes and the number of antibiotic courses received. CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of a first-time symptomatic kidney stone with antibiotic use seems largely due to both comorbidities and prescription of antibiotics for urinary symptoms. Under-recognition of kidney stones that initially cause urinary symptoms resulting in antibiotic use may explain much of the perceived stone risk with antibiotics ( i.e. , reverse causality).

Diagnosis and Prognosis of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Using Objective Evidence of Acute Myocardial Ischemia: A Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Differentiating type 2 myocardial infarction from myocardial injury can be difficult. In addition, the presence of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia may facilitate identification of high-risk type 2 myocardial infarction patients. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study of adult emergency department patients undergoing high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) measurement. Patients with ≥1 hs-cTnT >99th percentile were adjudicated following the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Patients were categorized as "subjective type 2 myocardial infarction" when ischemic symptoms were the lone criteria supporting type 2 myocardial infarction, or "objective type 2 myocardial infarction" when there was ≥1 objective clinical feature (electrocardiography, imaging, angiography) of acute myocardial ischemia. The primary outcome was mortality. RESULTS: A total of 857 patients were included, among which 55 (6.4%) were classified as subjective type 2 myocardial infarction, 36 (4.2%) as objective type 2 myocardial infarction, and 702 (82%) as myocardial injury. Those with objective type 2 myocardial infarction had a higher risk of mortality during the index presentation (17% vs 1.7%, P < .0001; hazard ratio 11.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.7-33.4) and at 2-year follow-up (47% vs 31%, P = .04; hazard ratio 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-3.14) than those with myocardial injury. Objective type 2 myocardial infarction had a higher mortality than subjective type 2 myocardial infarction at index presentation (17% vs 2.0%, P = .01) and at 1 (25% vs 9.1%, P = .04) and 3 months (31% vs 13%, P = .04) follow-up. There were no mortality differences between subjective type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury. CONCLUSION: In patients diagnosed with type 2 myocardial infarction, those with objective evidence of myocardial ischemia have significantly worse outcomes compared with those with myocardial injury and subjective type 2 myocardial infarction. A more rigorous type 2 myocardial infarction definition that emphasizes these criteria may facilitate diagnosis and risk-stratification.

Characterization of Stone Events in Patients With Type 3 Primary Hyperoxaluria.

PURPOSE: Hallmarks of primary hyperoxaluria type 3 are nephrolithiasis and hyperoxaluria. However, little is known about factors influencing stone formation in this disease. We characterized stone events and examined associations with urine parameters and kidney function in a primary hyperoxaluria type 3 population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical, and laboratory data of 70 primary hyperoxaluria type 3 patients enrolled in the Rare Kidney Stone Consortium Primary Hyperoxaluria Registry. RESULTS: Kidney stones occurred in 65/70 primary hyperoxaluria type 3 patients (93%). Among the 49 patients with imaging available, the median (IQR) number of stones was 4 (2, 5), with largest stone 7 mm (4, 10) at first imaging. Clinical stone events occurred in 62/70 (89%) with median number of events per patient 3 (2, 6; range 1-49). Age at first stone event was 3 years (0.99, 8.7). Lifetime stone event rate was 0.19 events/year (0.12, 0.38) during follow-up of 10.7 (4.2, 26.3) years. Among 326 total clinical stone events, 139 (42.6%) required surgical intervention. High stone event rates persisted for most patients through the sixth decade of life. Analysis was available for 55 stones: pure calcium oxalate accounted for 69%, with mixed calcium oxalate and phosphate in 22%. Higher calcium oxalate supersaturation was associated with increased lifetime stone event rate after adjusting for age at first event (IRR [95%CI] 1.23 [1.16, 1.32]; P < .001). By the fourth decade, estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower in primary hyperoxaluria type 3 patients than the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Stones impose a lifelong burden on primary hyperoxaluria type 3 patients. Reducing urinary calcium oxalate supersaturation may reduce event frequency and surgical intervention.

Artificial intelligence-augmented electrocardiography for left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients undergoing high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.

AIMS: Our goal was to evaluate a previously validated artificial intelligence-augmented electrocardiography (AI-ECG) screening tool for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in patients undergoing high-sensitivity-cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Retrospective application of AI-ECG for LVSD in emergency department (ED) patients undergoing hs-cTnT. AI-ECG scores (0-1) for probability of LVSD (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35%) were obtained. An AI-ECG score ≥0.256 indicates a positive screen. The primary endpoint was a composite of post-discharge major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) at two years follow-up. Among 1977 patients, 248 (13%) had a positive AI-ECG. When compared with patients with a negative AI-ECG, those with a positive AI-ECG had a higher risk for MACE [48 vs. 21%, P < 0.0001, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.75]. This was largely because of a higher rate of deaths (32 vs. 14%, P < 0.0001; adjusted HR 1.26, 95% 0.95-1.66) and heart failure hospitalizations (26 vs. 6.1%, P < 0.001; adjusted HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.25-2.45). Together, hs-cTnT and AI-ECG resulted in the following MACE rates and adjusted HRs: hs-cTnT < 99th percentile and negative AI-ECG: 116/1176 (11%; reference), hs-cTnT < 99th percentile and positive AI-ECG: 28/107 (26%; adjusted HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.01-2.36), hs-cTnT > 99th percentile and negative AI-ECG: 233/553 (42%; adjusted HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.66, 2.70), and hs-cTnT > 99th percentile and positive AI-ECG: 91/141 (65%; adjusted HR 2.83, 95% CI 2.06, 3.87). CONCLUSION: Among ED patients evaluated with hs-cTnT, a positive AI-ECG for LVSD identifies patients at high risk for MACE. The conjoint use of hs-cTnT and AI-ECG facilitates risk stratification.

Impact of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 infection on fetal growth during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, certain viral infections are known to significantly affect fetal development. Data regarding the impact of COVID-19 viral infection in pregnancy, specifically in asymptomatic or mild cases, remains limited. This presents a challenge in providing prenatal counseling and antepartum surveillance in pregnancies complicated by COVID-19 infection. Placenta studies have demonstrated that vascular malperfusion patterns attributed to COVID-19 appear to depend on the timing of infection. Given these placental changes, we aim to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on fetal growth in pregnant patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, stratified by trimester of infection. We hypothesize that COVID-19 infection, especially early in pregnancy, increases the risk of fetal growth restriction (FGR). STUDY DESIGN: This is a single institution, retrospective cohort study of patients ages 16-55 years old with a singleton delivery between December 10, 2020, and April 19, 2021 who had not received a COVID-19 vaccination prior to delivery. COVID-19 infection during pregnancy was defined as a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. FGR was defined as an estimated fetal weight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age or abdominal circumference less than the 10th percentile for gestational age. Maternal and fetal characteristics, including FGR, were compared between women with versus without COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. RESULTS: Among 1971 women with a singleton delivery, 208 (10.6 %) had a prior asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. With the exception in the median prenatal BMI being significantly higher in the COVID-19 group (median, 27.5 vs 26.3, p = 0.04), there were no significant differences in demographics, baseline maternal comorbidities or gestational age between those with versus without COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, or in the proportion of their offspring with FGR (3.4 % (7/208) vs 4.8 % (84/1763), p = 0.36). When the 208 women were stratified by the timing of their COVID-19 infection, the proportion with an offspring with FGR was 8.7 % (2/23), 1.2 % (1/84), and 4.0 % (4/101), for those first diagnosed with COVID-19 during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters, respectively (p = 0.72 Cochran-Armitage test for trend). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 infection in pregnancy, regardless of timing of infection, does not appear to be associated with FGR. Routine serial fetal growth assessment may not be warranted solely for history of COVID-19 infection.

Dietary Risk Factors for Incident and Recurrent Symptomatic Kidney Stones.

OBJECTIVE: To compare dietary factors between incident symptomatic stone formers and controls, and among the incident stone formers, to determine whether dietary factors were predictive of symptomatic recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively recruited 411 local incident symptomatic kidney stone formers (medical record validated) and 384 controls who were seen at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota or Florida between January 1, 2009, and August 31, 2018. Dietary factors were based on a Viocare, Inc, food frequency questionnaire administered during a baseline in-person study visit. Logistic regression compared dietary risk factors between incident symptomatic stone formers and controls. Incident stone formers were followed up for validated symptomatic recurrence in the medical record. Cox proportional hazards models estimated risk of symptomatic recurrence with dietary factors. Analyses adjusted for fluid intake, energy intake, and nondietary risk factors. RESULTS: In fully adjusted analyses, lower dietary calcium, potassium, caffeine, phytate, and fluid intake were all associated with a higher odds of an incident symptomatic kidney stone. Among incident stone formers, 73 experienced symptomatic recurrence during a median 4.1 years of follow-up. Adjusting for body mass index, fluid intake, and energy intake, lower dietary calcium and lower potassium intake were predictive of symptomatic kidney stone recurrence. With further adjustment for nondietary risk factors, lower dietary calcium intake remained a predictor of recurrence, but lower potassium intake only remained a predictor of recurrence among those not taking thiazide diuretics or calcium supplements. CONCLUSION: Enriching diets in stone formers with foods high in calcium and potassium may help prevent recurrent symptomatic kidney stones.

Intraabdominal pressure as a marker for physiologic and pathologic processes in pregnancy.

Increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP) can result in compression of the abdominal-pelvic venous system leading to signs and symptoms of end organ dysfunction. It has been hypothesized as a pathophysiologic process of preeclampsia. We aim to evaluate the role of IAP in normotensive vs preeclamptic, and singleton vs twin pregnancies. We hypothesized that IAP would be higher in preeclamptics and twins.Women undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery were enrolled in four groups: Singletons- Preeclamptic and Normotensive, Twins- Preeclamptic and Normotensive. Elevated IAP was seen in singleton pregnancies with preeclampsia, representing a pathologic process; and in all twin pregnancies, suggesting a physiologic process.

Major adverse cardiovascular events after diagnosis of myocardial injury and types 1 and 2 myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Limited US outcome data exist among patients with myocardial injury and types 1 and 2 myocardial infarction (MI) evaluated with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn). METHODS AND RESULTS: This is an observational US cohort study of emergency department (ED) patients undergoing hs-cTnT measurement. Cases with ≥1 hs-cTnT increase >99th percentile were adjudicated following the Fourth Universal Definition of MI. Post-discharge major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) included death, MI, heart failure (HF) hospitalization, stroke or transient ischaemic attack, and new-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter during 2 years follow-up. Among 2002 patients, 857 (43%) had ≥1 hs-cTnT >99th percentile. Among these, 702 (81.9%) had myocardial injury, 64 (7.5%) had type 1 MI, and 91 (10.6%) had type 2 MI. Compared with patients without myocardial injury, type 2 MI [8.4 vs. 50%; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49-3.58] and myocardial injury (8.4 vs. 47%; adjusted HR 3.13, 95% CI 2.39-4.09) had a higher risk of MACE, in large part because of death and HF hospitalizations. Compared with patients with type 1 MI, type 2 MI (23 vs. 50%; adjusted HR 2.24; 95% CI 1.23-4.10) and myocardial injury (23 vs. 47%; adjusted HR 2.02; 95% CI 1.20-3.40) also have a higher risk of MACE. CONCLUSION: Among unselected US ED patients undergoing hs-cTnT measurement, most increases are due to myocardial injury, and type 2 MI is more frequent than type 1 MI. Patients with myocardial injury and type 2 MI have morbid outcomes, in large part due to death and HF.

Rapid Exclusion of Acute Myocardial Injury and Infarction With a Single High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in the Emergency Department: A Multicenter United States Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: There are good data to support using a single high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) below the limit of detection of 5 ng/L to exclude acute myocardial infarction. Per the US Food and Drug Administration, hs-cTnT can only report to the limit of quantitation of 6 ng/L, a threshold for which there are limited data. Our goal was to determine whether a single hs-cTnT below the limit of quantitation of 6 ng/L is a safe strategy to identify patients at low risk for acute myocardial injury and infarction. METHODS: The efficacy (proportion identified as low risk based on baseline hs-cTnT<6 ng/L) of identifying low-risk patients was examined in a multicenter (n=22 sites) US cohort study of emergency department patients undergoing at least 1 hs-cTnT (CV Data Mart Biomarker cohort). We then determined the performance of a single hs-cTnT<6 ng/L (biomarker alone) to exclude acute myocardial injury (subsequent hs-cTnT >99th percentile in those with an initial hs-cTnT<6 ng/L). The clinically intended rule-out strategy combining a nonischemic ECG with a baseline hs-cTnT<6 ng/L was subsequently tested in an adjudicated cohort in which the diagnostic performance for ruling out acute myocardial infarction and safety (myocardial infarction or death at 30 days) were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 85 610 patients were evaluated in the CV Data Mart Biomarker cohort, among which 24 646 (29%) had a baseline hs-cTnT<6 ng/L. Women were more likely than men to have hs-cTnT<6 ng/L (38% versus 20%, P<0.0001). Among 11 962 patients with baseline hs-cTnT<6 ng/L and serial measurements, only 1.2% developed acute myocardial injury, resulting in a negative predictive value of 98.8% (95% CI, 98.6-99.0) and sensitivity of 99.6% (95% CI, 99.5-99.6). In the adjudicated cohort, a nonischemic ECG with hs-cTnT<6 ng/L identified 33% of patients (610/1849) as low risk and resulted in a negative predictive value and sensitivity of 100% and a 30-day rate of 0.2% for myocardial infarction or death. CONCLUSIONS: A single hs-cTnT below the limit of quantitation of 6 ng/L is a safe and rapid method to identify a substantial number of patients at very low risk for acute myocardial injury and infarction.

Clinical characterization of primary hyperoxaluria type 3 in comparison with types 1 and 2.

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) type 3 (PH3) is caused by mutations in the hydroxy-oxo-glutarate aldolase 1 gene. PH3 patients often present with recurrent urinary stone disease in the first decade of life, but prior reports suggested PH3 may have a milder phenotype in adults. This study characterized clinical manifestations of PH3 across the decades of life in comparison with PH1 and PH2. METHODS: Clinical information was obtained from the Rare Kidney Stone Consortium PH Registry (PH1, n = 384; PH2, n = 51; PH3, n = 62). RESULTS: PH3 patients presented with symptoms at a median of 2.7 years old compared with PH1 (4.9 years) and PH2 (5.7 years) (P = 0.14). Nephrocalcinosis was present at diagnosis in 4 (7%) PH3 patients, while 55 (89%) had stones. Median urine oxalate excretion was lowest in PH3 patients compared with PH1 and PH2 (1.1 versus 1.6 and 1.5 mmol/day/1.73 m2, respectively, P < 0.001) while urine calcium was highest in PH3 (112 versus 51 and 98 mg/day/1.73 m2 in PH1 and PH2, respectively, P < 0.001). Stone events per decade of life were similar across the age span and the three PH types. At 40 years of age, 97% of PH3 patients had not progressed to end-stage kidney disease compared with 36% PH1 and 66% PH2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with all forms of PH experience lifelong stone events, often beginning in childhood. Kidney failure is common in PH1 but rare in PH3. Longer-term follow-up of larger cohorts will be important for a more complete understanding of the PH3 phenotype.