Experimental traumatic occlusion drives immune changes in trigeminal ganglion.

We previously demonstrated that experimental traumatic occlusion (ETO) induces a long-lasting nociceptive response. These findings were associated with altered neuronal patterns and suggestive satellite glial cell activation. This study aimed to elucidate the activation of satellite glial cells following ETO in the trigeminal ganglion. Moreover, we explored the involvement of resident and infiltrating cells in trigeminal ganglion in ETO. Finally, we investigated the overexpression of purinergic signaling and the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis. RT-qPCR and electrophoresis showed overexpression of GFAP in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), and immunohistochemistry corroborated these findings, demonstrating SGCs activation. ELISA reveals enhanced levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß in TG after 28 d of ETO. In trigeminal ganglia, ETO groups improved the release of CX3CL1, and immunohistochemistry showed higher CX3CR1+ -immunoreactive cells in ETO groups. Immunohistochemistry and electrophoresis of the P2X7 receptor were found in ETO groups. The mRNA levels of IBA1 are upregulated in the 0.7-mm ETO group, while immunohistochemistry showed higher IBA1+ -immunoreactive cells in both ETO groups. The expression of CD68 by electrophoresis and immunohistochemistry was observed in the ETO groups. For last, ELISA revealed increased levels of IL-6, IL-12, and CCL2 in the TG of ETO groups. Furthermore, the mRNA expression revealed augmented transcription factors and cytokines associated with lymphocyte activation, such as RORγt, IL-17, Tbet, IFNγ, FOXP3, and IL-10. The findings of this study suggested that ETO activates SGCs in TG, and purinergic signaling and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis were upregulated. We uncovered the involvement of a distinct subtype of macrophages, named sensory neuron-associated macrophage activation (sNMAs), and detected an expanded number of infiltrated macrophages onto TG. These findings indicate that ETO induces chronic/persistent immune response.

O uso dos métodos cirúrgico e rotatório no tratamento da despigmentação gengival ­ relato de dois casos clínicos / The use of surgical and rotary methods to treat gingival depigmentation ­ report of two clinical cases

Este artigo relatou dois tipos diferentes de tratamento para pacientes com despigmentação melânica gengival. No primeiro caso, uma paciente de 21 anos de idade apresentou-se com intensa pigmentação melânica (marrom escuro) na região entre os caninos. O tratamento consistiu na remoção desta faixa de tecido (raspagem gengival) usando-se apenas anestesia local e uma lâmina de bisturi 15C. No segundo caso, um paciente de 22 anos de idade apresentou-se com pigmentação melânica moderada (marrom médio), também na região intercanina superior. O tratamento consistiu na remoção deste tecido utilizando brocas diamantadas 1016HL sob irrigação com soro fisiológico e finalização com broca diamantada 4138. Em ambos os casos, um cimento cirúrgico foi usado para proteção, a dor foi controlada com dipirona, e as áreas foram limpas com solução de clorexidina 0,12%. Após 14 dias, uma coloração rosácea final foi obtida. As duas técnicas apresentadas possuem eficácia imediata satisfatória, agilidade e custo baixo em relação às técnicas mais sofisticadas. Entretanto, os pacientes precisam estar cientes da possibilidade de recorrência da pigmentação melânica.

This article reports on two different treatments for gingival pigmentation. In the fi rst case, a 21 years-old female patient presented with intense pigmentation (dark-brown) at the maxillary canine region. The treatment consisted on removal of this tissue band (gingival peeling) by applying local anesthesia and using a 15C scalpel blade. In the second case, a 22 years-old male patient demonstrated moderate gingival pigmentation (middle-brown) also in the maxillary canine region. The treatment was made by rotary removal with diamond bur 1016HL, application of saline solution, and finishing with a 4138 tapered diamond bur. In both cases, a surgical dressing was applied to protect the operated area. Pain control was provided with dipyrone, and a 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine solution recommended in the postoperative period. After 14 days, a pink, gingival aspect was generated. Both techniques have immediate efficacy, are fast, and low cost compared to more sophisticated treatments. However, the patients need to be aware of recurrence of gingival pigmentation.