RESUMEN
Immune related adverse events (irAEs) after immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy occur in a significant proportion of cancer patients. To date, the circulating mediators of ICB-irAEs remain poorly understood. Using non-targeted mass spectrometry, here we identify the circulating bio-active lipid linoleoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC 18:2) as a modulator of ICB-irAEs. In three independent human studies of ICB treatment for solid tumor, loss of circulating LPC 18:2 preceded the development of severe irAEs across multiple organ systems. In both healthy humans and severe ICB-irAE patients, low LPC 18:2 was found to correlate with high blood neutrophilia. Reduced LPC 18:2 biosynthesis was confirmed in preclinical ICB-irAE models, and LPC 18:2 supplementation in vivo suppressed neutrophilia and tissue inflammation without impacting ICB anti-tumor response. Results indicate that circulating LPC 18:2 suppresses human ICB-irAEs, and LPC 18:2 supplementation may improve ICB outcomes by preventing severe inflammation while maintaining anti-tumor immunity.
RESUMEN
Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway genes are linked to adaptation in both human and nonhuman highland species. EPAS1, a notable target of hypoxia adaptation, is associated with relatively lower hemoglobin concentration in Tibetans. We provide evidence for an association between an adaptive EPAS1 variant (rs570553380) and the same phenotype of relatively low hematocrit in Andean highlanders. This Andean-specific missense variant is present at a modest frequency in Andeans and absent in other human populations and vertebrate species except the coelacanth. CRISPR-base-edited human cells with this variant exhibit shifts in hypoxia-regulated gene expression, while metabolomic analyses reveal both genotype and phenotype associations and validation in a lowland population. Although this genocopy of relatively lower hematocrit in Andean highlanders parallels well-replicated findings in Tibetans, it likely involves distinct pathway responses based on a protein-coding versus noncoding variants, respectively. These findings illuminate how unique variants at EPAS1 contribute to the same phenotype in Tibetans and a subset of Andean highlanders despite distinct evolutionary trajectories.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Altitud , Hematócrito , Pueblos Sudamericanos , Humanos , Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Hipoxia/genética , Hipoxia/metabolismo , Mutación Missense/genética , Pueblos Sudamericanos/genéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Peptide markers of inflammation have been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. The role of upstream, lipid-derived mediators of inflammation such as eicosanoids, remains less clear. The aim of this study was to examine whether eicosanoids are associated with incident type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS: In the FINRISK (Finnish Cardiovascular Risk Study) 2002 study, a population-based sample of Finnish men and women aged 25-74 years, we used directed, non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify 545 eicosanoids and related oxylipins in the participants' plasma samples (n=8292). We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression to examine associations between eicosanoids and incident type 2 diabetes. The significant independent findings were replicated in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS, n=2886) and DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) 2007 (n=3905). Together, these three cohorts had 1070 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: In the FINRISK 2002 cohort, 76 eicosanoids were associated individually with incident type 2 diabetes. We identified three eicosanoids independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes using stepwise Cox regression with forward selection and a Bonferroni-corrected inclusion threshold. A three-eicosanoid risk score produced an HR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.72) per 1 SD increment for risk of incident diabetes. The HR for comparing the top quartile with the lowest was 2.80 (95% CI 2.53 to 3.07). In the replication analyses, the three-eicosanoid risk score was significant in FHS (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.39, p<0.001)) and directionally consistent in DILGOM (HR 1.12 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.27, p=0.07)). Meta-analysis of the three cohorts yielded a pooled HR of 1.31 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.56). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma eicosanoid profiles predict incident type 2 diabetes and the clearest signals replicate in three independent cohorts. Our findings give new information on the biology underlying type 2 diabetes and suggest opportunities for early identification of people at risk.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Síndrome Metabólico , Adulto , Anciano , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Eicosanoides , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Background Epidemiological and animal studies have associated systemic inflammation with blood pressure (BP). However, the mechanistic factors linking inflammation and BP remain unknown. Fatty acid-derived eicosanoids serve as mediators of inflammation and have been suggested to regulate renal vascular tone, peripheral resistance, renin-angiotensin system, and endothelial function. We hypothesize that specific proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids are linked with BP. Methods and Results We studied a population sample of 8099 FINRISK 2002 participants randomly drawn from the Finnish population register (53% women; mean age, 48±13 years) and, for external validation, a sample of 2859 FHS (Framingham Heart Study) Offspring study participants (55% women; mean age, 66±9 years). Using nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we profiled 545 distinct high-quality eicosanoids and related oxylipin mediators in plasma. Adjusting for conventional hypertension risk factors, we observed 187 (34%) metabolites that were significantly associated with systolic BP (PAsunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea
, Eicosanoides/sangre
, Adulto
, Anciano
, Presión Sanguínea/fisiología
, Eicosanoides/fisiología
, Femenino
, Finlandia/epidemiología
, Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas
, Humanos
, Hipertensión/sangre
, Hipertensión/fisiopatología
, Modelos Lineales
, Estudios Longitudinales
, Masculino
, Persona de Mediana Edad
, Oxilipinas/sangre
, Estados Unidos/epidemiología
RESUMEN
Astrobiology asks three fundamental questions as outlined by the NASA Astrobiology Roadmap: 1. How did Life begin and evolve?; Is there Life elsewhere in the Universe?; and, What is the future of Life on Earth? As we gain perspective on how Life on Earth arose and adapted to its many niches, we too gain insight into how a planet achieves habitability. Here on Earth, microbial Life has evolved to exist in a wide range of habitats from aquatic systems to deserts, the human body, and the International Space Station (ISS). Landers, rovers, and orbiter missions support the search for signatures of Life beyond Earth, by generating data on surface and subsurface conditions of other worlds. These have provided evidence for water activity, supporting the potential for extinct or extant Life. To investigate the putative ecologies of these systems, we study extreme environments on Earth. Several locations on our planet provide analog settings to those we have detected or expect to find on neighboring and distant worlds. Whereas, the field of space biology uses the ISS and low gravity analogs to gain insight on how transplanted Earth-evolved organisms will respond to extraterrestrial environments. Modern genomics allows us to chronicle the genetic makeup of such organisms and provides an understanding of how Life adapts to various extreme environments.