RESUMEN
Los defectos de la pared abdominal son un grupo de malformaciones congénitas poco comunes que presentan alteraciones heterogéneas y comparten una característica en común, que es la herniación o evisceración de uno o más órganos de la cavidad abdominal, debido a un defecto en la formación de la pared abdominal. Existen diversas patologías entre las que se encuentran extrofia de vejiga y extrofia de cloaca y la Pentalogía de Cantrell, sin embargo, las más frecuentes son la gastrosquisis y el onfalocele; en esta revisión se discutirá el manejo y el protocolo de seguimiento de estas dos patologías.
Abdominal wall defects are a group of rare congenital malformations, which represent heterogeneous alterations and share an uncommon characteristic, which is the herniation or evisceration of one or more organs of the abdominal cavity, due to a defect in the formation of the abdominal wall. There are several pathologies among which are bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy and the Pentalogy of Cantrell, however, the most frequent are gastroschisis and omphalocele. In this article we will review and discuss the management and follow-up protocol of these two pathologies
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Diagnóstico Prenatal , Anomalías Congénitas , Gastrosquisis , Pared Abdominal , Hernia UmbilicalRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: worldwide, stomach cancer is the fifth most frequent cancer, with 952 000 new cases diagnosed in 2012. Ecuador currently holds the 15th place of countries with the highest incidence of stomach cancer for both sexes. OBJECTIVES: the objective of this study was to evaluate risk and protective factors for gastric cancer/metaplasia. METHODS: a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Quito, Ecuador. Cases were defined as patients with histological confirmation of gastric cancer (N = 60) or incomplete gastric metaplasia (N = 53). Controls were defined as patients free of gastric cancer or premalignant lesions (N = 144). All participants were personally interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect data about dietary habits, lifestyle and medical history. RESULTS: risk factors significantly associated to the presence of gastric cancer/metaplasia were the consumption of reheated foods at least 3 times per week (AOR: 4.57; CI: 2.2 - 9.5) and adding salt to more than 50% of foods (AOR: 1.32; CI: 1.04 - 1.67). Protective factors for gastric cancer/metaplasia were the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (AOR: 0.39; CI 0.19 - 0.83), age less than 58 years old (AOR: 0.38; CI: 0.18 - 0.79) and have received treatment for H. Pylori infection (AOR: 0.33; CI: 0.16 - 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: this study reports for the first time, the risk and protective factors associated with gastric cancer and metaplasia in Ecuador.
Introducción: el cáncer de estómago ocupa la quinta posición entre los cánceres más frecuentes en el mundo, con 952.000 casos diagnosticados en el 2012. El Ecuador ocupa el 15º lugar entre los países con la incidencia más alta de cáncer gástrico en ambos sexos. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los factores de protección y de riesgo para cáncer/metaplasia gástrico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio hospitalario de casos y controles en la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador. Se definieron como casos a los pacientes con diagnóstico histológico confirmado de cáncer gástrico (N = 60) o con metaplasia gástrica incompleta (N = 53). Se definieron como controles a los pacientes sin cáncer gástrico o lesiones premalignas (N = 144). A todos los pacientes se les realizó una entrevista personalizada utilizando un cuestionario estructurado para recoger datos sobre hábitos dietéticos, estilo de vida e historia clínica. Resultados: los factores de riesgo asociados significativamente con el diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico/metaplasia fueron el consumo de alimentos recalentados al menos tres veces a la semana, (AOR: 4,57; CI: 2,2 9,5) y añadir sal a más del 50% de las comidas (AOR: 1,32; CI: 1,04 1,67). Los factores de protección asociados significativamente para no desarrollar cáncer/metaplasia gástrico fueron el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AOR: 0,39; CI 0,19 0,83), edad menor a 58 años (AOR: 0,38; CI: 0,18 0,79) y haber recibido tratamiento para la infección por H. Pylori (AOR: 0,33; CI: 0,16 0,71). Conclusiones: este estudio reporta por primera vez los factores de riesgo y de protección asociados con el cáncer/ metaplasia gástrico en Ecuador.
Asunto(s)
Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiología , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Ecuador/epidemiología , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Metaplasia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Vigilancia de la Población , Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Wound infiltration with available local anesthetics generally provides analgesia for less than 8 hrs. The site 1 sodium-channel toxin neosaxitoxin (neoSTX) produced analgesia for over 24 hrs in animals and human volunteers. In this randomized, double-blind trial, we examined the postoperative course of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under a standardized general anesthesia with wound infiltration using either neoSTX or bupivacaine. We hypothesized that neoSTX would reduce pain compared with bupivacaine at 12 hrs postoperatively. METHODS: Patients received preincisional infiltration of laparoscope entry sites with 20 mL containing either neoSTX (total dose, 100 µg) or bupivacaine 0.25% (total dose, 50 mg). The primary outcome measure was the visual analog pain score at 12 hrs postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included repeated pain scores at rest and with movement,analgesic use, functional recovery, and adverse effects. Groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests for pain scores, Fisher exact test for proportions of patients with severe pain and complete analgesia, and Kaplan-Meier curves for time to full recovery. RESULTS: Among 137 subjects, 69 were randomized to neoSTX and 68 to bupivacaine. Median pain scores at rest and with movement 12 hrs postoperatively were lower in the neoSTX group compared with the bupivacaine group (P<0.01). Additional pain measures and recovery parameters also favored neoSTX. No serious adverse events occurred,and no adverse events were more frequent in the neoSTX group. CONCLUSIONS: NeoSTX shows promise as a long-acting local anesthetic. Future studies will examine dose response, combination formulations, and safety with dose escalation.
