Digital Neuropsychological Assessment of Cognitive Functions in Patients with Epilepsy.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment often occurs secondary to epilepsy. This study aims to evaluate the cognitive functions of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) by using the digital neuropsychological assessment. Methods: Seventy-nine patients diagnosed with IGE in the last 10 years in our clinic, who completed at least eight years of education were recruited. Participants who met the criteria were 36 individuals with IGE syndrome as well as 36 healthy individuals between the ages of 18-48. All volunteer participants were administered the standardized mini mental test (SMMT) and the Beck depression scale (BDS). For the neurocognitive assessment, participants completed five tasks in TestMyBrain digital neuropsychology test battery (TMB) which are TMB digit span, TMB choice reaction time test, TMB visual paired associates test, TMB matrix reasoning, and TMB digit symbol matching assessing a variety of cognitive domains. Results: IGE patients showed lower cognitive performance in attention, short-term memory, working memory, visual memory, episodic memory, cognitive processing speed, response selection/inhibition, fluid cognitive ability, and perceptual reasoning domains. The results show that IGE patients have cognitive dysfunction in many cognitive domains. Conclusion: IGE patients performed significantly worse outcomes in some tests of the TMB. In this study, it is aimed to emphasize the necessity of evaluating the cognitive aspects of epilepsy patients, which will be of great importance in their functionality, in addition to providing symptomatic treatment in order to control their seizures.

Comparing the efficiency of speech and language therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating Broca's aphasia.

OBJECTIVES: Aphasia is an acquired language-cognitive disorder that highly affects an individual's speech, language, and communication skills. Recovery from aphasia requires attentive treatment since it is a long and dynamic process. This study aimed to show interactive benefits of combining classical intervention strategies with new technological approaches and demonstrating their effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 individuals with Broca's aphasia were included in the study. The participants were divided into Application-1 Speech and Language Therapy, Application-2 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Application-3 (consecutive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Speech and Language Therapy), and Application-4 (Control Group) experimental groups, with 10 participants in each group. RESULTS: Analysis indicated that individuals in the group in which Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Speech and Language Therapy were applied consecutively had further increases in speech fluency, repetition, and naming scores from pre-test to post-test (p<0.01). Picture naming and quality-of-life communication scores of individuals in the group in which Speech and Language Therapy was performed increased further from pre-test to post-test (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed a positive effect on language skills, naming scores, and participation in social life of Turkish-speaking aphasic individuals with the Speech and Language Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation methods. The use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation alone is insufficient in this context. Although Speech and Language Therapy alone is effective in naming ability, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in addition to Speech and Language Therapy significantly increases the gain obtained with therapies.

Executive functions and personality traits of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients: a single-center experience of 23 cases.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), which is a fairly common form of generalized epilepsy syndrome has attracted attention by providing focal findings in some electrophysiological, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging studies. These findings are considered to be based on frontal lobe dysfunction. Furthermore, it is known that Cluster B personality disorders that are related to impulsive behavior are frequently seen in JME patients. METHODS: In this study, 23 JME patients and 20 healthy control subjects were included. All subjects were assessed using neuropsychological tests for executive functions and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) for personality traits. RESULTS: JME patients performed poorly in the digit span test and the Stroop Color and Word Interference Test. When the TCI scores were compared, there was no significant difference between the patients and the control subjects compatible with the literature. In addi-tion, cooperativeness-character dimension (C1-social acceptance) scores were significantly lower in the patient group. DISCUSSION: Our findings support that JME patients have frontal lobe dysfunction. Although several studies are available in the literature, no significant results related to personality traits were detected.

Headache in idiopathic/genetic epilepsy: Cluster analysis in a large cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The link between headache and epilepsy is more prominent in patients with idiopathic/genetic epilepsy (I/GE). We aimed to investigate the prevalence of headache and to cluster patients with regard to their headache and epilepsy features. METHODS: Patients aged 6-40 years, with a definite diagnosis of I/GE, were consecutively enrolled. The patients were interviewed using standardized epilepsy and headache questionnaires, and their headache characteristics were investigated by experts in headache. Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed, and patients were clustered according to their epilepsy and headache characteristics using an unsupervised K-means algorithm. RESULTS: Among 809 patients, 508 (62.8%) reported having any type of headache; 87.4% had interictal headache, and 41.2% had migraine. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups for both adults and children/adolescents. In adults, subjects having a family history of headache, ≥5 headache attacks, duration of headache ≥ 24 months, headaches lasting ≥1 h, and visual analog scale scores > 5 were grouped in one cluster, and subjects with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), myoclonic seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) were clustered in this group (Cluster 1). Self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and epilepsy with GTCS alone were clustered in Cluster 2 with the opposite characteristics. For children/adolescents, the same features as in adult Cluster 1 were clustered in a separate group, except for the presence of JME syndrome and GTCS alone as a seizure type. Focal seizures were clustered in another group with the opposite characteristics. In the entire group, the model revealed an additional cluster, including patients with the syndrome of GTCS alone (50.51%), with ≥5 attacks, headache lasting >4 h, and throbbing headache; 65.66% of patients had a family history of headache in this third cluster (n = 99). SIGNIFICANCE: Patients with I/GE can be clustered into distinct groups according to headache features along with seizures. Our findings may help in management and planning for future studies.

Neurogenic stunned myocardium in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neurogenic myocardial injury occurs as a result of dysregulation of autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to explore the frequency of elevated troponin and dynamic ST segment/T wave changes and their relation with left ventricular (LV) systolic functions in acute ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five patients (mean age: 65.1±15.2years, 76 male) presenting with acute ischemic stroke were consecutively included. 12-lead electrocardiogram was taken to assess dynamic ST segment/T wave changes, conventional transthoracic echocardiography to determine LV ejection fraction (LVEF). High-sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) level>0.04ng/mL was accepted as elevated. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (21.6%) had elevated hs-cTnI and 60 patients (48%) had dynamic ST segment/T wave changes. The stroke patients with elevated hs-cTnI had significantly higher NT-proBNP values (2302±3450pg/mL vs 799±2075pg/mL p<0.001) and higher frequency of ST segment/T wave changes (85.2% vs 37.8% p<0.001), and lower LVEF (52.2±13.6% vs 61.0±8.5% p=0.002) compared to patients with normal troponin levels. The patients with ST segment/T wave changes had significantly higher frequencies of hyper-lipidemia (31.7% vs 15.4% p=0.031) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (43.3% vs 13.8% p<0.001), hs-cTnI (0.19±0.55ng/mL vs 0.02±0.01ng/mL p<0.001) and NT-proBNP levels (1430±2564pg/mL vs 842±2425pg/mL p=0.016), and lower LVEF (56.1±11.7% vs 61.9±8.3% p=0.009). Linear regression analysis revealed presence of CAD, but not ST segment/T wave changes as an independent predictor of hs-cTnI (p=0.034). LVEF was independently associated with hs-cTnI (p=0.003) and presence of CAD (p=0.009) when adjusted by age, sex and presence of ST segment/T wave changes. CONCLUSION: Troponin elevation and ST segment/T wave changes occurring in patients suffering acute ischemic stroke, especially in those with CAD, may be a sign of neurogenic stunned myocardium.

Myocardial involvement in Behçet's disease may be higher in patients with Neuro-Behçet's disease: a speckle tracking echocardiographic study.

BACKGROUND: Behcet's disease (BD) may present with life threating complications including neurological and cardiovascular involvement. Neuro-Behcet's disease (NBD) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with BD. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether patients with NBD are different than BD patients with other manifestations in terms of subclinical myocardial dysfunction. METHODS: Forty patients with NBD (23 female, mean age: 42.4 ± 9.4 years), 40 patients with BD (9 female, mean age: 39.7 ± 9.0 years) and 40 controls (20 male, mean age: 41.8 ± 6.5 years) were consecutively included in the study. All subjects underwent a transthoracic echocardiography for evaluation of left ventricular (LV) and atrial (LA) functions with two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). RESULTS: Baseline characteristics, clinical data, LV dimensions, systolic and diastolic functions were all in normal range among the groups. LV global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) was significantly lower in patients with NBD and BD patients without neurologic involvement compared to controls. LA conduit strain was significantly lower in patients with NBD compared to controls. Patients with both parenchymal NBD and vascular NBD manifestations had significantly lower LV-GLS and LA conduit strain compared to controls. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that among cardiovascular risk factors only presence of NBD was the independent predictor of LV-GLS. CONCLUSIONS: BD is associated with impaired LV and LA functions. LV-GLS and LA conduit strains of the patients with NBD were lower. NBD was an independent predictor of LV-GLS, suggesting a link between neurological manifestations and cardiac dysfunction in BD patients.

Predictors of Concomitant Coronary Artery Disease and Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke share the same risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence and predictors of concomitant CAD in acute ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: One hundred and five patients (64.3 ± 15.0 years, 61 male) presenting with acute ischemic stroke documented by neuroimaging were consecutively included. All patients were carefully evaluated to determine their cardiovascular disease risk scores. The patients who had been previously shown to have ≥50% stenosis in at least one of the major coronary arteries by coronary angiography were grouped as CAD patients. RESULTS: Of the 105 stroke patients, 27 patients had documented concomitant CAD. The stroke patients with CAD had higher cardiovascular risk scores and troponin I levels and carotid plaques were more prevalent. ROC analysis determined cut-off values as ≥22% for Framingham Heart Study Risk Score, ≥0.05 ng/mL for Troponin I, and ≥0.80 mm for carotid artery intima-media thickness to predict concomitant CAD. During 6 months of follow-up, among the 78 stroke patients without documented CAD, 16 patients had experienced major cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, recurrent stroke, or cardiovascular death. These patients had higher Framingham Heart Study Risk Score and high-sensitive C reactive protein levels. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests stroke patients with higher Framingham Heart Study Risk Score and troponin I levels and carotid plaques be further investigated for the presence of concomitant CAD.

Headache as the sole presenting symptom of cerebral venous sinuses thrombosis: Subgroup analysis of data from the VENOST study.

OBJECTIVES: Headache is the most common complaint in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and it may sometimes be the only symptom in these patients. This retrospective and prospective study was an investigation of any differences in terms of clinical risk factors, radiological findings, or prognosis in patients with CVST who presented with isolated headache (IH) and cases with other concomitant findings (non-isolated headache [NIH]). METHODS: A total of 1144 patients from a multicenter study of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (VENOST study) were enrolled in this research. The demographic, biochemical, clinical, and radiological aspects of 287 IH cases and 857 NIH cases were compared. RESULTS: There were twice as many women as men in the study group. In the IH group, when gender distribution was evaluated by age group, no statistically significant difference was found. The onset of headache was frequently subacute and chronic in the IH group, but an acute onset was more common in the NIH group. Other neurological findings were observed in 29% of the IH group during follow-up. A previous history of deep, cerebral, or other venous thromboembolism was less common in the IH group than in the NIH group. Transverse sinus involvement was greater in the IH group, whereas sagittal sinus involvement was greater in the NIH group. The presence of a plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) mutation was significantly greater in the IH group. CONCLUSION: IH and CVST should be kept in mind if a patient has subacute or chronic headache. PAI, which has an important role in thrombolytic events, may be a risk factor in CVST. Detailed hematological investigations should be considered. Additional studies are needed.

Theory of mind and its relationship with alexithymia and quality of life in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Comparisons with generalised epilepsy and healthy controls.

OBJECTIVE: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are associated with high alexithymia, social cognition problems and low quality of life (QoL). Theory of Mind (ToM) has been studied in several conditions as a significant predictor of QoL. We aimed to assess the relationship between ToM abilities, alexithymia and subjective QoL in PNES patients and compare with generalised epilepsy (ES) patients and healthy controls. METHOD: Patients with PNES (n = 28), ES (n = 28) and healthy volunteers (n = 28) were evaluated for alexithymia and quality of life (QoL) with Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Reading the Mind in the Eyes test was used for assessment of affective ToM and Hinting Task and Strange Stories tests for cognitive ToM abilities. RESULTS: Analyses revealed lower SF-36 scores and poorer ToM performance in the PNES group compared to healthy group and poorer cognitive ToM performance than ES group. Cognitive ToM performance was inversely correlated with TAS-20 "difficulty identifying feelings" subscale and "physical functioning" subscale of SF-36 in the PNES group. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with previous research on PNES and other somatoform disorders and suggest that PNES is associated with impaired ToM task performance. ToM task performance might be related to specific aspects of alexithymia and QoL.

Cryptococcus meningitis presented with multiple cerebral infarcts in an immunocompetent patient.

Cryptococcus neoformans is generally observed with immunosuppressive conditions. Rarely, it may be seen in immunocompetent individuals and presented with non-specific conditions. We described an immunocompetent case of cryptococcal meningitis presented with multiple cerebral infarcts. Despite the late diagnosis and emergence of hydrocephalus during treatment, the patient was recovered without any sequelae. In immunocompetent patients, the conventional diagnostics tests may be negative because of the low fungal load. If it is available, the Biofire FilmArray meningitis panel has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis.

Headache characteristics and frequency of migraine in patients with cervical artery dissections.

Headache is a common symptom of cervical artery dissections (CAD). Sometimes, it can be the only symptom and mimic migraine. We aimed to investigate headache characteristics and previous history of migraine in CAD patients, and to compare headache features between patients with internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) and vertebral artery dissection (VAD). We investigated 53 CAD patients (n = 28 with ICAD, n = 25 with VAD). Demographic and clinical data were evaluated retrospectively. Headache information was obtained from the patient interviews with a structured questionnaire (based on the International Headache Society criteria). The patients with headache were assessed by headache specialist with a face-to-face interview. Headache was evaluated according to International Classification Committee of the International Headache Society ICHD. Headache (n = 38, 71.7%) was the most common symptom in CAD patients, which was mostly thunderclap, throbbing, intense and ipsilateral to dissection. Headache frequency and neck pain were significantly higher in VAD patients (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively). Photophobia and phonophobia were also more common in patients with VAD (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). 29 (54.7%) of CAD patients had a prior history of headache, that 20 (37.7%) of them met the migraine criteria. CAD should be considered in patients with severe unilateral throbbing headache with phonophobia and photophobia, even in patients with a history of migraine. Phonophobia and photophobia may be more common symptoms in VAD patients. Because headache commonly precedes the development of cerebral ischemic events, it needs prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Does measurement of the jugular foramen diameter on MRI help to differentiate transverse sinus thrombosis from unilateral transverse sinus hypoplasia?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The transverse sinus (TS) is a frequent location of cerebral venous thrombosis. However, unilateral TS hypoplasia is a frequent variation and radiological imaging pitfall in the diagnosis because it may mimic unilateral TS thrombosis. The purpose of this study is to find a cutoff value for bilateral jugular foramen (JF) diameter ratios on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for differentiating TS thrombosis from TS hypoplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed magnetic resonance venography results for 174 patients with reduced unilateral TS caliber resulting from either unilateral thrombosis (80 patients) or unilateral hypoplasia (94 patients). We calculated the ratio by proportioning the diameter of the JF ipsilateral to the TS with caliber reduction to the diameter of the contralateral JF. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the ratios between thrombosis and hypoplasia groups, and the cutoff value was calculated by receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The ratio of bilateral JF diameters was lower in patients with hypoplasia than those with thrombosis (P < .01). The cutoff value to determine the diagnosis of TS hypoplasia with maximum accuracy was 0.638, with a sensitivity of 91.3% and specificity of 64.9%. CONCLUSION: In equivocal cases, calculating the cutoff value by proportioning the diameter of JF ipsilateral to the TS with caliber reduction to the contralateral JF seems to be an efficient, quick, and straightforward method and valuable aid to differentiate TS thrombosis from TS hypoplasia.

Assessment of Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage or Hemorrhagic Transformation in the VENOST Study.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST) may lead to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure; besides, ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions may develop. Intracerebral hemorrhages occur in approximately one-third of CVST patients. We assessed and compared the findings of the cerebral hemorrhage (CH) group and the CVST group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the VENOST study, medical records of 1,193 patients with CVST, aged over 18 years, were obtained from 35 national stroke centers. Demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, signs at the admission, radiological findings, etiologic factors, acute and maintenance treatment, and outcome results were reported. The number of involved sinuses or veins, localizations of thrombus, and lesions on CT and MRI scans were recorded. RESULTS: CH was detected in the brain imaging of 241 (21.1%) patients, as hemorrhagic infarction in 198 patients and intracerebral hemorrhage in 43 patients. Gynecologic causes comprised the largest percentage (41.7%) of etiology and risk factors in the CVST group. In the CH group, headache associated with other neurological symptoms was more frequent. These neurological symptoms were epileptic seizures (46.9%), nausea and/or vomiting (36.5%), altered consciousness (36.5%), and focal neurological deficits (33.6%). mRS was ≥3 in 23.1% of the patients in the CH group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CVST, an important cause of stroke in the young, should be monitored closely if the patients have additional symptoms of headache, multiple sinus involvement, and CH. Older age and parenchymal lesion, either hemorrhagic infarction or intracerebral hemorrhage, imply poor outcome.

Ocular blood flow and choroidal thickness changes after carotid artery stenting.

PURPOSES: To evaluate changes in ocular blood flow and subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis after carotid artery stenting. METHODS: We included 15 men (mean age, 63.6 ± 9.1 years) with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and 18 healthy volunteers (all men; mean age, 63.7 ± 5.3 years). All participants underwent detailed ophthalmologic examinations including choroidal thickness measurement using enhanced depth-imaging optic coherence tomography. The patients also underwent posterior ciliary artery blood flow measurements using color Doppler ultrasonography before and after carotid artery stenting. RESULTS: Patients lacked ocular ischemic symptoms. Their peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities increased to 10.1 ± 13.1 (p=0.005) and 3.9 ± 6.3 (p=0.064) cm/s, respectively, after the procedure. Subfoveal choroidal thicknesses were significantly thinner in patients with carotid artery stenosis than those in the healthy controls (p=0.01). But during the first week post-procedure, the subfoveal choroidal thicknesses increased significantly (p=0.04). The peak systolic velocities of the posterior ciliary arteries increased significantly after carotid artery stenting (p=0.005). We found a significant negative correlation between the mean increase in peak systolic velocity values after treatment and the mean preprocedural subfoveal choroidal thickness in the study group (p=0.025, r=-0.617). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with carotid artery stenosis, the subfoveal choroid is thinner than that in healthy controls. The subfoveal choroidal thickness increases after carotid artery stenting. Carotid artery stenting treatment increases the blood flow to the posterior ciliary artery, and the preprocedural subfoveal choroidal thickness may be a good predictor of the postprocedural peak systolic velocity of the posterior ciliary artery.

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Women: Subgroup Analysis of the VENOST Study.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) associated with reproductive health-related risk factors (RHRF) including pregnancy, puerperium, and oral contraceptive (OC) use can prevent severe neurological sequelae; thus, the symptoms must be documented in detail for each group. METHODS: Out of 1144 patients with CVST, a total of 777 women were enrolled from a multicenter for the study of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (VENOST). Demographic, biochemical, clinical, and radiological aspects were compared for 324 cases with RHRF and 453 cases without RHRF. RESULTS: The mean age of the RHRF (-) group (43.2 ± 13 years) was significantly higher than of the RHRF (+) group (34 ± 9 years). A previous history of deep venous thrombosis (3%), isolated cavernous sinus involvement (1%), cranial neuropathy (13%), comorbid malignancy (7%), and its disability scores after 12 months (9%) were significantly higher in the RHRF (-) group. The RHRF (+) group consisted of 44% cases of puerperium, 33% cases of OC users and 23% of pregnant women. The mean age was found to be higher in OC users (38 ± 9 years). A previous history of deep venous thrombosis was slightly higher in the pregnancy subgroup (4%). Epileptic seizures were more common in the puerperium group (44%). CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that the risk of CSVT increases parallel to age, OC use, and puerperium period. In addition, when considering the frequency of findings and symptoms, epileptic seizures in the puerperium subgroup of the RHRF (+) group and malignancies in the RHRF (-) group may accompany the CSVT. In daily practice, predicting these risks for the CSVT and early recognition of the symptoms will provide significant benefits to patients.

Ocular blood flow and choroidal thickness changes after carotid artery stenting / Alterações no fluxo sanguíneo ocular e na espessura da coroide após stent de artéria carótida

ABSTRACT Purposes: To evaluate changes in ocular blood flow and subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis after carotid artery stenting. Methods: We included 15 men (mean age, 63.6 ± 9.1 years) with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and 18 healthy volunteers (all men; mean age, 63.7 ± 5.3 years). All participants underwent detailed ophthalmologic examinations including choroidal thickness measurement using enhanced depth-imaging optic coherence tomography. The patients also underwent posterior ciliary artery blood flow measurements using color Doppler ultrasonography before and after carotid artery stenting. Results: Patients lacked ocular ischemic symptoms. Their peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities increased to 10.1 ± 13.1 (p=0.005) and 3.9 ± 6.3 (p=0.064) cm/s, respectively, after the procedure. Subfoveal choroidal thicknesses were significantly thinner in patients with carotid artery stenosis than those in the healthy controls (p=0.01). But during the first week post-procedure, the subfoveal choroidal thicknesses increased significantly (p=0.04). The peak systolic velocities of the posterior ciliary arteries increased significantly after carotid artery stenting (p=0.005). We found a significant negative correlation between the mean increase in peak systolic velocity values after treatment and the mean preprocedural subfoveal choroidal thickness in the study group (p=0.025, r=-0.617). Conclusions: In patients with carotid artery stenosis, the subfoveal choroid is thinner than that in healthy controls. The subfoveal choroidal thickness increases after carotid artery stenting. Carotid artery stenting treatment increases the blood flow to the posterior ciliary artery, and the preprocedural subfoveal choroidal thickness may be a good predictor of the postprocedural peak systolic velocity of the posterior ciliary artery.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar alterações no fluxo sanguíneo ocular e na espessura da coroide subfoveal em pacientes com estenose sintomática da artéria carótida, após implante de stent nessa artéria. Métodos: Foram incluídos 15 homens (idade média de 63,6 ± 9,1 anos) com estenose sintomática da artéria carótida e 18 voluntários saudáveis (todos homens; idade média de 63,7 ± 5,3 anos). Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exames oftalmológicos detalhados, incluindo d medição da espessura da coroide, usando tomografia de coerência óptica com imagem de profundidade aprimorada. Os pacientes também foram submetidos a medidas do fluxo sanguíneo das artérias ciliares posteriores, usando ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido, antes e após o implante do stent na artéria carótida. Resultados: Os pacientes não apresentaram sintomas isquêmicos oculares. O pico de velocidade sistólica e diastólica final aumentou para 10,1 ± 13,1 (p=0,005) e 3,9 ± 6,3 (p=0,064) cm/s, respectivamente, após o procedimento. As espessuras da coroide subfoveais foram significativamente mais finas nos pacientes com estenose da artéria carótida do que nos controles saudáveis (p=0,01). Porém, durante a primeira semana pós-procedimento, as espessuras das coroides subfoveais aumentaram significativamente (p=0,04). O pico de velocidade sistólica das artérias ciliares posteriores aumentou significativamente após o stent na artéria carótida (p=0,005). Encontramos uma correlação negativa significativa entre o aumento médio dos valores máximos de velocidade sistólica após o tratamento e a espessura da coroide subfoveal pré-procedimento média no grupo de estudo (p=0,025, r=-0,617). Conclusões: Em pacientes com estenose da artéria carótida, a coroide subfoveal é mais fina que a dos controles saudáveis. A espessura da coroide subfoveal aumenta após o stent na artéria carótida. O tratamento com stent na artéria carótida aumenta o fluxo sanguíneo para a artéria ciliar posterior, e a espessura coroidal subfoveal pré-procedimento pode ser um bom preditor da velocidade sistólica de pico pós-procedimento da artéria ciliar posterior.

Epileptic seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Subgroup analysis of VENOST study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and prognostic impact of early seizures in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis patients (CVST). METHOD: VENOST is a retrospective and prospective national multicenter observational study. CVST patients with or without epileptic seizures (ES) were analyzed and compared in terms of demographic and imaging data, causative factors, clinical variables, and prognosis in a total of 1126 patients. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in the ES group was 39.73 ± 12.64 and 40.17 ± 14.02 years in the non-ES group (p > 0.05). Epileptic seizures were more common (76.6 %) in females (p < 0.001). Early ES occurred in 269 of 1126 patients (23.9 %). Epileptic seizures mainly presented in the acute phase (71.4 %) of the disease (p < 0.001). Majority of these (60.5 %) were in the first 24 h of the CVST. The most common neurological signs were focal neurologic deficits (29.9 %) and altered consciousness (31.4 %) in the ES group. Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and cortical veins (CV) involvement were the most common sites of thrombosis and the mostly related etiology were found puerperium in seizure group (30.3 % vs 13.9 %). Patients with seizures had worse outcome in the first month of the disease (p < 0.001) but these did not have any influence thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: In this largest CVST cohort (VENOST) reported female sex, presence of focal neurological deficits and altered consciousness, thrombosis of the SSS and CVs, hemorrhagic infarction were risk factors for ES occurrence in patients with CVST.