The influence of unconventional ultrasonic pasteurization on the characteristics of curds obtained from goat milk with the low cholesterol content.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different power-time ultrasound regimes of pasteurization on the physical, chemical, organoleptic properties, and lipid quality indices of goat curds characterized by a low cholesterol level. Cholesterol was eliminated by a percentage of 92.1 % by treating the raw goat milk with beta-cyclodextrin in the proportion of 0.6 %. Afterward, the goat milk was subjected to the following ultrasound regimes: 320 W for 1 (PA1), 3 (PA3), and 6 min (PA6) and 881 W for 1 (PP1), 3 (PP3), and 6 min (PP6) and then used for the curds production. Due to the ultrasound treatment, the milk suffered a concentration phenomenon, the most accentuated being registered for the PP6 sample. Considering the sensory properties, the most appreciated curd was the one obtained by the PP6 regime which recorded the highest scores for color and taste. Regarding the microbiological aspects, the ability of ultrasounds to inactivate microorganisms is observed and the most accentuated phenomenon is reported in the PP6 case. Thus, in comparison with the control sample, the total number of germs is reduced by a proportion of 91.85 %, the ß-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli decreased by 93.15 %, while the coagulase-positive staphylococci were completely inactivated for the PP6 curd. The curds obtained for the PA6 and PP6 regimes registered the highest dry matter values as a cause of an accentuated syneresis process. The acidity values were higher for the curds obtained for PA1, PA3, and PA6 regimens due to more pronounced lactose hydrolysis and lower in the cases of PP3 and PP6 regimens compared to the control cheese. Twenty-five saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified in the curd samples and a rise in the unsaturated fatty acids proportion as the intensity of the applied ultrasound regime increased was observed. Also, AI, TI, and H/H lipid quality indices recorded better values as the power and time of the ultrasound action increased.

Alternative Control of Phragmidium rubi-idaei Infecting Two Rubus Species.

Organic berry plantations have been gaining popularity among farmers during recent years. Even so, farmers experience serious challenges in disease control management, which is a concern in organic farming. Phragmidium rubi-idaei (DC) P. Karst is the pathogen responsible for blackberry and raspberry rust disease, one of the most present and active diseases in plantations. The antifungal certified products found on the organic farming market offer the opportunity for an efficient control strategy over plant pathogens in fruit shrub plantations. In this study, 5 natural based products-namely Altosan, Mimox, Canelys, Zitron, and Zeolite-were tested for their fungistatic effect over P. rubi-idaei. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions, performing observations over the impact of organic products, used at different concentration levels, on rust conidia germination. Moreover, field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the efficiency of different treatments for rust control on raspberry ('Polka', 'Veten' and 'Heritage') and blackberry ('Thorn Free', 'Chester' and 'Loch Ness') varieties. Data analysis based on ANOVA tests showed significant differences between the tested variants and the control sample at p < 0.001. Furthermore, LSD test confirmed differences between all substances tested (p < 0.005). The natural products Canelys (formulated with cinnamon) and Zytron (based on citrus extract) have proven the highest inhibitory capacity for conidia germination during in vitro tests registering values of 80.42% and 78.34%, respectively. The same high inhibitory rates against rust pathogen were kept also in the field tests using the same two natural-based products mentioned earlier. In addition, outcomes from this study demonstrated that Zeolite is not recommended for raspberry or blackberry rust control.

Conservation of vegetable genetic diversity in Transylvania-Romania.

The conservation of plant and animal genetic heritage is not a purpose in itself, but it represents the sine qua non condition for practicing a sustainable agriculture and to ensure nutrition and food security on long-term. Our research focused on identifying the areas with the richest genetic diversity of vegetables in Transylvania, Romania, as well as the main vulnerabilities related to seed production for the local vegetables. Our trips included 210 locations where 338 small seed producers were surveyed. The questionnaire method with fixed questions and undisguised multiple-choices was used. A number of 316 out of 565 cultivars taken into study have been proven to be authentic and valuable landraces, meaning 55.9%. In Transylvania, the richest genetic diversity of vegetables is found in the counties of Maramures, Bistrita-Nasaud and Hunedoara-where the cooperativization was lower before the year 1989. The most important risk in losing vegetable landraces is the old age of small growers (68.4%). However, it is encouraging that many NGOs interested in identifying, conserving and promoting local varieties have emerged in the last decade. Therefore, so-called "seed houses" have been set up to facilitate the exchange of seeds, and on the other hand, the expansion of organic farming requires local varieties that are better adapted to harsh environmental conditions.

Impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality parameters of glacial lakes from Rodnei mountains, Romania.

The aim of this paper is to assess the water quality from several lakes in Rodnei Mountains National Park, in order to establish the extent to which the anthropic activities, such as livestock and tourism affect the water characteristics. The paper presents the quality status of 13 water samples, collected from different mountain lakes from Romania, by monitoring 25 quality indicators, 21 metals and metalloids. The results indicate relatively high content of NH4+ (0.96 mg/L), NO2- (0.240 mg/L), Ca (38.44 mg/L), Mg (4.35 mg/L), Fe (288 mg/L), Cu (34.46 µg/L) and high values for turbidity (5.31 NTU), chemical oxygen demand (10.00 mgO2/L) and suspended materials (88.0 mg/L). Microbiological analyses were performed for 14 types of bacteria. In some samples, the faecal coliforms (1100 bacteria/mL), faecal streptococci (39 bacteria/mL) and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria at 37 °C (300 bacteria/mL) were relatively in a high content. The metal pollution indices (heavy metal pollution index -HPI, heavy metal evaluation index -HEI and the degree of contamination -Cd) indicated as well that the water samples presented no metal pollution. Values ranged from 5.17 to 27.84 for HPI, 0.55 to 5.07 for HEI and -8.45 to -3.93 for Cd were obtained. The water quality index (WQI) indicated excellent and good quality for the studied samples, with a mean of 22.6 and a range from 11.4 to 46.9.