Endolymphatic hydrops presumption tests for patients with vestibular migraine.

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of vestibular migraine (VM) has not yet been defined; endolymphatic hydrops (EH) has been suggested as a candidate. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to clarify the relationship between VM and EH using neuro-otological tests, including the EH presumption test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with VM underwent caloric testing, video head impulse test (vHIT), cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP and oVEMP), and EH presumption tests such as the Futaki's test and furosemide loading VEMP. RESULTS: Caloric testing was abnormal in two of the 14 cases (14.3%), and vHIT was abnormal in one of 12 cases (8.3%). Abnormal asymmetry ratios (ARs) of cVEMP and oVEMP were observed in two of 14 cases (14.3%) and six of 13 cases (46.2%), respectively. Futaki's test results were positive in five of 14 cases (35.7%). Furosemide loading VEMP was positive in seven of 14 cases (50.0%). Nine patients (64.3%) were positive for at least one EH presumption test. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: EH is not a rare finding in VM; however, the ratio is less than that in Meniere's disease.

The effect of systemic administration of salicylate on the auditory cortex of guinea pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of systemic administration of salicylate as a tinnitus inducing drug in the auditory cortex of guinea pigs. METHODS: Extracellular recording of spikes of the primary auditory cortex and dorsocaudal areas in healthy male albino Hartley guinea pigs was continuously performed (pre- and post-salicylate). RESULTS: We recorded 160 single units in the primary auditory cortex from five guinea pigs and 156 single units in the dorsocaudal area from another five guinea pigs. The threshold was significantly elevated after the administration of salicylate in both the primary auditory cortex and dorsocaudal areas. The Q10dB value was significantly increased in the primary auditory cortex, whereas it has significantly decreased in the dorsocaudal area. Spontaneous firing activity was significantly decreased in the primary auditory cortex, whereas it has significantly increased in the dorsocaudal area. CONCLUSION: Salicylate induces significant changes in single units of both stimulated and spontaneous activity in the auditory cortex of guinea pigs. The spontaneous activity changed differently depending on its cortical areas, which may be due to the neural elements that generate tinnitus.

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles: Preparation and Evaluation of Catalytic Activity for Suzuki, Heck, and Arene Hydrogenation in Water.

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-stabilized Pd nanoparticles (PTFE-PdNPs) were prepared in water with 4-methylphenylboronic acid as a reductant and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Small PdNPs with a fairly uniform size were obtained in the presence of PTFE, whereas aggregation of palladium was observed in the absence of PTFE. PTFE-PdNPs showed high catalytic activity for the Suzuki coupling reaction in water and were reused without any loss of activity. No palladium species were observed by ICP-AES analysis in the reaction solution after the reaction, nor was any change in particle size observed after the recycle experiment. PTFE-PdNPs also exhibited excellent catalytic activity and reusability for the Heck reaction in water. Although palladium species were not detected in the reaction solution after the reaction, aggregates and smaller sizes of PdNPs were observed in the TEM image of the recovered catalyst. PTFE was also useful as the stabilizer of rhodium nanoparticles (RhNPs) prepared by reduction with NaBH4. PTFE-RhNPs showed high catalytic activity and reusability toward arene hydrogenation under mild conditions.

Predictive formula of coma onset and prothrombin time to distinguish patients who recover from acute liver injury.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute liver failure (ALF) is defined as acute liver injury (ALI) associated with coagulopathy. A follow-up strategy for ALI and characterization of ALI patients with a risk of progressing to ALF have never been established. To establish predictive markers for progression from ALI to ALF, this study compared the clinical characteristics and laboratory data on the day of registration to data from a regional referral system of patients with ALI. METHODS: This prospective, observational study enrolled 365 consecutive patients with ALI/ALF between 2007 and 2016. We evaluated 109 ALI patients, 27 of whom satisfied the ALF criteria during observation and another 82 patients who recovered without progression to ALF. RESULTS: Four patients died; all were in the ALF group. The variables of age, incidence of autoimmune hepatitis, model of end-stage liver disease score, values for total bilirubin and prothrombin time (PT)-international ratio, and Japan Hepatic Encephalopathy Prediction Model (JHEPM) probability at registration were significantly higher in ALF patients than in ALI patients. In multivariate analysis, PT and JHEPM were identified as risk factors for progression to ALF. The cut-off values of 13%, 4.9%, 65%, and 1.32% for the model of end-stage liver disease score, JHEPM probability, PT, and PT-international ratio values, respectively, had high negative predictive values. Furthermore, among patients whose JHEPM was underestimated, none died due to ALF. CONCLUSION: The JHEPM probability is a predictive parameter that can be used to decide a follow-up treatment strategy for ALI patients.

Fatal acute hepatic failure in a family infected with the hepatitis A virus subgenotype IB: A case report.

RATIONALE: Hepatitis A viral infection is a well-known cause of subclinical or acute self-limited hepatitis. Few cases of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-associated acute liver failure (ALF) have been reported in low HAV endemic countries annually. PATIENTS CONCERNS: To investigate the possible factors that affected the severity of HAV infection, a family cluster infected with the HAV subgenotype IB strain, which is not common in Japan, was described. DIAGNOSES: This family consisted of five members who all were infected with HAV. INTERVENTIONS: Four of the five patients hospitalized except for an asymptomatic patient. OUTCOMES: Two of the five patients, men in their 50s and 60s, developed ALF, and one patient died. Various host factors, including sex (male), age, and a high bilirubin level, may affect the outcomes. Based on viral factors, HAV RNA was higher in the fatal case compared with others, and it decreased within a short period of time. The similarity of the nucleotide sequences was 99.9% among the HAV isolates based on an entire genomic sequence. Deletions and/or insertions on the HAV protein-coding sequences that caused a frameshift were found in surviving cases but not in the fatal case. LESSONS: The rapid clearance of increased HAV and the absence of defective HAV might be closely associated with the onset of liver failure.

Hepatic Hemodynamics and Elevation of Liver Stiffness as Possible Predictive Markers of Late-onset Hepatic Failure.

A 52-year-old Japanese woman admitted to our hospital for the treatment of liver dysfunction due to an undetermined cause developed disorientation on the 58th hospital day and was diagnosed with late-onset liver failure. Abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed several times from the admission. Before the disorientation appeared, the results of the examinations revealed that the portal flow decreased, after which the hepatic arterial flow increased and the degree of liver stiffness became elevated. Although the pathophysiology of these changes remains unclear, hemodynamic changes and elevation of liver stiffness might be predictive markers of severe liver tissue damage.

Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with Graves' disease in a male patient.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), which predominantly affects women, has been associated with various autoimmune diseases. Although hypothyroidism accompanying PBC is well documented, the concomitance of PBC and hyperthyroidism is rare. Herein, we report the case of a 62-year-old man who was diagnosed with PBC several years after the development of Graves' disease. This is the first case of a male patient developing PBC with Graves' disease. Both serum alanine aminotransferase levels and serum thyroid hormone levels were normalized after the administration of thiamazole for Graves' disease. However, the cholestatic liver enzyme abnormalities continued, indicating that the PBC was actualized by the administration of thiamazole. After starting ursodeoxycholic acid treatment, cholestatic liver enzyme abnormalities improved. Taken together, when a cholestatic pattern of liver enzymes is observed during follow-up for Graves' disease, an association between Graves' disease and PBC should be considered as a differential diagnosis.

Hypothyroidism Enhanced Portal Hypertension in a Patient with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis, Resulting in the Development of Ascites.

A man diagnosed with alcoholic liver cirrhosis complained of abdominal distention due to massive ascites. The ascites did not resolve with diuretic agents. The serum-ascites albumin gradient value of 1.9 g/dL and the total protein level in the ascites of 3.1 g/dL indicated the ascites to have been caused by portal hypertension. Hypothyroidism was detected, and the patient received supplementation with levothyroxine. The ascites dramatically decreased after supplementation with levothyroxine. We herein conclude that the ascites in the present case had thus been strongly influenced by portal hypertension, which was induced by liver dysfunction associated with liver cirrhosis and hypothyroidism.

Deformation twinning of ferrocene crystals assisted by the rotational mobility of cyclopentadienyl rings.

Deformation twinning, which is a type of plastic deformation, has been particularly investigated in metal materials. However, only a few examples are found in organic solids. We observed mechanical twinning deformation on a simple ferrocene crystal, which is considered the most representative organometallic compound, and evaluated the crystal structures under the twinning state and the shear deformation characteristics by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and uniaxial compression tests. The structural analyses showed the molecular rearrangement during twinning deformation. The shear deformation properties depend on the rotational mobility of the cyclopentadienyl rings in comparison with crystals of nickelocene, ruthenocene, and mixed crystals of ferrocene/ruthenocene.

Liver stiffness measured by acoustic radiation force impulse elastography reflects the severity of liver damage and prognosis in patients with acute liver failure.

AIM: We measured liver stiffness (LS) in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography and investigated the usefulness of measuring LS for predicting the prognosis of ALF patients. METHODS: From April 2010 to December 2013, we evaluated 63 patients with acute liver disease. The subjects included 41 patients with acute hepatitis (AH), 16 patients with severe AH (SAH), who had no hepatic encephalopathy despite plasma prothrombin time of 40% or less, and six patients with fulminant hepatitis (FH) diagnosed according to the criteria of the Japanese Study Group. The relationships among shear wave velocity (SWV), clinical diagnosis, liver function tests and prognosis were evaluated. Receiver-operator curve (ROC) analysis was performed to investigate whether ARFI elastography exhibits potential usefulness for the prediction of FH. RESULTS: The mean SWV on admission were 1.98 ± 0.55, 2.61 ± 0.58 and 3.66 ± 0.86 m/s in the AH, SAH and FH groups, respectively. The SWV was significantly higher in the FH group than in the other groups (P < 0.001), and in the SAH group than in the AH group (P = 0.002). The area under the ROC for predicting FH was 0.924 (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 93.0%). The SWV was significantly increased in non-survivors, while remaining decreased in survivors (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The SWV measured by ARFI elastography reflects severity of liver damage, and serial changes in SWV predict the prognosis of ALF patients. The SWV is an early and precise biomarker of FH.

Clinical and molecular analyses of sporadic acute hepatitis A and E and the specific viral genotypes isolated in Iwate and three neighboring prefectures in the northern part of Honshu, Japan, between 2004 and 2013.

AIM: To examine the prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in the northern part of Honshu, Japan, during the last decade. METHODS: Using the registration system of a prospective cohort study for acute liver injury (ALI) in Iwate and three neighboring prefectures, we examined the prevalence of sporadic acute hepatitis (AH) with HAV (AH-A) and HEV (AH-E) and the distribution of viral genotypes in 487 patients diagnosed with ALI between 2004 and 2013. RESULTS: Among all 487 patients, 135 (28%) had ALI with viral infection. In the cases with viral ALI, the prevalence of hepatitis B virus-related AH was highest (55.6%). AH-E was seen in 23 patients (17.0%) and its prevalence was higher than that of AH-A (10 patients, 7.4%). There were no appreciable differences in the prevalence of AH-A and AH-E between 2004-2008 and 2009-2013. However, subgenotype IIIA HAV homologous to Korean strains has recently emerged, and the number of AH-E cases seems to be increasing. HEV genotype 3 was predominant throughout the observation period, but HEV genotype 4 was found in three patients after 2010. The transmission routes of HAV and HEV infections were unknown in approximately 60% of the patients. CONCLUSION: In the northern part of Honshu, Japan, HEV has been more frequently implicated in the development of AH than HAV, and HEV genotype 4 has been recently increasing. To provide an effective prophylactic management for HAV and HEV infections, further clarification of the transmission routes is needed.

Severe tracheal stenosis with tracheopathia osteoplastica-like changes due to traumatic blunt injury.

A 17-year-old man was injured in a motorcycle accident, leading to a complex cerebral contusion and hepatic injury. Approximately one month after being discharged from the hospital, the patient experienced gradually progressive dyspnea on exertion. Chest computed tomography revealed severe upper tracheal stenosis; thus, emergency tracheotomy and subsequent tracheoplasty were performed. Microscopically, the deformation of tracheal cartilage and extensive interstitial ossification/fibro-elastic changes were observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the ossification of the trachea that rapidly progressed after injury, which was confirmed by surgical resection of the upper trachea.

Mmu-miR-615-3p regulates lipoapoptosis by inhibiting C/EBP homologous protein.

Lipoapoptosis occurring due to an excess of saturated free fatty acids such as palmitate is a key pathogenic event in the initiation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Palmitate loading of cells activates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, including induction of the proapoptotic transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Furthermore, the loss of microRNAs is implicated in regulating apoptosis under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The aim of this study was to identify specific microRNAs regulating CHOP expression during palmitate-induced ER stress. Five microRNAs were repressed under palmitate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions in hepatocyte cell lines (miR-92b-3p, miR-328-3p, miR-484, miR-574-5p, and miR-615-3p). We identified miR-615-3p as a candidate microRNA which was repressed by palmitate treatment and regulated CHOP protein expression, by RNA sequencing and in silico analyses, respectively. There is a single miR-615-3p binding site in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of the Chop transcript. We characterized this as a functional binding site using a reporter gene-based assay. Augmentation of miR-615-3p levels, using a precursor molecule, repressed CHOP expression; and under these conditions palmitate- or tunicamycin-induced cell death were significantly reduced. Our results suggest that palmitate-induced apoptosis requires maximal expression of CHOP which is achieved via the downregulation of its repressive microRNA, miR-615-3p. We speculate that enhancement of miR-615-3p levels may be of therapeutic benefit by inhibiting palmitate-induced hepatocyte lipoapoptosis.

Superelastic organic crystals.

Superelastic materials (crystal-to-crystal transformation pseudo elasticity) that consist of organic components have not been observed since superelasticity was discovered in a Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Superelastic materials have been exclusively developed in metallic or inorganic covalent solids, as represented by Ti-Ni alloys. Organosuperelasticity is now revealed in a pure organic crystal of terephthalamide, which precisely produces a large motion with high repetition and high energy storage efficiency. This process is driven by a small shear stress owing to the low density of strain energy related to the low lattice energy.

Efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil and systemic pegylated interferon α-2b for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Cholangiocarcinoma is categorized into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC). The prognosis of ICC is far worse than that of ECC. In this pilot trial, the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combined with subcutaneous administration of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) α-2b in patients with advanced ICC was evaluated. METHODS: The subjects were 20 advanced ICC patients treated using subcutaneous PEG-IFNα-2b (50-100 µg on day 1 of every week, for 4 weeks) and intra-arterial infusion of 5-FU (250 mg/day for 5 h on days 1-5 of every week, for 4 weeks). One treatment cycle lasted 4 weeks. Therapy was discontinued in patients with progressive disease (PD). For responses other than PD, treatment was repeated for ≥1 cycle. RESULTS: The objective early response rate was 60.0 %. Cumulative survival rates were 71.6 % at 6 months, 53.7 % at 12 months, 28.6 % at 18 months, and 14.3 % at 24 months. Median survival time was 14.6 months. All adverse reactions were controllable by temporary suspension of treatment. Serious complications and treatment-related deaths were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The combination therapy of PEG-IFNα-2b and 5-FU for advanced ICC seems not to be worse than the results of the previous studies. Furthermore, most adverse effects are transient and well tolerated. Based on the present findings, this combination therapy may be useful for patients with advanced ICC as one of the therapeutic option.

Proliferation of mouse liver stem/progenitor cells induced by plasma from patients with acute liver failure is modulated by P2Y2 receptor-mediated JNK activation.

BACKGROUND: We recently reported that acute liver failure plasma (ALF-P) promotes the proliferation of mouse liver oval cells (OCs) through c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which ALF-P induces JNK activation and OC proliferation. METHODS: OCs and primary hepatocytes were exposed to ALF-P or normal control plasma (NC-P). Cell proliferation and activation of JNK and other JNK signaling molecules were detected subsequently. Next, we determined the effects of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATP receptors on ALF-P-stimulated cell growth. Finally, the relationship between the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and ATP receptor pathways was investigated. RESULTS: Cell proliferation accompanied by JNK activation was only observed in ALF-P-stimulated OCs. ALF-P stimulated the activation of SEK1/MKK4 and ATF2, but not c-Jun. Both PPADS (pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid) treatment and P2Y2 (G-protein-coupled) small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection blocked the effects of ALF-P on cell proliferation and JNK activation. However, ATP levels in ALF-P were significantly lower than that in NC-P, and ATP did not stimulate the proliferation of OCs. On the other hand, TNFα stimulated JNK activation and proliferation of OCs. TNFα receptor antagonist partly inhibited the ALF-P-stimulated proliferation of OCs. Moreover, PPADS significantly inhibited TNFα-stimulated cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and inhibited the activation of JNK. However, our data showed no significant difference in plasma TNFα levels between the NC-P and ALF-P samples. CONCLUSIONS: JNK activation induced by P2Y2 receptor crosstalk with the TNFα signaling pathway is important in mediating the effects of ALF-P on the proliferation and survival of OCs.

Therapeutic efficacy of transarterial chemo-embolization with a fine-powder formulation of cisplatin for hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) using a suspension of a fine-powder formulation of cisplatin (DDPH) in lipiodol (LPD) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: The subjects were 262 HCC patients treated with TACE using a DDPH-LPD suspension. The DDPH-LPD suspension was prepared by mixing 50 mg of DDPH into 10 mL of LPD. TACE was repeated when treated lesions relapsed and/or new hepatic lesions were detected. These patients received additional TACE using the same agent. TACE was repeated until complete regression of the tumor was obtained. The primary efficacy endpoint of the current study was the objective early response rate. Secondary efficacy endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival. RESULTS: The objective early response rate was 43.6%. Cumulative PFS rates were 56.7% at 6 mo, 23.1% at 12 mo, 13.4% at 18 mo, and 10.5% at 24 mo. The median PFS was 6.6 mo. Cumulative survival rates were 90.6% at 6 mo, 81.9% at 12 mo, 70.5% at 24 mo, and 58.8% at 36 mo. Median survival time was 46.6 mo. All adverse reactions were controllable by temporary suspension of treatment. No serious complications or treatment-related deaths were observed. CONCLUSION: TACE using a suspension of DDPH in LPD may be a useful treatment for HCC.

Icteric acute hepatitis E with no response of immunoglobulin M class anti-hepatitis E virus antibody.

A 68-year-old Japanese man developed icteric acute hepatitis during periodic care after undergoing gastrectomy due to early gastric cancer. The routine serological markers for hepatitis A, B and C viruses were all negative. Although the liver enzymes spontaneously recovered without any specific therapy, cholestasis was relatively prolonged and successfully treated with prednisolone. Determination of serum hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA revealed the transient infection of HEV, and both immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG class anti-HEV antibodies were detected after the disease onset, whereas those were negative when measured 3 weeks prior to the onset. In addition, the titer of serum IgA class antibody was associated with the clinical signs of hepatitis. In contrast, no IgM class antibody was detected throughout the course. This case suggests that screening only with IgM class antibody is not sufficient to detect acute HEV infection.

Therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy with intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil and systemic pegylated interferon α-2b for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous invasion.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, particularly among patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). This study evaluated the efficacy of combined 5-fluorouracil and pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) α-2b in patients with advanced HCC. METHODS: Subjects comprised 59 HCC patients with PVTT treated using subcutaneous administration of PEG-IFNα-2b (50-100 µg on day 1 of each week for 4 weeks) and intra-arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil (250 mg/d for 5 hours on days 1-5 of each week for 4 weeks). One treatment cycle lasted 4 weeks. The current therapy was discontinued in patients with progressive disease (PD). For responses other than PD, treatment was repeated for ≥1 cycle. The primary efficacy endpoint was the objective early response rate. Secondary efficacy endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival. RESULTS: Objective early response rate was 73.0%. Cumulative PFS rates were 67.4% at 6 months, 30.2% at 12 months, 25.9% at 18 months, and 20.7% at 24 months. Median PFS was 9.7 months. Cumulative survival rates were 82.4% at 6 months, 73.6% at 12 months, 52.8% at 24 months, and 44.0% at 36 months. Median survival time was 29.9 months. All adverse reactions were controllable by temporary suspension of treatment. Serious complications and treatment-related deaths were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although a prospective randomized controlled trial using a larger population of patients with advanced HCC is needed to evaluate combination therapy with 5-fluorouracil and PEG-IFNα-2b, this new combination therapy may be useful for patients with advanced HCC.

Serial changes of liver stiffness measured by acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in acute liver failure: a case report.

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging is a new technology used to determine liver elasticity. We report the case of a patient that survived hyperacute-type acute liver failure (ALF) and who showed a dramatic change in the value of shear wave velocity (SWV) measured by ARFI, which corresponded with the severity of her liver damage. The value of SWV increased significantly up to 3.6 ± 0.3 m/s during the encephalopathy phase and then decreased along with the recovery of liver function, the blood flow of the right portal vein, and the liver volume. These findings suggest the value of SWV in ALF as a reliable marker of liver tissue damage. Further investigations of the pathophysiological significance of SWV in ALF are warranted.