Acceptability of HPV self-collection: A qualitative study of Black women living with type II diabetes and social vulnerability.

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes 99.7% of cervical cancer cases. Cervical cancer is preventable through early detection via HPV testing. However, the number of women screened for cervical cancer has not increased in the last several years. Lower screening rates among women living in high poverty and social vulnerability areas, Black women, and women with chronic co-morbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes (T2D)) are associated with their higher cervical cancer mortality rates. When screened, Black women are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages and die from cervical cancer. HPV self-collection decreases barriers to cervical cancer screening and can help lessen disparities among underserved women. This study aimed to examine the acceptability of HPV self-collection among Black women with T2D living in socially vulnerable communities. Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 Black women with T2D living in communities with high social vulnerability. The Health Belief Model informed the development of the interview guide to gather data on the acceptability of HPV self-collection. Results: Three main themes aligned with the Health Belief Model were identified: (1) HPV self-collection provides a comfortable alternative to in-clinic HPV testing (perceived benefits); (2) HPV self-collection would result in awareness of current HPV status (health motivation); and (3) Women were concerned about collecting their sample accurately (perceived barriers). Discussion/Conclusion: Black women with T2D living in communities with high social vulnerability identified multiple benefits of cervical cancer screening through HPV self-collection. Women are concerned about their ability to collect these samples correctly. Our findings call for future studies focusing on increasing self-efficacy and skills to collect HPV samples among Black women with chronic conditions like T2D who reside in underserved communities with high social vulnerability.

Disparities Contributing to Late-Stage Diagnosis of Lung, Colorectal, Breast, and Cervical Cancers: Rural and Urban Poverty in Florida.

Despite advances in cancer screening, late-stage cancer diagnosis is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. In this study, we aim to understand demographic and geographic factors associated with receiving a late-stage diagnosis (LSD) of lung, colorectal, breast, or cervical cancer. (1) Methods: We analyzed data of patients with a cancer diagnosis between 2016 and 2020 from the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS), a statewide population-based registry. To investigate correlates of LSD, we estimated multi-variable logistic regression models for each cancer while controlling for age, sex, race, insurance, and census tract rurality and poverty. (2) Results: Patients from high-poverty rural areas had higher odds for LSD of lung (OR = 1.23, 95% CI (1.10, 1.37)) and breast cancer (OR = 1.31, 95% CI (1.17,1.47)) than patients from low-poverty urban areas. Patients in high-poverty urban areas saw higher odds of LSD for lung (OR = 1.05 95% CI (1.00, 1.09)), breast (OR = 1.10, 95% CI (1.06, 1.14)), and cervical cancer (OR = 1.19, 95% CI (1.03, 1.37)). (3) Conclusions: Financial barriers contributing to decreased access to care likely drive LSD for cancer in rural and urban communities of Florida.

Does the Intersectionality of Race/Ethnicity and Type 2 Diabetes Increase the Odds of a Cervical Cancer Diagnosis? A Nested Case-Control Study of a Florida Statewide Multisite EHR Database.

Cervical cancer and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) share common demographic risk factors. Despite this, scarce research has examined the relationship between race/ethnicity, having T2D, and cervical cancer incidence. We analyzed statewide electronic health records data between 2012 and 2019 from the OneFlorida+ Data Trust. We created a 1:4 nested case-control dataset. Each case (patient with cervical cancer) was matched with four controls (patients without cervical cancer) without replacement by year of encounter, diagnosis, and age. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine the association between race/ethnicity, T2D, and cervical cancer incidence. A total of 100,739 cases and 402,956 matched controls were identified. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, non-Hispanic Black women with T2D had higher odds of cervical cancer compared with non-Hispanic White women with T2D (OR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.41-1.77). Living in a rural area, having Medicaid/Medicare insurance, and having high social vulnerability were associated with higher odds of having a cervical cancer diagnosis. Our findings imply the need to address the higher burden of cervical cancer diagnosis among non-Hispanic Black women with T2D and in underserved populations.

Clinicians' perceptions of barriers to cervical cancer screening for women living with behavioral health conditions: a focus group study.

BACKGROUND: Women with behavioral health (BH) conditions (e.g., mental illness and substance abuse) receive fewer cervical cancer (CC) screenings, are diagnosed at more advanced cancer stages, and are less likely to receive specialized treatments. The aim of this study was to identify barriers that healthcare providers face in providing CC screening to women with BH conditions. METHODS: Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, we conducted four focus groups in North Florida with 26 primary care and BH clinicians and staff to examine perceived barriers to CC screening among their patients with BH conditions to guide the future development of a tailored cervical cancer screening and follow-up intervention. Thematic analysis was used to analyze verbatim transcripts from audiotaped focus groups. RESULTS: Three main themes of barriers emerged from the data: 1) BH conditions related barriers included a history of trauma, stigma and discrimination, and uncontrolled comorbid conditions, 2) System level barriers related to lack of integration between BH and primary care, and 3) Similar barriers to the general population including lack of health insurance, insufficient processes to send out reminders, and challenges with communicating with patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tailored CC screening interventions that address the unique needs of women with BH conditions are needed. Strategies that address improving trust between patients and healthcare providers, identifying avenues to improve receipt of screening during time-limited clinical visits, connecting BH and primary care providers, and addressing the social determinants of health have potential to improve CC screening rates for women with BH conditions.

"I Said Maybe We Should Use a Condom, and Then that Just Went South": Exploring Condomless Sex among Formerly Incarcerated Black Men in New York City, USA.

More than 600,000 incarcerated individuals are released annually in the United States; a large proportion are Black men incarcerated for drug-related offenses, including drug use and possession. Formerly incarcerated Black men report elevated rates of condomless sex and sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this study was to explore condom usage among Black men who were formerly incarcerated for drug-related offenses and living in New York City (NYC). Using a semi-structured interview guide, in-depth interviews were conducted with 26 formerly incarcerated Black men. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and entered into NVivo, then manually coded utilizing thematic analysis methods. The following four themes were identified: partner type and length of the relationship affected condom use; diminished pleasure was a barrier for condom use; challenges with ill-fitting and poor-quality condoms; and the withdrawal method was used as an HIV prevention technique. Our findings suggest that formerly incarcerated Black men are engaging in condomless sex post-incarceration. Greater exposure to prevention messages and targeted interventions with content that includes interpersonal and condom use skill-building, methods to increase pleasurable condom use, information on HIV and STI transmission modes, and access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be beneficial for this population.

"I Struggle with Breast Cancer and I Struggle with God": Insights from African American Breast Cancer Survivors.

PURPOSE: Recognizing that spiritual and religious beliefs are personal and vary within communities, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the influence of these beliefs on experiences with breast cancer care and social support among African American Christian breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Forty-seven African American breast cancer survivors participated in focus groups (n = 7) in three northeastern urban cities. We used thematic analyses to identify major themes. RESULTS: Three themes emerged relating to how spirituality influenced participants' cancer journeys: (1) struggling with God, (2) reclaiming my power, and (3) needing religious social support. Participants described the rhythmic flow of their spiritual beliefs as they navigated their lived experiences during diagnosis, treatment, and post-treatment. Spirituality was intimately intertwined with their illness experience as they grappled with their health and well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Participants used spirituality as an avenue to cope and navigate through their diagnosis and treatment. These spiritual relationships created "church families" and provided the survivors' access to cancer support groups, financial support, and therapeutic support. Our findings support faith-based approaches to health promotion and call for more studies to understand the influence of religion on health.

Do patients at high risk for Hepatitis C receive recommended testing? A retrospective cohort study of statewide Medicaid claims linked with OneFlorida clinical data.

ABSTRACT: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma.We employed a retrospective cohort study design and analyzed 2012-2018 Medicaid claims linked with electronic health records data from the OneFlorida Data Trust, a statewide data repository containing electronic health records data for 15.07 million Floridians from 11 health care systems. Only adult patients at high-risk for HCV (n = 30,113), defined by diagnosis of: HIV/AIDS (20%), substance use disorder (64%), or sexually transmitted infections (22%) were included. Logistic regression examined factors associated with meeting the recommended sequence of HCV testing.Overall, 44.1% received an HCV test. The odds of receiving an initial test were significantly higher for pregnant females (odds ratio [OR]1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.86-2.12; P < .001) and increased with age (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.01; P < .001).Among patients with low Charlson comorbidity index (CCI = 1), non-Hispanic (NH) black patients (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.81-0.9; P < .001) had lower odds of getting an HCV test; however, NH black patients with CCI = 10 had higher odds (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.21-1.66; P < .001) of receiving a test. Of those who tested negative during initial testing, 17% received a second recommended test after 6 to 24 months. Medicaid-Medicare dual eligible patients, those with high CCI (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.11-1.17; P < .001), NH blacks (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.61-2.32; P < .001), and Hispanics (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.08-2.06; P = .02) were significantly more likely to have received a second HCV test, while pregnant females (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.57-0.89; P = .003), had lower odds of receiving it. The majority of patients who tested positive during the initial test (97%) received subsequent testing.We observed suboptimal adherence to the recommended HCV testing among high-risk patients underscoring the need for tailored interventions aimed at successfully navigating high-risk individuals through the HCV screening process. Future interventional studies targeting multilevel factors, including patients, clinicians and health systems are needed to increase HCV screening rates for high-risk populations.

Urban rural differences in prevalence and risk factors of self-reported hypertension among Kenyan women: a population-based study.

This study investigated rural-urban variation in the prevalence of self-reported hypertension and its risk factors among reproductive-age women in Kenya. The 2014 nationally representative Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) data were used in this analysis. The survey adopted a multistage, geographically clustered, and probability-based sampling approach. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between risk factors and self-reported hypertension. Overall, 9.38% of the women were hypertensive with higher prevalence among urban 11.61%, compared to rural women, 7.86%. Older age, obesity, having diabetes, and increased the odds of hypertension in both rural and urban areas. We also observed that the odds of hypertension differed by ethnic group. High wealth status was a significant correlate only among urban women with women from rich and richest wealth groups had 2-2.3 times higher odds of hypertension compared to the poor and poorest wealth groups. Women with diabetes had 22 times higher odds of hypertension in both in rural and urban areas compared to women without diabetes. In conclusion, our study found that an estimated 1 out of 10 Kenyan women have hypertension. We believe that this study contributes to better understanding of regional variation of hypertension prevalence and risk factors for reproductive women in Kenya. Future studies should seek to develop evidence-based hypertension prevention and management interventions that are targeted and tailored for urban and rural women in Kenya.

Prevalence and predictors of receipt of weight loss advice among a nationally representative sample of overweight and obese Kenyans.

BACKGROUND: As Kenya continues to experience rapid development and urbanization, growing evidence shows an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and overweight and obese citizens. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to explore the extent to which Kenyan overweight and obese participants reported receiving advice from physicians or health care providers to lose weight and to identify demographic characteristics associated with receipt of weight loss advice. METHODS: Descriptive statistics analyzed sociodemographic characteristics and weight loss advice from the 2015 Kenya WHO STEPwise survey (n = 1335). A bivariate logistic regression model estimated the association between socio-demographic characteristics and weight loss advice reported from a physician or health care provider. RESULTS: The prevalence of weight loss advice from health professionals among overweight and obese participants was 19%. Model results indicated that obese individuals [odds ratio (OR) = 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.36, 3.26)], individuals with higher than a secondary education [OR = 2.26, 95% CI (1.39, 3.68)], urban dwellers [OR = 2.38, 95% CI (1.29, 4.39)], and women [OR = 3.13, 95% CI (1.60, 6.12)] were significantly more likely to receive weight loss advice from their physician or health care provider. CONCLUSION: This study found low levels of report of physician or health care provider advice for weight loss among overweight individuals. Advice was primarily reported by obese patients. Weight loss advice differed significantly based on educational attainment, geographical location, and gender thus calling for targeted interventions to increase equitable NCD prevention services from physicians.

Social determinants of hypertension and type-2 diabetes in Kenya: A latent class analysis of a nationally representative sample.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is among the leading causes of death in Kenya and type II diabetes (T2D) is a growing chronic health concern in the country. However, a gap exists in examining how demographic and social characteristics coalesce to identify individuals at high risk for hypertension and/or T2D in Kenya. The current study examined demographic typologies associated with self-report diagnoses. METHODS: Nationally representative cross-sectional study using 43,898 individuals from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Main Outcome Measures were self-reported Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes diagnosis. Descriptive analyses were conducted using STATA 14. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted using Mplus 7.4. RESULTS: Approximately 5% reported hypertension and 1% reported T2D. Latent class analysis suggested a 4-class solution. The class with the highest likelihood to report previous diagnosis of hypertension (10.4%), consisted of high proportion of married adult women. The second highest prevalence of previous diagnosis of hypertension (4.4%) consisted of a high proportion of married middle aged men with high probability of being smokers. The results suggest that Kenyan women over 30 years may be at increased risk of hypertension compared to men. Future studies should include additional socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics to better understand gender differences in correlates for hypertension to be used for targeted and tailored health promotion-interventions.

Unrecorded alcohol in East Africa: A case study of Kenya.

Alcohol misuse contributes substantially to the global morbidity and mortality burden. Unrecorded alcohol, alcohol that is purchased by means which precludes regulation, represents a substantial proportion of the alcohol consumed in East Africa. In Kenya, homebrew also known as traditional brew, has been linked to several fatalities and hospitalizations. Previously banned, the Kenyan government recently legalized homebrew in an effort to regulate and reduce its harm. Despite legalization, however, homebrew continues to be endemic. In this paper, we examine the scope and harm associated with unrecorded alcohol in Kenya, and discuss current policies and interventions aimed at reducing production and consumption of unrecorded alcohol in the Kenyan context that reflect its culture, politics, environment and resources.

Examining characteristics of recorded and unrecorded alcohol consumers in Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Due to media reports of several deaths, consumption of unrecorded alcohol (i.e., alcohol brewed at home) has emerged as a public health threat in developing countries like Kenya. Empirical data on this issue, however, is scarce. This investigation compared demographic characteristics of Kenyans who drank recorded (regulated) and unrecorded alcohol. METHODS: We examined all respondents who consumed alcohol in the past month (N = 718) on the 2015 nationally representative Kenya STEPwise survey. Descriptive statistics and bivariate logistic regression examined proportion of respondents consuming unrecorded alcohol, and social demographic factors associated with unrecorded alcohol consumption, respectively. RESULTS: The sample was primarily male (86%), married (64%), middle class or higher (64%), with an average age of 37 years. Participants reported an average of 2.5 drinking events and 4.3 binge-drinking occasions per month. Overall, 37% of our sample consumed unrecorded alcohol. Compared to those with incomplete primary education or lower, individuals who completed primary education or above were less likely to report consuming unrecorded alcohol (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.12-0.43). Compared to poorest and poor respondents, those identifying as middle class or above were less likely to consume unrecorded alcohol (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29-.78). Current smokers (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.34-3.60) and those with higher binge drinking occasions in the past month (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.004-1.07) were significantly more likely to consume unrecorded alcohol. CONCLUSION: Kenyan adults who consume unrecorded alcohol engage in more binge drinking occasions, smoke, and have lower levels of education and socioeconomic status. It is vital that health promotion interventions aimed at reducing unrecorded alcohol consumption be tailored and targeted to individuals with low socio-economic status in Kenya.

Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity Among Kenyan Women.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity are associated with increased rates of chronic disease and death globally. In Kenya, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women is high and may be growing. This study aimed to determine the national prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among women in Kenya. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). Data on body mass index for 13,048 women (aged 15-49 y) were analyzed by using multivariable logistic regression models. Overweight and obesity were classified by using World Health Organization categories (normal weight, 18.5 to <24.9; overweight, 25.0 to <29.9; and obese, ≥30.0). RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 20.5%, and the prevalence of obesity, 9.1%. Women aged 35 to 44 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-3.81), with more than a secondary education (OR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.05-1.95), married or living with a partner (OR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.42-2.08), not working (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.10-1.48), in the richest category (OR = 6.50; 95% CI, 5.08-8.30), and who used hormonal contraception (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43) were significantly more likely to be overweight or obese. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of women in Kenya are overweight or obese. Our study indicates that women from urban areas and women with high socioeconomic status make up the largest proportion of women who are overweight or obese. Targeted and tailored studies and interventions are needed to identify evidence-based obesity prevention strategies for high-risk women in Kenya.

Influence of Cancer Worry on Four Cancer Related Health Protective Behaviors among a Nationally Representative Sample: Implications for Health Promotion Efforts.

The aims of this study were to assess what sociodemographic characteristics are associated with cancer worry and what the influence of cancer worry is on four cancer-related protective health behaviors. Data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) (4th cycle of the 4th iteration) were used. Multiple regression models were used for all analyses. Behaviors analyzed were as follows: physical activity, diets, smoking, and routine medical screening. Demographics controls included participant age, income, body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, and education. N = 2630, Older participants (OR = .99, p < .001), participants with higher BMI (OR = 1.01, p = .017), females (OR = 1.39, p < .001), and highly educated participants were more likely to worry about cancer. Cancer worry was not a significant predictor of exercise, healthy eating, or cancer screening behaviors. However, participants who worried about cancer were more likely to be current smokers (RRR = 1.20, p < .001) compared to participants who never smoked. Although, worry is only an emotional influence on health behavior and may be short-lived, the influence of worry on health-related decision making is likely to be lasting even when the emotions are no longer present.