Cleidocranial Dysplasia: Presentation of Clinical and Radiological Features of a Rare Syndromic Entity.

Cleidocranial dysplasia is a developmental anomaly of the skeleton and the teeth. This condition may be inherited and be transmitted as dominant characteristics in either gender, or may appear spontaneously. It presents with skeletal defects of several bones, such as partial or complete absence of clavicles, late closure of the fontanels, presence of open skull sutures and multiple wormian bones. The dental manifestations are mainly delayed exfoliation of primary teeth and delayed eruption of permanent teeth with multiple impacted supernumerary teeth. This case of a 20 year old girl is noteworthy to the dentist as it deals with clinical and radiological features (a high number of impacted and supernumerary teeth as well as brachycephaly, frontal bossing and hypermobility of shoulders) which may come handy in clinical practice.

Mineral content of insect infested stored legumes treated with edible oils.

Mineral content of three insect (pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L.) infested legumes viz. chick pea, mung pea and pigeon pea stored for six months and treated with three edible oils viz. groundnut, mustard and coconut oil has been studied. With increase in storage period significant increase in calcium, phosphorus and iron content of untreated legumes was observed. After three months of storage slight increase in three minerals was observed in the legumes treated with coconut oil which continued till the end of sixth months as compared to other two oil treated counterparts. The storage period was associated with insect infestation which in turn influenced the mineral content of legumes. Ground nut and mustard oils were able to protect legumes for six months against insect infestation when applied in small amounts (0.5%). Whereas coconut oil had protective effect against insect infestation for four months only.

Efficacy of mint and eucalyptus leaves on the physicochemical characteristics of stored wheat against insect infestation.

Wheat treated with mint and eucalyptus leaves powder was stored for six months in four different storage structures viz., jute bags, peru (made from bamboo strips), metal bins and polythene bags. Samples were analysed at monthly intervals for physico-chemical characteristics. After six months of storage, per cent damage increased, whereas weight and density decreased in untreated wheat, but no significant (P < 0.05) changes were observed in treated grains. Proximate principles increased significantly (P < 0.05) in untreated grains except crude fat which decreased, but no significant changes were observed in their treated counterparts. Mint leaves powder was able to protect wheat stored in different storage structures for 6 months, whereas eucalyptus leaves had their protective effects only for 5 months.

Effect of infestation (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) of chick peas (bengal gram) on biological utilization of proteins.

Bengal gram (Cicer aritinum) was infested with Callosobruchis Chinensis (L) at 20%, 40% and 60% level of infestation and fed to rats for 40 days. Effect of incorporation of uninfested and infested bengal gram on feed intake, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), true protein digestibility (TPD), biological value (BV), net protein utilization(NPU) and changes in internal organs were studied. Inclusion of infested grains had significant effect on the utilization of proteins. Diets having 60% infested grains had lower PER, TPD, BV and NPU. With increase in level of infestation weight of liver, kidney and spleen decreased significantly.

Effect of Callosobruchus chinensis (Bruchid) infestation on antinutritional factors in stored legumes.

Effect of bruchid infestation on selected antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activities, of three (mung bean, chickpea and pigeon pea) legumes stored for six months was studied. The three antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), increased with increased storage period. Saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity values were significantly lower in control samples compared to stored infested samples. The difference between the contents of antinutritional factors were significant (p < 0.05) during different storage periods.

Effect of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on carbohydrate content of chickpea, green gram and pigeon pea.

Effect of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infestation was seen on the carbohydrate and dietary fibre content of chickpea, green gram and pigeon pea at 10,20,30,40,50 and 60 per cent levels of infestation. With increase in level of infestation energy, starch, total sugars and non-reducing sugars decreased, whereas significant increase in the reducing sugars, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin was observed.

Antinutritional factors in pulses as influenced by different levels of Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Bruchids) infestation.

Influence of six (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60%) levels of bruchids infestation on the contents of selected antinutritional factors-phytic acid, saponins, trypsin inhibitors activity (TIA) of three (chickpea, red gram, and green gram) pulses was studied. Comparisons of infested samples were made with uninfested controls of each pulse. The three antinutritional factors viz TIA, phytic acid and saponins were found to increase with the increase in the level of infestation. All the control pulse values of the phytic acid, saponins and TIA were significantly lower than those of the infested samples. Barring a few exceptions, the differences in the contents of antinutritional factors in pulses infested at different levels were significant (P < 0.05).

Protein quality of chickpea (Cicer arietenum) with different grades of Callosobruchus chinensis L. infestation.

The chickpea was infested at 20, 40, and 60% levels by Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Bruchids) and its protein quality was evaluated in comparison with that of uninfested chickpea and casein protein. The protein quality parameters used were protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), apparent protein digestibility (APD), true protein digestibility (TPD), biological value (BV) and net protein ratio (NPR). The proximate composition was also determined. The PER, BV, NPU, APD, TPD, NPR and nitrogen retention of casein protein was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all the pulse proteins. The values for all these proteins for uninfested control were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the three infested pulse proteins. Within the infestation levels the nitrogen retention, APD, TPD, BV and NPR of the 20 and 40% infestation levels were similar. However, the NPU of proteins at all infestation levels differed significantly (p < 0.05). It may be concluded that, in general, an increase in the infestation levels by bruchids leads to a deterioration in the protein quality of chickpea.

Effect of oil treatments on the levels of antinutritional factors in Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infested stored pulses.

Coconut, groundnut and mustard oil treated whole red gram, green gram and bengal gram were infested with Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), stored for 6 months, and observed at monthly intervals for antinutritional factors (phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and saponins). The values of phytic acid and TIA of treated and untreated pulses were similar at month one. The saponin content of green gram and Bengal gram were, however, higher in control than the oil treated pulses at month one. From month two to six the untreated controls had progressively more antinutrients than their oil treated counterparts. In mustard and groundnut oil treated pulses, the antinutrients remained static for 6 months, however, coconut oil treated pulse had increased antinutrients from end of month four onwards. The storage period was associated with the level of insect infestation which in turn influenced the antinutrient contents of pulses.