Multi-virulence of Campylobacter jejuni carried by chicken meat in Brazil.

Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis; therefore, the characteristics of its epidemiology must be continuously investigated to support possible mitigating measures. This is particularly important when evaluating representative strains from the world's leading chicken meat exporter, Brazil. We evaluated a panel of 14 virulence genes in 359 strains of C. jejuni isolated from chilled broiler carcasses in Brazil. The genes were classified into five virulence categories (B: biofilm/motility; SS: secretion/cytotoxicity system; CI: invasion/colonization; GB: Guillain-Barré; and AE: adaptation to stress). The percentage of strains with stress adaptation genes (86.07%) indicates the ability to survive in unfavorable environments; in addition, the strains showed a risk of causing infections in humans due to the frequency of the hcp gene (97.77%). Genes related to Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in 77.44% of strains are an additional concern, which must be monitored. The gene panel showed the presence of 124 virulence profiles. Individual analyses by carcass, slaughter establishment, and municipalities in which they were located showed high index variabilities (I.Var.) of 0.82, 0.87, and 0.78, respectively. Georeferencing indicated the state of Paraná as a hotspot for virulent strains. Higher levels of isolation and multi-virulence were identified in the summer, which is hot and humid in Brazil. Together, our results showed that the studied strains are a potential danger to public health and that there is an urgent need for their surveillance and the adoption of control measures, especially in the state of Paraná.

A Ternary Copper (II) Complex with 4-Fluorophenoxyacetic Acid Hydrazide in Combination with Antibiotics Exhibits Positive Synergistic Effect against Salmonella Typhimurium.

Salmonella spp. continues to figure prominently in world epidemiological registries as one of the leading causes of bacterial foodborne disease. We characterised 43 Brazilian lineages of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) strains, characterized drug resistance patterns, tested copper (II) complex as control options, and proposed effective antimicrobial measures. The minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated for seven antimicrobials, isolated and combined with the copper (II) complex [Cu(4-FH)(phen)(ClO4)2] (4-FH = 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid hydrazide and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), known as DRI-12, in planktonic and sessile ST. In parallel, 42 resistance genes were screened (PCR/microarray). All strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). Resistance to carbapenems and polymyxins (86 and 88%, respectively) have drawn attention to the emergence of the problem in Brazil, and resistance is observed also to CIP and CFT (42 and 67%, respectively), the drugs of choice in treatment. Resistance to beta-lactams was associated with the genes blaTEM/blaCTX-M in 39% of the strains. Lower concentrations of DRI-12 (62.7 mg/L, or 100 µM) controlled planktonic and sessile ST in relation to AMP/SUL/TET and AMP/SUL/TET/COL, respectively. The synergistic effect provided by DRI-12 was significant for COL/CFT and COL/AMP in planktonic and sessile ST, respectively, and represents promising alternatives for the control of MDR ST.

Tongue nodules in an atypical canine leishmaniasis in Brazil.

We aimed to report a case of canine leishmaniasis with the only visible clinical sign being the presence of nodules in the lateral region of the tongue. The bitch was treated for a mandibular fracture, when multiple small nodules were observed on the tongue. We identify nodular glossitis with the presence of structures compatible with amastigote forms of Leishmania. The bitch was positive by ELISA, RIFI and PCR assays. Clinical re-evaluation after one year of treatment for leishmaniasis showed clinical improvement, but there was maintenance of antibody titers and infectivity. Lingual nodules as the only clinical sign of the disease is rare, especially in endemic areas, but should be included as differential diagnosis for leishmaniasis in the country.

Genotypical Relationship Between Human and Poultry Strains of Campylobacter jejuni.

This study aimed to compare the genotype diversity of C. jejuni isolates. From the total of 64 C. jejuni strains evaluated, 44 were isolated from broiler carcasses (2015-2016) and 20 from hospitalized patients with gastroenteritis caused by the microorganism (2000-2006). The strains were correlated for the presence of flaA, pldA, cadF, ciaB, cdtABC, luxS, dnaJ, cbrA, htrA, pVir, Hcp, cstII, and neuA genes by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and for phylogenetic proximity by PFGE (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis). Of the total strains studied, 28 (43.7%) presented all the studied genes, except pVir. Among these strains, 25 (89.3%) were of poultry origin. Poultry strains showed a higher prevalence (P < 0.05) of genes linked to adhesion, colonization, invasion, cytotoxicity, biofilm formation, and adaptation to adverse conditions. Additionally, the profile that denotes the presence of all genes identified in the study (P1) was identified in 56.8% of poultry strains and in 15.0% of human strains. Molecular typing analysis identified five pulsotypes, none of which grouped strains from different origins. Although human strains were from hospitalized patients, they presented limited virulence capacity and adaptability to adverse conditions compared to chicken carcasses, besides being different in molecular typing. However, the ability to cause Guillain-Barré Syndrome is equal for both strains. In general, poultry strains, being more recent, are more specialized to adapt to the environment, invade, and cause disease in the human host.

Salmonella enterica Serovar Minnesota Biofilms, Susceptibility to Biocides, and Molecular Characterization.

The presence of virulence genes, phylogenetic relationships, biofilm formation index (BFI), and ultrastructure in S. Minnesota at different temperatures (4, 25, and 36 °C) were analyzed. In addition, the ability of biocidal agents (chlorhexidine1%, sodium hypochlorite 1%, and peracetic acid 0.8%) to inhibit biofilms formed by 20 strains isolated from broiler slaughter plants from two Brazilian companies in 2009, 2010, and 2014 was determined. The presence of specific genes was evaluated by PCR and phylogeny between strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The BFI was determined using tryptone soy broth with 5% of chicken juice, and its structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of specific genes indicated that S. Minnesota has the potential to cause disease in humans, adapting to adverse conditions. Temperatures of 25 and 36 °C favored biofilm formation, although at 4 °C, there was still biomass that could contaminate the final product. Tolerance to all biocides was identified in 12/20 (60%), representing a real risk of adaptation mechanisms development, especially regarding to resistance to sodium hypochlorite. Phylogenetic analysis indicated cross-contamination and spread among companies, which was probably related to biofilms formation. Results show the necessity of attention to this serovar considering its resistance to sodium hypochlorite, including the need for rigorous control, adopting low temperatures to prevent biofilms formation in the poultry industry.

Antibiotic Resistance in the Alternative Lifestyles of Campylobacter jejuni.

Campylobacter jejuni is the main pathogen identified in cases of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Its importance in poultry production and public health is highlighted due to the growing antimicrobial resistance. Our study comparatively investigated the effect of five different classes of antimicrobials on the planktonic and biofilm forms of 35 strains of C. jejuni with high phylogenetic distinction in 30 of them. In the planktonic form, the existence of susceptible strains to colistin (7/35 - 20%) and resistance to meropenem (3/35 - 8.6%) represent a novelty in strains evaluated in Brazil. In biofilms formed with the addition of chicken juice, the number of resistant strains was significantly higher for colistin, erythromycin and meropenem (100%), but the susceptibility to tetracycline was shown as a control strategy for specific cases. High concentrations (1,060 ± 172.1mg/L) of antibiotics were necessary to control the biofilm structure in susceptible strains in the planktonic form, which is consistent with the high biomass produced in these strains. Stainless steel and polyurethane were the most (BFI=2.1) and least (BFI=1.6) favorable surfaces for the production of biomass treated with antimicrobials. It is concluded that the antimicrobial action was detected for all tested drugs in planktonic form. In sessile forms, the biomass production was intensified, except for tetracycline, which showed an antibiofilm effect.

Hybrid Pectin-Liposome Formulation against Multi-Resistant Bacterial Strains.

This work describes the development of a gastroresistant antimicrobial formulation composed of two carriers, pectin and liposomes, intended to improve the efficiency of norfloxacin (NOR) against multi-resistant bacterial strains. The formulations showed physicochemical stability for 180 days (4 °C) in terms of size, polydispersity, and zeta potential of the vesicles, prolonging the in vitro release of NOR for 11 h. The hybrid nanocarriers improved the in vitro antimicrobial activity against different multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, such as Salmonella sp., Pseudomonasaeruginosa, E. coli and Campylobacterjejuni, in comparison to commercial NOR and liposomal suspensions. The in vivo toxicity assay in chicken embryos revealed that the hybrid systems were not toxic in any of the different parameters analyzed, a result also corroborated by the analyses of biochemical biomarkers of the chicken-embryos liver function.

Consumption of minas frescal cheese may be a source of human infection by Campylobacter jejuni / Consumo de queijo minas frescal pode ser fonte de infecção humana por Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter spp. is an emerging pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and the consumption of dairy food can characterize sources of infection. We aimed to verify the viability and a presence of transcripts associated with characteristics of virulence and adaptation of C. jejuni isolated from Minas Frescal cheeses, produced with contaminated milk and stored under refrigeration for up to ten days. The samples were analyzed for bioindicators, Campylobacter spp., pH, acidity, moisture and sodium chloride. Campylobacter spp. recovered were evaluated for the production of transcripts of: ciaB, dnaJ, p19 and sodB. The results were correlated with the viability of C. jejuni and changes in their transcriptome. Storage at lowtemperatures reduced C. jejuni from the first to the fourth day. The variations in humidity, pH and acidity influenced the decreasing of C. jejuni. There was a reduction in transcripts' production of the four genes, more pronounced on the fourth day, indicating the inability of the microorganism to perform its metabolic activities, due to the conditions of injury. Despite the presence of mechanisms of virulence and adaptation, C. jejuni could not remain viable four days after production. However, consumption of fresh cheese contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni can be a source of infection when consumed up to four days after production.

Campylobacter spp. é um patógeno emergente que causa gastroenterite em seres humanos e o consumo de produtos lácteos pode caracterizar fontes de infecção. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a viabilidade e a presença de transcritos associadas a características de virulência e adaptação de C. jejuniisoladas de queijos frescos, produzidos com leite contaminado e mantidos refrigeradas por dez dias. Foram analisados bioindicadores, Campylobacter spp., pH, acidez, umidade e cloreto de sódio. Campylobacter spp. recuperados foram avaliados quanto à produção dos transcritos: ciaB, dnaJ, p19 e sodB. Os resultados foram correlacionados com a viabilidade de C. jejuni e alterações no transcriptoma. O armazenamento em baixas temperaturas reduziu C. jejuni do primeiro ao quarto dia. As variações na umidade, pH e acidez influenciaram a queda de C. jejuni. Houve uma redução na produção de transcritos dos quatro genes, mais pronunciada no quarto dia, indicando a incapacidade do micro-organismo em realizar suas atividades metabólicas, devido às condições de injúria. Apesar da presença de mecanismos de virulência e adaptação, C. jejuni não permaneceu viável quatro dias após a produção. Porém, o consumo de queijo fresco contaminado com Campylobacter jejunipode ser uma fonte de infecção quando consumido até quatro dias após a produção.

Nanocarriers From Natural Lipids With In Vitro Activity Against Campylobacter jejuni.

Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) is the most prevalent zoonotic pathogen of chicken meat and related products, which may lead to gastroenteritis and autoimmune diseases in humans. Although controlling this bacterium is important, CJ strains resistance against traditional antibiotic therapy has been increased. Vegetable oils and fats are natural biomaterials explored since the Ancient times, due to their therapeutic properties. Nanotechnology has promoted the miniaturization of materials, improving bioavailability and efficacy, while reducing the toxicity of loaded active molecules. In this work, a screening of 28 vegetable oils was firstly performed, in order to select anti-CJ candidates by the disc diffusion test. Thus, the selected liquid lipids were used as active molecules in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) formulations. The three resultant systems were characterized in terms of particle size (~200 nm), polydispersity index (~0.15), and zeta potential (~-35mV), and its physicochemical stability was confirmed for a year, at 25°C. The structural properties of NLC were assessed by infrared (FTIR-ATR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The spherical nanoparticle morphology and narrow size distribution was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron (FE-SEM) analyses, respectively. Then, the in vitro antimicrobial activity test determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each formulation against CJ strains, in both free (1-3 mg/ml-1) and sessile (0.78 mg/ml-1) forms. Finally, the in vitro biocompatibility of NLC was demonstrated through cell viability using VERO cell line, in which F6 was found twice less cytotoxic than pure olibanum oil. Considering the abovementioned achieved, F6 formulation is able to be evaluated in the in vivo anti-CJ efficacy assays.

Viability and gene transcription of Campylobacter jejuni in infant milk formulas / Viabilidade e transcrição genética de Campylobacter jejuni em fórmulas lácteas infantis

This study simulated the contamination of two varieties of infant milk formulas (homemade and commercial) with 103 and 104 CFU/mLof Campylobacter jejuni, that were kept under refrigeration (4-7ºC) for up to 48 hours. The aim of this study was to verify the maintenance of the viability and ability of Campylobacter jejuni to produce transcripts of virulence and resistance to stress conditions during periods of 0 (after preparation), 24 and 48 hours. C. jejuni remained viable during all analyzed stages and thepresence of coliforms was not detected. In general, the counts reduced 1 log cycle after 48 hours for all samples, except the 104 CFU/mL inoculum of commercial formula, which reduced 2 log cycles, indicating greater injury of C. jejuni in this food matrix. C. jejuni showed to be more adapted to homemade matrix, due to high transcription of the gene related to cell invasion, ciaB, and more susceptible in the commercial matrix, due to the high transcription of genes related to conditions of stress tolerance (dnaJ, p19, sodB). The low infective dose of C. jejuni coupled with greater vulnerability of children less than five years indicate the need for care in the preparation and maintenance of infant formulas, to prevent the use of contaminated raw material and cross-contamination, especially in homemade formulations

Este estudo simulou a contaminação de duas variedades de fórmulas de leite infantil com Campylobacter jejuni (caseiras e comerciais), que foram mantidas sob refrigeração (4-7ºC) por até 48 horas. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a manutenção da viabilidade e capacidade de produzir transcritos de virulência e resistência a condições de estresse durante os períodos de 0 (após preparação), 24 e 48 horas. C. jejunipermaneceu viável durante todas as etapas analisadas e a presença de coliformes não foi detectada. Em geral, as contagens reduziram 1 ciclo log após 48 horas para todas as amostras, exceto o inóculo de 104 CFU/mL na fórmula comercial, que reduziu 2 ciclos logarítmicos, indicando maior lesão de C. jejuni nesta matriz alimentar. C. jejuni mostrou-se mais adaptado à matriz popular, devido à alta transcrição do gene relacionado à invasão celular, ciaB, e mais suscetível na matriz comercial, devido à alta transcrição de genes relacionados a tolerância a condições de estresse (dnaJ, p19, sodB). A baixa dose infectante de C. jejuni, juntamente com maior vulnerabilidade de crianças menores de cinco anos, indicam a necessidade de cuidados na preparação e manutenção de fórmulas infantis, para prevenir o uso de matéria-prima contaminada e contaminação cruzada, especialmente em formulações caseiras.

Ação de diferentes sanitizantes em biofilmes de Salmonella Minnesota / Action of different sanitizers in biofilmes of Salmonella Minnesota

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do contato por 15 minutos do hipoclorito de sódio 1%, e ácido peracético 0,8% na inibição de biofilmes formad os por três cepas distintas de Salmonella Minnesota em aço, poliuretano e polipropileno e determinar a recuperação das células remanescentes. Qualitativamente houve influência na classificação dos biofilmes de acordo com a superfície, que foram diferentes dependendo do tipo de cepa e de material, porém a quantidade de células sésseis permanece constante, pois independente da cepa e da superfície, os biofilmes mantiveram uma contagem de 5,18 Log UFC, indicando que as diferenças referem-se à matriz polimérica. O uso do hipoclorito foi capaz de destruir as células, que não foram recuperadas após reincubação. Já o ácido peracético não promoveu redução significativa. O uso do hipoclorito de sódio 1% é eficiente na sua remoção.

Resistência aos antimicrobianos de Salmonella heidelberg isoladas na cadeia de produção avícola / Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella heidelberg isolated in the poultry chain production

S. Heidelberg é responsável por causar doença grave em humanos, e por apresentar alta resistência aos antimicrobianos, sendo considerada um problema emergente na saúde pública mundial. Objetivou-se determinar a resistência aos antimicrobianos em 67 cepas de S. Heidelberg isoladas na cadeia de produção avícola no ano de 2016. Utilizou-se a técnica de disco difusão frente ao ácido nalidíxico, amoxacilina/ácido clavulânico, ceftazidima, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina, gentamicina, imipenem, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim, sulfato de colistina, tetraciclina. Os maiores índices de resistência foram para o ácido nalidíxico e tetraciclina (100%), seguido do sulfato de colistina (98,5%).Todas as cepas foram classificadas como multirresistentes, alarmando para o perigo que representam para a saúde pública.

Spread of the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler.

Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella's isolates from broiler production chain were determined. A total of 239 isolated strains from chicken, carcasses, breeding environments, and slaughter was analyzed by disk diffusion test, in the period of 2009 to 2010. For antibiotics with a high number of resistant strains, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed. We identified 24 serotypes, being the most frequent, Minnesota (31.4%) and Infantis (22.6%). The highest percentages of resistance were obtained for sulfonamide (42.7%), followed by tetracycline with 37.6% and amoxicillin with 27.6%. From the total, 32 resistance profiles were identified, being 60.7% of the strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Of these, 31.7% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance profiles belonging to serovar Minnesota, Saintpaul, and S. enterica. The highest resistance was found in isolates from slaughterhouse (66.9%) and aviary (58.7%). A large number of strains showed MIC above the maximum tested concentration for the antibiotics amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole. The high number of Salmonella's resistant strains indicates the need for prudent use of these drugs in poultry production in order to reduce the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance profiles, and the risk that multiresistant strains isolated from broilers may pose a risk to human health.

Sobrevivência de Campylobacter jejuni em amostras de leite pasteurizado e UHT artificialmente contaminados e mantidas sob refrigeração / Viability of Campylobacter jejuni in the refrigerated samples of artificially contaminated pasteurized and UHT milks

Campylobacter é o agente etiológico mais prevalente em gastroenterites de causa alimentar no mundo. Apesar de o leite cru ser fonte de infecção, pouco se conhece sobre as consequências da recontaminação do leite. A viabilidade de Campylobacter jejuni foi avaliada em leites pasteurizados e UHT mantidos sob refrigeração. Ambos os leites foram divididos em cinco porções de 100 mL, inoculados com 101 UFC.mL-1 de C. jejuni e mantidos de 4 ºC a 7 ºC por 48 horas. Repetiu-se o procedimento, utilizando-se inoculações de 102, 103 e 104 UFC.mL-1. As alíquotas foram analisadas imediatamente após inoculação e depois de 24 e 48 h quanto à viabilidade de C. jejuni. O micro-organismo manteve-se viável em todas as amostras, porém no leite pasteurizado houve redução de 1 ciclo log nas contagens após 24 h e baixas contagens após 48 h. Provavelmente,a redução ocorreu pela presença de microbiota neste leite, que competiu ou inibiu o crescimento de C. jejuni. O leite UHT ofereceu boas condições de sobrevivência em todos os períodos. O consumo de leite contaminado, mesmo em armazenamento refrigerado, pode ser fonte de infecção. O micro-organismo manteve-se mais viável no leite UHT quando comparado ao pasteurizado, provavelmente pela ausência de outros micro-organismos competidores.

Campylobacter is the most prevalent etiologic agent of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide.Although raw milk is an important source of infection, little is known about the consequencesof milk recontamination. This study aimed at verifying the viability of Campylobacter jejuni inpasteurized and UHT milks stored under refrigeration. Both samples were divided into five portionsof 100 mL, inoculated with 101 CFU.mL-1 of C. jejuni and stored at 4 °C - 7 ºC for 48 h. The procedure was repeated using inoculations of 102, 103 and 104 CFU.mL-1. Aliquots were analyzed immediatelyafter inoculation and after 24 and 48 h to evaluate C. jejuni viability. The microorganism their viabilityin all of samples. In pasteurized milk a reduction of 1 log cycle occurred after 24 h and low countsafter 48 h. Probably, the reduction happened due to the occurrence of microbiota in this milk, whichcaused competition or inhibition of microorganism growth. UHT milk offered good conditions forbacteria survival in all of the periods. The consumption of contaminated milk, even stored under refrigeration might be a source of infection. Microorganism were more viable in UHT milk thanin pasteurized one, probably owing to the absence of competing microorganisms.

Campylobacteriosis: an emerging zoonosis, underdiagnosed and underreported by public health agencies in Brazil / Campilobacteriose: uma zoonose emergente, subdiagnosticada e subnotificada pelos órgãos de saúde pública no Brasil

The infection by Campylobacter spp. constitutes a zoonosis of worldwide distribution, with serious repercussions for public health and a significant socio-economic impact. The Campylobacter species that most often are implicated in outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease are C. jejuni and C. coli. Both are recognized as the most important and with greater pathogenic potential from the viewpoint of food safety. This review aims to clarify and discuss, based on literature, the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. and the main challenges in their control, to assist in better understanding of the risk posed to human health. Due to the difficulty of isolating and cultivating of Campylobacter spp., the high cost and not mandatory, laboratory diagnosis by traditional cultivation techniques is not widely used in Brazil, resulting in lack of accurate data on the occurrence of the disease in the country. This factor has been identified as responsible for underdiagnosing and underreporting of the disease, which means that data on contamination of animal products or outbreaks are not statements of actual national situation. The epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. is considered complex presenting multiple determinants in the spread of this microorganism. Chickens are important reservoirs of Campylobacter sp. and the main target of control measures, however, other vehicles of transmission, such as raw cow milk, drinking water and other foods of animal origin must also be considered in the set of measures to be taken to control disease. The infection by Campylobacter spp. cause gastroenteritis in humans and occurred by oral contact with infected animals. In fact, are pets or production and food consumption, the most important pathways. The clinical manifestations of the disease can be from mild to severe symptoms, including watery diarrhea, sometimes with blood, abdominal pain, fever, headache and nausea. Sometimes the infection can get complications after the diarrhea stops and starts a progressive paralysis that can result in respiratory failure and severe neurological dysfunction and may even lead to death. The occurrence of campylobacteriosi's outbreaks should be mandatory to the authorities of surveillance, to provide an investigation of common sources and transmission control through preventive measures , thereby minimizing the potential risks to human health.

A infecção por Campylobacter spp. constitui em uma zoonose de distribuição mundial, com graves repercussões em saúde pública e com um impacto sócio-econômico significativo. Das espécies de Campylobacter sp., as que estão mais frequentemente implicadas nos surtos de doença gastrointestinal são C. jejuni e C. coli, sendo reconhecidas como as mais importantes e com maior potencial patogênico do ponto de vista da segurança alimentar. Esta revisão visa esclarecer e discutir, com base nos dados da literatura, a epidemiologia de Campylobacter sp. e os principais desafios no seu controle, para auxiliar no melhor entendimento do risco que representa para a saúde humana. Devido à dificuldade de isolamento e cultivo de Campylobacter sp., ao alto custo da análise e da mesma não ser obrigatória, o diagnóstico laboratorial por meio de técnicas tradicionais de cultivo não é muito utilizado no Brasil, acarretando falta de dados precisos sobre a ocorrência da doença no país. Este fator tem sido identificado como responsável por subdiagnóstico e subnotificação da enfermidade, o que significa que dados sobre contaminação de produtos de origem animal ou surtos não são demonstrativos da real situação nacional. A epidemiologia das infecções por Campylobacter spp. é considerada complexa, apresentando múltiplos fatores determinantes na disseminação desse microrganismo. As aves são importantes reservatórios de Campylobacter sp. e o principal alvo de medidas de controle, porém, outros veículos de transmissão, como o leite cru, a água potável e outros alimentos de origem animal também precisam ser considerados no conjunto de medidas a serem adotadas para o controle da doença. A infecção por Campylobacter sp. causadoras de gastroenterite no homem acontece principalmente por via oral, mas pode ocorrer também pelo contato com animais de estimação ou de produção infectados. O quadro clínico da doença varia desde sintomas leves a graves, incluindo diarreia aquosa, algumas vezes com sangue, dor abdominal, febre, dor de cabeça e náuseas. Porém, pode haver complicações posteriores devidoresposta auto-imune levando a paralisia progressiva que pode resultar em insuficiência respiratória e disfunção neurológica grave, podendo até mesmo levar a morte. A ocorrência de casos ou surtos de campilobacteriose devem ser notificados às autoridades de vigilância epidemiológica, para que se desencadeie a investigação das fontes comuns e o controle da transmissão por meio de medidas preventivas, minimizando assim os potenciais riscos para a saúde humana.