Urbanisation generates multiple trait syndromes for terrestrial animal taxa worldwide.

Cities can host significant biological diversity. Yet, urbanisation leads to the loss of habitats, species, and functional groups. Understanding how multiple taxa respond to urbanisation globally is essential to promote and conserve biodiversity in cities. Using a dataset encompassing six terrestrial faunal taxa (amphibians, bats, bees, birds, carabid beetles and reptiles) across 379 cities on 6 continents, we show that urbanisation produces taxon-specific changes in trait composition, with traits related to reproductive strategy showing the strongest response. Our findings suggest that urbanisation results in four trait syndromes (mobile generalists, site specialists, central place foragers, and mobile specialists), with resources associated with reproduction and diet likely driving patterns in traits associated with mobility and body size. Functional diversity measures showed varied responses, leading to shifts in trait space likely driven by critical resource distribution and abundance, and taxon-specific trait syndromes. Maximising opportunities to support taxa with different urban trait syndromes should be pivotal in conservation and management programmes within and among cities. This will reduce the likelihood of biotic homogenisation and helps ensure that urban environments have the capacity to respond to future challenges. These actions are critical to reframe the role of cities in global biodiversity loss.

Neuropatía autonómica periférica aguda / Acute authonomic peripheral neuropathy

Existe un grupo de neuropatías periféricas en las cuales las fibras no mielinizadas o pequeñas son el blanco, se clasifican en agudas, subagudas y crónicas. El compromiso agudo puede ser causado por infecciones, medicamentos, toxinas, enfermedades sistémicas y alteración de la autoinmunidad. En estas neuropatías el compromiso autonómico es la manifestación más importante, pero por la amplia distribución de los nervios autonómicos sus signos y síntomas son variados y en ocasiones inespecíficos, haciendo difícil el diagnóstico.

There is a group of peripheral neuropathies in which unmyelinated fibers are thetarget,these are classified as acute or subacute and chronic. Acute impairment can be caused by certain infections, medications, toxins, systemic diseases and alteration of autoimmunity. The autonomic dysfunction is the most important manifestation, because of wide distribution of the autonomic nerves, signs and symptoms are multiple and often nonspecific, which madediagnosis difficult.

[Biopercular syndrome: report of two cases and literature review]. / Síndrome biopercular: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura.

The anterior opercular or biopercular syndrome is a cortical pseudobulbar palsy due to bilateral lesions of the anterior brain operculum. It is characterized by preservation of reflex function and automatic activity, without mental impairment. Two cases are reported herein and the relevant literature reviewed. The first case was a 73-year-old female with a history of a stroke occurring seven years previously, without sequelae in the interim. She presented with sudden loss of consciousness. The neurological examination showed a right facial central palsy and anarthria, with reflex acts such as smiling, blinking and yawning, not elicited by commands; she also had a right hemiparesis and walking impairment. A brain CT scan showed an old ischemic infarction in the region of the right medial cerebral artery. Because the right motor involvement did not correlate with the findings of the initial CT scan, another CT scan two days later showed an acute brain infarction in the vicinity of the left medial cerebral artery. The second case was an 8-year-old girl with mental retardation and impairment of verbal development, caused by of biopercular pachygyria. Facio-pharyngo-glosso-masticatory diplegia and volitional selective palsy of the oro-facial muscles was seen in both patients. The neuropsychological assessment showed cognitive, emotional and social interaction impairment in both cases -as part of the frontal convexity syndrome in the first case and of mental retardation in the second. The two patients had difficulty in mastication and swallowing. The prognosis for recovery of verbal capacity is poor, although generally most patients recover the ability to swallow.

Síndrome biopercular: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Biopercular syndrome: report of two cases and literature review

El síndrome biopercular es una parálisis pseudobulbar cortical causada por lesiones bilaterales que comprometen el opérculo cerebral anterior. Se caracteriza por preservación de la función refleja y de la actividad automática, sin deterioro mental. Se presentan dos casos clínicos y se hace una revisión de la literatura. Caso 1. Se trata de una mujer de 73 años de edad con antecedentes de enfermedad cerebrovascular hace siete años sin secuelas. Presentó pérdida súbita del conocimiento y en el examen neurológico se le encontró paresia facial central derecha y anartria, con actos reflejos como sonreír, parpadear y bostezar –los cuales no se producían al mandato–, hemiparesia derecha e imposibilidad para la marcha. En la tomografía cerebral se encontraron signos de lesión isquémica antigua en el territorio de la arteria cerebral media derecha. Por el compromiso motor derecho, que no se correlacionaba con los hallazgos de la imagen inicial, se solicitó nueva tomografía, en la que se evidenció infarto agudo en territorio de la arteria cerebral media izquierda. Caso 2. Se trata de una niña de ocho años con retardo mental y trastorno en el desarrollo del lenguaje verbal por paquigiria biopercular. Las pacientes presentan diplejía facio-faringo-gloso-masticatoria y parálisis volitiva selectiva de músculos oro-faciales. La evaluación neuropsicológica evidenció compromiso cognitivo, emocional y de la interacción social como parte de un síndrome de la convexidad frontal en el primer caso y, de retardo mental, en el segundo caso. La fonoaudiología demostró que las dos pacientes tenían dificultades en el proceso de masticación y deglución, y dificultades graves en el lenguaje verbal. El pronóstico de recuperación del lenguaje verbal es pobre, pero muchos pacientes pueden recuperar la deglución.