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1.
Materials (Basel) ; 17(6)2024 Mar 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38541591

RESUMEN

The combination of Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) and traditional CNC machining allows manufacturers to leverage the advantages of both technologies in the production of functional metal parts. This study presents the methodological development of hybrid manufacturing for solid copper parts, initially produced using ADAM technology and subsequently machined using a 5-axis CNC system. The ADAM technology was dimensionally characterized by adapting and manufacturing the seven types of test artifacts standardized by ISO/ASTM 52902:2019. The results showed that slender geometries suffered warpage and detachment during sintering despite complying with the design guidelines. ADAM technology undersizes cylinders and oversizes circular holes and linear lengths. In terms of roughness, the lowest results were obtained for horizontal flat surfaces, while 15° inclined surfaces exhibited the highest roughness due to the stair-stepping effect. The dimensional deviation results for each type of geometry were used to determine the specific and global oversize factors necessary to compensate for major dimensional defects. This also involved generating appropriate over-thicknesses for subsequent CNC machining. The experimental validation of this process, conducted on a validation part, demonstrated final deviations lower than 0.5% with respect to the desired final part, affirming the feasibility of achieving copper parts with a high degree of dimensional accuracy through the hybridization of ADAM and CNC machining technologies.

2.
Materials (Basel) ; 17(4)2024 Feb 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38399162

RESUMEN

Additive manufacturing technologies such as directed energy deposition use powder as their raw material, and it must be deposited in a precise and controlled manner. Venturi injectors could be a solution for the highly precise transport of particulate material. They have been studied from different perspectives, but they are always under high-pressure conditions and mostly fed by gravity. In the present study, an optimization of the different dimensional parameters needed for the manufacturing of a Venturi injector in relation to a particle has been carried out to maximize the amount of powder capable of being sucked and transported for a specific flow in a low-pressure system with high precision in transport. For this optimization, simulations of Venturi usage were performed using the discrete element method, generating different variations proposed by a genetic algorithm based on a preliminary design of experiments. Statistical analysis was also performed to determine the most influential design variables on the objective, with these being the suction diameter (D3), the throat diameter (d2), and the nozzle diameter (d1). The optimal dimensional relationships were as follows: a D3 34 times the particle diameter, a d2 26.5 times the particle diameter, a d1 40% the d2, a contraction angle alpha of 18.73°, and an expansion angle beta of 8.28°. With these proportions, an 85% improvement in powder suction compared to the initial attempts was achieved, with a maximum 2% loss of load.

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