Draft genome sequence of Limosilactobacillus fermentum isolated from subgingival biofilm.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum is generally considered beneficial for vaginal and digestive health. However, strains isolated from the oral cavity, especially from periodontitis lesions, have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of strain KHUD_007 isolated from the subgingival biofilm of a Korean patient with periodontitis.

Complete genome sequence of Schaalia odontolytica isolated from subgingival biofilm.

OBJECTIVE: Recent advancements in genome-based taxonomic classification propose the reclassification of certain Actinomyces species into new genera, including Schaalia. Schaalia odontolytica, the type species within this genus, is frequently found in the human oral cavity and has been associated with actinomycotic lesions. Currently, only two complete genomes of S. odontolytica strains have been reported. Recognizing the limited research on subspecies-level variation of S. odontolytica, we conducted genome sequencing of strain KHUD_008, isolated from a Korean periodontitis patient's subgingival biofilm. Additionally, we performed a comparative genome analysis using previously sequenced genomes of strain XH001 and strain FDAARGOS_732, both derived from the human oral cavity. DATA DESCRIPTION: Pacific Biosciences Sequel II sequencing generated 15,904 and 76,557 raw sequencing sub-reads, which were integrated to assemble the de novo genome using the Microbial Genome Analysis pipeline in the Single-Molecule Real-Time Analysis. The genome assembly completeness, assessed by Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs, reached 99.2%. The genome is 2,389,595 bp with a GC content of 66.37%, and contains 2,002 protein-coding genes, 9 rRNAs, and 48 tRNA. Comparative analysis with two previously sequenced strains revealed many strain-specific genes in KHUD_008, primarily related to envelope biogenesis and replication/recombination/repair processes.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals heterogeneity of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells under chondrogenic induction.

This study investigated how adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) respond to chondrogenic induction using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We analyzed 37,219 high-quality transcripts from control cells and cells induced for 1 week (1W) and 2 weeks (2W). Four distinct cell clusters (0-3), undetectable by bulk analysis, exhibited varying proportions. Cluster 1 dominated in control and 1W cells, whereas cluster 3, 2, and 0 exclusively dominated in control, 1W, and 2W cells, respectively. Furthermore, heterogeneous chondrogenic markers expression within clusters emerged. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes unveiled cluster-specific variations in key biological processes (BP): (1) Cluster 1 exhibited upregulation of GO-BP terms related to ribosome biogenesis and translational control, crucial for maintaining stem cell properties and homeostasis; (2) Additionally, cluster 1 showed upregulation of GO-BP terms associated with mitochondrial oxidative metabolism; (3) Cluster 3 displayed upregulation of GO-BP terms related to cell proliferation; (4) Clusters 0 and 2 demonstrated similar upregulation of GO-BP terms linked to collagen fibril organization and supramolecular fiber organization. However, only cluster 0 showed a significant decrease in GO-BP terms related to ribosome production, implying a potential correlation between ribosome regulation and the differentiation stages of AT-MSCs. Overall, our findings highlight heterogeneous cell clusters with varying balances between proliferation and differentiation before and after chondrogenic stimulation. This provides enhanced insights into the single-cell dynamics of AT-MCSs during chondrogenic differentiation.

Bacterial single-cell transcriptomics: Recent technical advances and future applications in dentistry.

Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics have enhanced our understanding of the oral microbiome and its impact on oral health. However, these approaches have inherent limitations in exploring individual cells and the heterogeneity within mixed microbial communities, which restricts our current understanding to bulk cells and species-level information. Fortunately, recent technical advances have enabled the application of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) for studying bacteria, shedding light on cell-to-cell diversity and interactions between host-bacterial cells at the single-cell level. Here, we address the technical barriers in capturing RNA from single bacterial cells and highlight pioneering studies from the past decade. We also discuss recent achievements in host-bacterial dual transcriptional profiling at the single-cell level. Bacterial scRNA-seq provides advantages in various research fields, including the investigation of phenotypic heterogeneity within genetically identical bacteria, identification of rare cell types, detection of antibiotic-resistant or persistent cells, analysis of individual gene expression patterns and metabolic activities, and characterization of specific microbe-host interactions. Integrating single-cell techniques with bulk approaches is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of oral diseases and develop targeted and personalized treatment in dentistry. The reviewed pioneering studies are expected to inspire future research on the oral microbiome at the single-cell level.

Genomic and phenotypic comparison of Prevotella intermedia strains possessing different virulence in vivo.

Prevotella intermedia readily colonizes healthy dental biofilm and is associated with periodontal diseases. The viscous exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing capability is known as a major virulence factor of P. intermedia 17 (Pi17). However, the inter-strain difference in P. intermedia regarding virulence-associated phenotype is not well studied. We compared in vivo virulence and whole genome sequences using five wild-type strains: ATCC 49046 (Pi49046), ATCC 15032 (Pi15032), ATCC 15033 (Pi15033), ATCC 25611 (Pi25611), and Pi17. Non-EPS producing Pi25611 was the least virulent in insect and mammalian models. Unexpectedly, Pi49046 did not produce viscous EPS but was the most virulent, followed by Pi17. Genomes of the five strains were quite similar but revealed subtle differences such as copy number variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Variations between strains were found in genes encoding glycosyltransferases and genes involved in the acquisition of carbohydrates and iron/haem. Based on these genetic variations, further analyses were performed. Phylogenetic and structural analyses discovered phosphoglycosyltransferases of Pi49046 and Pi17 have evolved to contain additional loops that may confer substrate specificity. Pi17, Pi15032, and Pi15033 displayed increased growth by various carbohydrates. Meanwhile, Pi49046 exhibited the highest activities for haemolysis and haem accumulation, as well as co-aggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis harbouring fimA type II, which is more tied to periodontitis than other fimA types. Collectively, subtle genetic differences related to glycosylation and acquisition of carbohydrates and iron/haem may contribute to the diversity of virulence and phenotypic traits among P. intermedia strains. These variations may also reflect versatile strategies for within-host adaptation of P. intermedia.

Whole genome and RNA sequencing of oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus anginosus subsp. anginosus with vancomycin tolerance.

"Antibiotic tolerance" promotes the rapid subsequent evolution of "antibiotic resistance," however, it is often overlooked because it is difficult to distinguish between tolerant and susceptible organisms. A commensal bacterium S. anginosus subsp. anginosus strain KHUD_S1, isolated from dental biofilm was found to exhibit a high MBC/MIC ratio of 32 against vancomycin. We observed KHUD_S1 cells exposed to vancomycin did not grow but maintained viability. Transmission electron microscope showed KHUD_S1 cells possessed a dense, thick capsule and maintained the cell wall integrity upon vancomycin exposure. To infer the underlying mechanisms of the vancomycin tolerance in KHUD_S1, we performed whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing. The KHUD_S1 genome carried three genes encoding branching enzymes that can affect peptidoglycan structure through interpeptide bridge formation. Global gene expression profiling revealed that the vancomycin-induced downregulation of carbohydrate and inorganic ion transport/metabolism as well as translation is less prominent in KHUD_S1 than in the vancomycin susceptible strain KHUD_S3. Based on the transcriptional levels of genes related to peptidoglycan synthesis, KHUD_S1 was determined to have a 3D peptidoglycan architecture distinct from KHUD_S3. It was found that, under vancomycin exposure, the peptidoglycan was remodeled through changes in the interpeptide bridge and transpeptidation reactions. Collectively, these features of S. anginosus KHUD_S1, including a dense capsule and differential gene expression in peptidoglycan synthesis, may contribute to vancomycin tolerance. Our results showing the occurrence of vancomycin tolerance amongst oral commensal bacteria highlight the need for considering future strategies for screening of antibiotic tolerance as an effort to reduce antibiotic resistance.

Reverse Actuation of Polyelectrolyte Effect for In Vivo Antifouling.

Zwitterionic polymers have extraordinary properties, that is, significant hydration and the so-called antipolyelectrolyte effect, which make them suitable for biomedical applications. The hydration induces an antifouling effect, and this has been investigated significantly. The antipolyelectrolyte effect refers to the extraordinary ion-responsive behavior of particular polymers that swell and hydrate considerably in physiological solutions. This actuation begins to attract attention to achieve in vivo antifouling that is challenging for general polyelectrolytes. In this study, we established the sophisticated cornerstone of the antipolyelectrolyte effect in detail, including (i) the essential parameters, (ii) experimental verifications, and (iii) effect of improving antifouling performance. First, we find that both osmotic force and charge screening are essential factors. Second, we identify the antipolyelectrolyte effect by visualizing the swelling and hydration dynamics. Finally, we verify that the antifouling performance can be enhanced by exploiting the antipolyelectrolyte effect and report reduction of 85% and 80% in ex and in vivo biofilm formation, respectively.

Spirulina maxima reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a common oral disease characterized as inflammation on gingival tissue and alveolar bone resorption. Spirulina maxima has been reported to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on gastric ulcers. However, its effects on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption of periodontitis have not been studied. PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the effects of S. maxima on the P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis and to elucidate its mechanism. METHODS: The phycocyanin contents in S. maxima were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. 8-week old SD rats were induced periodontitis by inoculation with P. gingivalis for 14 days. The rats were then orally treated with S. maxima 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, or indomethacin (IND, positive control) 5 mg/kg for an additional 14 days. Inflammatory responses, expressions of collagenases in gingival tissue, osteoclast formation and activation, alveolar bone resorption, osteogenesis-related markers, and BMP2/Smad signaling in alveolar bone were measured. RESULTS: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB were decreased in gingival tissue by S. maxima administration. Also, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression were decreased by S. maxima administration. Conversely, S. maxima increased IL-4, anti-inflammatory cytokine from Th2 cells. The osteoprotegerin (OPG) / receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression ratio, which represents osteoclast-osteoblast balance, was increased in S. maxima-treated groups. The alveolar bone loss and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclast cells were also declined in S. maxima-treated groups while the osteoblasts count was increased. Besides, in S. maxima-treated groups, the osteogenesis-related factors were promoted and BMP-2/Smad pathway was up-regulated in a periodontitis condition. CONCLUSION: S. maxima reduces periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis through anti-inflammatory effect and resultant reduction in bone loss, suggesting that S. maxima might be a potential agent for treating periodontitis.

A novel retentive type of dental implant prosthesis: marginal fitness of the cementless double crown type implant prosthesis evaluated by bacterial penetration and viability.

PURPOSE: This study aims to compare the marginal fitness of two types of implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis, i.e., cementless fixation (CL.F) system and cement-retained type. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In each group, ten specimens were assessed. Each specimen comprised implant lab analog, titanium abutment fabricated with a 2-degree tapered axial wall, and zirconia crown. The crown of the CL.F system was retained by frictional force between abutment and relined composite resin. In the cement-retained type, zinc oxide eugenol cement was used to set crown and abutment. All specimens were sterilized with ethylene oxide, immersed in Prevotella intermedia culture in a 50 mL tube, and incubated with rotation. After 48 h, the specimens were washed thoroughly before separating the crown and abutment. The bacteria that penetrated into the crown-abutment interface were collected by washing with 500 µL of sterile saline. The bacterial cell number was quantified using the agar plate count technique. The BacTiter-Glo Microbial Cell Viability Assay Kit was used to measure bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-bioluminescence, which reflects the bacterial viability. The t-test was performed, and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The number of penetrating bacterial cells assessed by colony-forming units was approximately 33% lower in the CL.F system than in the cement-retained type (P<.05). ATP-bioluminescence was approximately 41% lower in the CL.F system than in the cement-retained type (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The CL.F system is more resistant to bacterial penetration into the abutment-crown interface than the cement-retained type, thereby indicating a precise marginal fit.

Antibacterial effects of sodium tripolyphosphate against Porphyromonas species associated with periodontitis of companion animals.

Porphyromonas species are closely associated with companion animal periodontitis which is one of the most common diseases in dogs and cats and leads to serious systemic diseases if left untreated. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial effects and mode of action of sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP3, Na5P3O10), a food additive with proven safety, using three pathogenic Porphyromonas species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of polyP3 against Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas cansulci, and Porphyromonas cangingivalis were between 500 and 750 mg/L. PolyP3 significantly decreased viable planktonic cells as well as bacterial biofilm formation, even at sub-MIC concentrations. PolyP3 caused bacterial membrane disruption and this effect was most prominent in P. cangingivalis, which was demonstrated by measuring the amount of nucleotide leakage from the cells. To further investigate the mode of action of polyP3, high-throughput whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed using P. gulae. Approximately 30% of the total genes of P. gulae were differentially expressed by polyP3 (> 4-fold, adjusted p value < 0.01). PolyP3 influenced the expression of the P. gulae genes related to the biosynthesis of thiamine, ubiquinone, and peptidoglycan. Collectively, polyP3 has excellent antibacterial effects against pathogenic Porphyromonas species and can be a promising agent to control oral pathogenic bacteria in companion animals.

Effects of Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Oral Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria.

Polyphosphate (polyP) is a food additive with antimicrobial activity. Here we evaluated the effects of sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP3, Na5P3O10) on four major oral bacterial species, in both single- and mixed-culture. PolyP3 inhibited three opportunistic pathogenic species: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. On the contrary, a commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii was relatively less susceptible to polyP3 than the pathogens. When all bacterial species were co-cultured, polyP3 (≥ 0.09%) significantly reduced their total growth and biofilm formation, among which the three pathogenic bacteria were selectively inhibited. Collectively, polyP3 may be an alternative antibacterial agent to control oral pathogenic bacteria.Polyphosphate (polyP) is a food additive with antimicrobial activity. Here we evaluated the effects of sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP3, Na5P3O10) on four major oral bacterial species, in both single- and mixed-culture. PolyP3 inhibited three opportunistic pathogenic species: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. On the contrary, a commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii was relatively less susceptible to polyP3 than the pathogens. When all bacterial species were co-cultured, polyP3 (≥ 0.09%) significantly reduced their total growth and biofilm formation, among which the three pathogenic bacteria were selectively inhibited. Collectively, polyP3 may be an alternative antibacterial agent to control oral pathogenic bacteria.

Novel skin patch combining human fibroblast-derived matrix and ciprofloxacin for infected wound healing.

Skin injuries are frequently encountered in daily life, but deep wounds often poorly self-heal and do not recover completely. In this study, we propose a novel skin patch that combines antibiotic, cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel. Methods: Decellularized human lung fibroblast-derived matrix (hFDM) was prepared on tissue culture plate (TCP) and PVA solution was then poured onto it. After a freeze-thaw process, PVA was peeled off from TCP along with hFDM tightly anchored to PVA. Subsequently, ciprofloxacin (Cipro)-incorporated PVA/hFDM (PVA/Cipro/hFDM) was fabricated via diffusion-based drug loading. Results: In vitro analyses of PVA/Cipro/hFDM show little cytotoxicity of ciprofloxacin, stability of hFDM, rich fibronectin in hFDM, and good cell attachment, respectively. In addition, hFDM proved to be beneficial in promoting cell migration of dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using transwell inserts. The antibacterial drug Cipro was very effective in suppressing colony growth of gram-negative and -positive bacteria as identified via an inhibition zone assay. For animal study, infected wound models in BALB/c mice were prepared and four test groups (control, PVA, PVA/Cipro, PVA/Cipro/hFDM) were administered separately and their effect on wound healing was examined for up to 21 days. The results support that Cipro successfully reduced bacterial infection and thus encouraged faster wound closure. Further analysis using histology and immunofluorescence revealed that the most advanced skin regeneration was achieved with PVA/Cipro/hFDM, as assessed via re-epithelialization, collagen texture and distribution in the epidermis, and skin adnexa (i.e., glands and hair follicles) regeneration in the dermis. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that our skin patch successfully consolidates the regenerative potential of ECM and the antibacterial activity of Cipro for advanced wound healing.

Author Correction: Interrupting oral infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis with anti-FimA antibody attenuates bacterial dissemination to the arthritic joint and improves experimental arthritis.

After online publication of this article, the authors noticed an error in the Figure section. The correct statement of this article should have read as below.

In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation and Antibacterial Potentials of Chalcone Derivatives.

Chalcone derivatives have been investigated as therapeutic agents for the anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory fields. In this study, we have synthesized four different types of chalcone derivatives and demonstrated in vitro bioactivities. We divided these derivatives into two groups of chalcones on the basis of similar substituents on the aromatic rings, and we tested cell viability and proliferation potentials, which indicated that the methoxy substituent on the A ring could enhance cytotoxicity and antiproliferation potential depending on the chalcone concentration. We also investigated osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by ALP staining, the early marker for osteogenesis, which demonstrated that the chalcones could not only induce activity of BMP-2 but also inhibit the activity of noggin, a BMP antagonist. In addition, chalcone bearing hydroxyl groups at the 2-, 4-, and 6-position on the A ring inhibited treptococcus mutans growth, a major causative agent of dental caries. Therefore, we concluded that the chalcone derivatives synthesized in this research can be good candidates for therapeutic agents promoting bone differentiation, with an expectation of inhibiting S. mutans, in dentistry.

A Polysaccharide-Based Antibacterial Coating with Improved Durability for Clear Overlay Appliances.

Clear overlay appliances (COAs) are widely used in orthodontic fields because they offer many advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, good formability, and good optical characteristics. However, it is necessary to frequently replace COAs because the thermoplastic polymers that are used to fabricate COAs have poor abrasion resistance and have a tendency to induce bacterial accumulation. Here, we have developed polysaccharide-based antibacterial multilayer films with enhanced durability, intended for COA applications. First, multilayer films composed of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and chitosan (CHI) were fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), which was preferred material for COA fabrication, via a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. Next, chemical cross-linking was introduced within the LbL-assembled multilayer films. The LbL-assembled CMC/CHI film, which was made porous and rough by the cross-linking, formed a superhydrophilic surface to prevent the adhesion of bacteria and exhibited a bacterial reduction ratio of ∼75%. Furthermore, the cross-linking of the multilayer film coated on the PETG also improved the chemical resistance and mechanical stability of the PETG under simulated intraoral conditions with artificial saliva, by increasing the bond strength between the polysaccharide chains. We attempted to accumulate datasets using our experimental design and to develop sophisticated methods to assess nanoscale changes through large-scale measurements.

Differential Expression Profiling of Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA during Osteoblast Differentiation in Mouse.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as an important controller affecting metabolic tissue development, signaling, and function. However, little is known about the function and profile of lncRNAs in osteoblastic differentiation in mice. Here, we analyzed the RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) datasets obtained for 18 days in two-day intervals from neonatal mouse calvarial pre-osteoblast-like cells. Over the course of osteoblast differentiation, 4058 mRNAs and 3948 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, and they were grouped into 12 clusters according to the expression pattern by fuzzy c-means clustering. Using weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we identified 9 modules related to the early differentiation stage (days 2-8) and 7 modules related to the late differentiation stage (days 10-18). Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the mRNA and lncRNA upregulated in the late differentiation stage are highly associated with osteogenesis. We also identified 72 mRNA and 89 lncRNAs as potential markers including several novel markers for osteoblast differentiation and activation. Our findings provide a valuable resource for mouse lncRNA study and improves our understanding of the biology of osteoblastic differentiation in mice.

Interrupting oral infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis with anti-FimA antibody attenuates bacterial dissemination to the arthritic joint and improves experimental arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that typically results in strong inflammation and bone destruction in the joints. It is generally known that the pathogenesis of RA is linked to cardiovascular and periodontal diseases. Though rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis share many pathologic features such as a perpetual inflammation and bone destruction, the precise mechanism underlying a link between these two diseases has not been fully elucidated. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were orally infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) or Pg preincubated with an anti-FimA antibody (FimA Ab) specific for fimbriae that are flexible appendages on the cell surface. Pg-infected CIA mice showed oral microbiota disruption and increased alveolar bone loss and had synovitis and joint bone destruction. However, preincubation with FimA Ab led to a significant reduction in the severity of both oral disease and arthritis. Moreover, FimA Ab attenuated bacterial attachment and aggregation on human gingival and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. In addition, we discovered bacteria may utilize dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils to migrate into the joints of CIA mice. These results suggest that disrupting Pg fimbriae function by FimA Ab ameliorates RA.

Removal and killing of multispecies endodontic biofilms by N-acetylcysteine

ABSTRACT Removal of bacterial biofilm from the root canal system is essential for the management of endodontic disease. Here we evaluated the antibacterial effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant and mucolytic agent, against mature multispecies endodontic biofilms consisting of Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis on sterile human dentin blocks. The biofilms were exposed to NAC (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL), saturated calcium hydroxide or 2% chlorhexidine solution for 7 days, then examined by scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm viability was measured by viable cell counts and ATP-bioluminescence assay. NAC showed greater efficacy in biofilm cell removal and killing than the other root canal medicaments. Furthermore, 100 mg/mL NAC disrupted the mature multispecies endodontic biofilms completely. These results demonstrate the potential use of NAC in root canal treatment.

Removal and killing of multispecies endodontic biofilms by N-acetylcysteine.

Removal of bacterial biofilm from the root canal system is essential for the management of endodontic disease. Here we evaluated the antibacterial effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant and mucolytic agent, against mature multispecies endodontic biofilms consisting of Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis on sterile human dentin blocks. The biofilms were exposed to NAC (25, 50 and 100mg/mL), saturated calcium hydroxide or 2% chlorhexidine solution for 7 days, then examined by scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm viability was measured by viable cell counts and ATP-bioluminescence assay. NAC showed greater efficacy in biofilm cell removal and killing than the other root canal medicaments. Furthermore, 100mg/mL NAC disrupted the mature multispecies endodontic biofilms completely. These results demonstrate the potential use of NAC in root canal treatment.

Genome sequence of Prevotella intermedia SUNY aB G8-9K-3, a biofilm forming strain with drug-resistance

Abstract Prevotella intermedia has long been known to be as the principal etiologic agent of periodontal diseases and associated with various systemic diseases. Previous studies showed that the intra-species difference exists in capacity of biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and serological reaction among P. intermedia strains. Here we report the genome sequence of P. intermedia SUNY aB G8-9K-3 (designated ATCC49046) that displays a relatively high antimicrobial resistant and biofilm-forming capacity. Genome sequencing information provides important clues in understanding the genetic bases of phenotypic differences among P. intermedia strains.