Climate protection, health and other motives for active transport - results of a cross-sectional survey in Germany.

BACKGROUND: Active transport- for example walking and bicycling to travel from place to place- may improve physical fitness and health and mitigate climate change if it replaces motorised transport. The aim of this study is to analyse the active transport behaviour of adults living in Germany, to investigate differences among population groups and to determine whether climate protection is a frequent motive for this behaviour. METHODS: This study uses self-reported data of 4,971 adults who participated in a national health survey (German Health Update 2021), which was conducted as a telephone survey from July to December 2021. Associations between active transport behaviour and corresponding motives with sociodemographic and health-related variables were analysed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the adult population, 83% use active transport at least once a week. The frequency and duration of walking per week are significantly higher than those for bicycling (walking 214 min/week; bicycling 57 min/week). Those with a lower education level are less likely to practise active transport than those with a higher education level. Furthermore, women are less likely to use a bicycle for transport than men. Among those practising active transport, the most frequently mentioned motive is "is good for health" (84%) followed by "to be physically active" (74%) and "is good for the climate/environment" (68%). Women and frequent bicyclists (at least 4 days/week) mention climate protection as a motive more often than men and those bicycling occasionally. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement of active transport, especially among people with lower education and women (for bicycling), may benefit from better insights into motives and barriers. Climate protection is an important motivator for practising active transport within the adult population living in Germany and should therefore have greater emphasis in behavioural change programmes.

Climate change and public health in Germany - A synthesis of options for action from the German status report on climate change and health 2023.

Background: This article represents the conclusion of the updated German status report on climate change and health, which was jointly written by authors from over 30 national institutions and organisations. The objectives are (a) to synthesise the options for action formulated in the report, (b) to combine them into clusters and guiding principles, (c) to address the success factors for implementation, and (d) to combine the options for action into target parameters. Methods: The options for action from the individual contributions of the status report were systematically recorded and categorised (n=236). Topical clusters were then formed with reference to Essential Public Health Functions, and options for action were assigned to them. Results: Eight topical clusters of options for action and ten guiding principles were identified. These can be summarised in four overarching meta-levels of action: (a) cross-sectorally coordinated structural and behavioural prevention, (b) monitoring, surveillance, and digitalisation (including early warning systems), (c) development of an ecologically sustainable and resilient public health system, and (d) information, communication, and participation. The main success factors for implementation are the design of governance, positive storytelling and risk communication, proactive management of conflicting goals, and a cross-sectoral co-benefit approach. Conclusions: Based on the status report, systematically compiled target parameters and concrete options for action are available for public health.

[Eating Habits with Climate Impact: At Which Meals and How Often Do 6- to 11-year-olds Eat Meat and Meat Products?] / Klimarelevante Ernährungsgewohnheiten: Zu welchen Mahlzeiten und wie häufig essen 6- bis 11-Jährige Fleisch und Wurstwaren?

BACKGROUND: Climate change presents one of the greatest public health challenges. Regarding diet, the production of animal-based foods contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. In Germany, even children often eat more meat and meat products than is recommended for a healthy diet. To plan, implement, and tailor interventions to the needs of different target groups, it is crucial to better understand people's eating habits. METHODS: Using data from 4-day eating records of 1,190 participants of the EsKiMo II study (Nutrition study as KiGGS module, 2nd survey), which was carried out nationwide in Germany from 2015 to 2017, a detailed analysis of the consumption of meat and meat products of children aged 6-11 years, including consumption quantities and frequencies with regard to different meals, was conducted. RESULTS: On average, children ate 71 g of meat and meat products per day, 2/3 of the amount during lunch and dinner. More red meat (pork, beef, and lamb) were chosen than poultry. Almost half of the children ate these food items twice a day, another 40% once a day. Only five percent consumed meat or meat products less than once a day. CONCLUSIONS: Meat and meat products are therefore part of the daily diet of almost all children at this age with a general high intake among both boys and girls. Consumption could be reduced by replacing meat and meat products with vegetarian dishes or plant-based sandwich fillings, particularly for lunch and dinner. While school lunch can considerably contribute to a healthy and climate-friendly diet, families should also reduce meat servings at dinner.

Perspectives of individuals on reducing meat consumption to mitigate climate change: protocol for a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: High consumption of red and processed meat increases the risk of several chronic diseases. Many people, especially in high-income countries, eat more meat than recommended by nutritional and health agencies. Meat production also has negative impacts on the environment and contributes to climate change. Therefore, climate protection, besides health or animal welfare, could motivate individuals to eat less meat. Willingness to reduce meat consumption and motives to do so are not yet fully understood. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) extended guidelines, a scoping review of peer-reviewed original studies will be conducted to address three questions: What is the evidence regarding (1) the willingness of individuals to reduce meat consumption to mitigate climate change, (2) the awareness of individuals about the link between their meat consumption and the potential to mitigate climate change and (3) individuals having reduced meat consumption for the reason of climate protection? We will search the databases Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Embase, Greenfile (via Ebsco) and PsynDex/CurrentContent/Agris (via Livivo) using a systematic search string. Studies from 2015 onwards, published in English, German, Danish or Dutch, will be included. We will include observational studies, qualitative studies, intervention studies (if they include surveys) and reviews. Data will be summarised in a narrative synthesis, comprising methods, population characteristics, meat type under study, indicators measured and limitations. Key findings will be grouped according to the research questions. This scoping review will help clarify the role of climate protection in individual reduction of meat consumption and identify research gaps in this field. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Formal ethical approval is not required, as primary data will not be collected in this study. Findings of this scoping review will be presented at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MWB85.

Fast food consumption among 12- to 17-year-olds in Germany - Results of EsKiMo II.

Consuming high amounts of fast food can lead to an excessive intake of energy and subsequently promote obesity. Obesity increases a person's risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The second wave of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2, 2014-2017) included the Eating study as a KiGGS Module (EsKiMo II, 2015-2017) which assessed the self-reported dietary habits of children and adolescents in Germany. The analysis of the data permits an overview of the fast food consumption of 12- to 17-year-olds (n=1,353). Girls consume 57.5 grams and boys 86.3 grams of fast food per day on average (around 400 grams and 600 grams per week, respectively). Pizza is the most consumed fast food product, followed by filled pita and sausage/meat products such as curry sausage. Adolescent girls on average get 6.5% and boys 7.8% of total daily energy intake from fast food. 23% of 12- to 17-year-olds get at least 10% of their daily energy intake from fast food (high consumers). Significant differences between the proportion of high consumers exist regarding sex, age, socioeconomic status, community size, type of school and media consumption. Compared to EsKiMo I (2006), girls' daily energy intake from fast food has remained nearly constant, whereas that of boys has dropped substantially. From a nutrition physiology perspective, the aim should be to further reduce fast food consumption.

Health behaviour and COVID-19: Initial findings on the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses new challenges to both individuals and societies that impact health behaviour in many ways. This narrative review brings together initial findings for smoking, alcohol use, nutrition, physical activity and obesity. Smoking and obesity are potential direct risk factors for a severe course of COVID-19, and alcohol abuse, physical inactivity and an unbalanced diet can be indirect risk factors. The constraints of public life to contain the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the opportunities for physical activity and sports, although the initial results on physical activity during this period for Germany do not reflect this assumption. While a part of the population reports making healthier diet choices than before the pandemic, others do not. For smoking and risky alcohol use, data at an aggregate level for the general population do not indicate any behaviour changes. However, different trends appear to be emerging for different population groups pointing to the fact that social inequalities in pandemic-related changes to health behaviour must be assumed. Should further studies confirm these results, this would indicate a need for pandemic-specific prevention measures. Furthermore, specifically during the pandemic, prevention and health promotion measures directed at changes to health behaviour should continue to be implemented and adapted to the restrictions due to the pandemic. Equity in health should be promoted in particular.