RESUMEN
Protein-coding de novo mutations (DNMs) are significant risk factors in many neurodevelopmental disorders, whereas schizophrenia (SCZ) risk associated with DNMs has thus far been shown to be modest. We analyzed DNMs from 1,695 SCZ-affected trios and 1,077 published SCZ-affected trios to better understand the contribution to SCZ risk. Among 2,772 SCZ probands, exome-wide DNM burden remained modest. Gene set analyses revealed that SCZ DNMs were significantly concentrated in genes that were highly expressed in the brain, that were under strong evolutionary constraint and/or overlapped with genes identified in other neurodevelopmental disorders. No single gene surpassed exome-wide significance; however, 16 genes were recurrently hit by protein-truncating DNMs, corresponding to a 3.15-fold higher rate than the mutation model expectation (permuted 95% confidence interval: 1-10 genes; permuted P = 3 × 10-5). Overall, DNMs explain a small fraction of SCZ risk, and larger samples are needed to identify individual risk genes, as coding variation across many genes confers risk for SCZ in the population.
Asunto(s)
Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Adulto , Niño , Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación , Padres , Secuenciación del ExomaRESUMEN
Schizophrenia is a common, chronic and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide. While rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, most of the currently explained liability is within common variation, suggesting that variation predating the human diaspora out of Africa harbors a large fraction of the common variant attributable heritability. However, common variant association studies in schizophrenia have concentrated mainly on cohorts of European descent. We describe genome-wide association studies of 6152 cases and 3918 controls of admixed African ancestry, and of 1234 cases and 3090 controls of Latino ancestry, representing the largest such study in these populations to date. Combining results from the samples with African ancestry with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia yielded seven newly genome-wide significant loci, and we identified an additional eight loci by incorporating the results from samples with Latino ancestry. Leveraging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping resolution at 22 previously reported and 4 newly significant loci. Polygenic risk score profiling revealed improved prediction based on trans-ancestry meta-analysis results for admixed African (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.032; liability R2 = 0.017; P < 10-52), Latino (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.021; P < 10-58), and European individuals (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.037; P < 10-113), further highlighting the advantages of incorporating data from diverse human populations.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Hispánicos o Latinos/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Femenino , Sitios Genéticos , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genéticaRESUMEN
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable and heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental phenotypes diagnosed in more than 1% of children. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ASD susceptibility, but to date no individual variants have been robustly associated with ASD. With a marked sample-size increase from a unique Danish population resource, we report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 18,381 individuals with ASD and 27,969 controls that identified five genome-wide-significant loci. Leveraging GWAS results from three phenotypes with significantly overlapping genetic architectures (schizophrenia, major depression, and educational attainment), we identified seven additional loci shared with other traits at equally strict significance levels. Dissecting the polygenic architecture, we found both quantitative and qualitative polygenic heterogeneity across ASD subtypes. These results highlight biological insights, particularly relating to neuronal function and corticogenesis, and establish that GWAS performed at scale will be much more productive in the near term in ASD.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno del Espectro Autista/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Dinamarca , Femenino , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Herencia Multifactorial/genética , Fenotipo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Genetic risk for bipolar disorder (BD) is conferred through many common alleles, while a role for rare copy number variants (CNVs) is less clear. Subtypes of BD including schizoaffective disorder bipolar type (SAB), bipolar I disorder (BD I), and bipolar II disorder (BD II) differ according to the prominence and timing of psychosis, mania, and depression. The genetic factors contributing to the combination of symptoms among these subtypes are poorly understood. METHODS: Rare large CNVs were analyzed in 6353 BD cases (3833 BD I [2676 with psychosis, 850 without psychosis, and 307 with unknown psychosis history], 1436 BD II, 579 SAB, and 505 BD not otherwise specified) and 8656 controls. CNV burden and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia were used to evaluate the relative contributions of rare and common variants to risk of BD, BD subtypes, and psychosis. RESULTS: CNV burden did not differ between BD and controls when treated as a single diagnostic entity. However, burden in SAB was increased relative to controls (p = .001), BD I (p = .0003), and BD II (p = .0007). Burden and schizophrenia PRSs were increased in SAB compared with BD I with psychosis (CNV p = .0007, PRS p = .004), and BD I without psychosis (CNV p = .0004, PRS p = 3.9 × 10-5). Within BD I, psychosis was associated with increased schizophrenia PRSs (p = .005) but not CNV burden. CONCLUSIONS: CNV burden in BD is limited to SAB. Rare and common genetic variants may contribute differently to risk for psychosis and perhaps other classes of psychiatric symptoms.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/genética , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/genética , Trastornos Psicóticos/genética , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Duplicación de Gen/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Herencia Multifactorial , Trastornos Psicóticos/psicología , Esquizofrenia/genéticaRESUMEN
Studies have suggested that Research Diagnostic Criteria for Schizoaffective Disorder Bipolar type (RDC-SABP) might identify a more genetically homogenous subgroup of bipolar disorder. Aiming to identify loci associated with RDC-SABP, we have performed a replication study using independent RDC-SABP cases (n = 144) and controls (n = 6,559), focusing on the 10 loci that reached a p-value <10-5 for RDC-SABP in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) bipolar disorder sample. Combining the WTCCC and replication datasets by meta-analysis (combined RDC-SABP, n = 423, controls, n = 9,494), we observed genome-wide significant association at one SNP, rs2352974, located within the intron of the gene TRAIP on chromosome 3p21.31 (p-value, 4.37 × 10-8 ). This locus did not reach genome-wide significance in bipolar disorder or schizophrenia large Psychiatric Genomic Consortium datasets, suggesting that it may represent a relatively specific genetic risk for the bipolar subtype of schizoaffective disorder.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Marcadores Genéticos , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Trastorno Bipolar/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Esquizofrenia/genéticaRESUMEN
Risk of schizophrenia is conferred by alleles occurring across the full spectrum of frequencies from common SNPs of weak effect through to ultra rare alleles, some of which may be moderately to highly penetrant. Previous studies have suggested that some of the risk of schizophrenia is attributable to uncommon alleles represented on Illumina exome arrays. Here, we present the largest study of exomic variation in schizophrenia to date, using samples from the United Kingdom and Sweden (10,011 schizophrenia cases and 13,791 controls). Single variants, genes, and gene sets were analyzed for association with schizophrenia. No single variant or gene reached genome-wide significance. Among candidate gene sets, we found significant enrichment for rare alleles (minor allele frequency [MAF] < 0.001) in genes intolerant of loss-of-function (LoF) variation and in genes whose messenger RNAs bind to fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). We further delineate the genetic architecture of schizophrenia by excluding a role for uncommon exomic variants (0.01 ≤ MAF ≥ 0.001) that confer a relatively large effect (odds ratio [OR] > 4). We also show risk alleles within this frequency range exist, but confer smaller effects and should be identified by larger studies.
Asunto(s)
Exoma , Proteína de la Discapacidad Intelectual del Síndrome del Cromosoma X Frágil/genética , Mutación , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Esquizofrenia/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios de Seguimiento , Frecuencia de los Genes , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , PronósticoRESUMEN
By analyzing the exomes of 12,332 unrelated Swedish individuals, including 4,877 individuals affected with schizophrenia, in ways informed by exome sequences from 45,376 other individuals, we identified 244,246 coding-sequence and splice-site ultra-rare variants (URVs) that were unique to individual Swedes. We found that gene-disruptive and putatively protein-damaging URVs (but not synonymous URVs) were more abundant among individuals with schizophrenia than among controls (P = 1.3 × 10-10). This elevation of protein-compromising URVs was several times larger than an analogously elevated rate for de novo mutations, suggesting that most rare-variant effects on schizophrenia risk are inherited. Among individuals with schizophrenia, the elevated frequency of protein-compromising URVs was concentrated in brain-expressed genes, particularly in neuronally expressed genes; most of this elevation arose from large sets of genes whose RNAs have been found to interact with synaptically localized proteins. Our results suggest that synaptic dysfunction may mediate a large fraction of strong, individually rare genetic influences on schizophrenia risk.
Asunto(s)
Exoma/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Esquizofrenia/genética , Femenino , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Riesgo , SueciaRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Complex disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BD), likely result from the influence of both common and rare susceptibility alleles. While common variation has been widely studied, rare variant discovery has only recently become feasible with next-generation sequencing. OBJECTIVE: To utilize a combined family-based and case-control approach to exome sequencing in BD using multiplex families as an initial discovery strategy, followed by association testing in a large case-control meta-analysis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed exome sequencing of 36 affected members with BD from 8 multiplex families and tested rare, segregating variants in 3 independent case-control samples consisting of 3541 BD cases and 4774 controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We used penalized logistic regression and 1-sided gene-burden analyses to test for association of rare, segregating damaging variants with BD. Permutation-based analyses were performed to test for overall enrichment with previously identified gene sets. RESULTS: We found 84 rare (frequency <1%), segregating variants that were bioinformatically predicted to be damaging. These variants were found in 82 genes that were enriched for gene sets previously identified in de novo studies of autism (19 observed vs. 10.9 expected, P = .0066) and schizophrenia (11 observed vs. 5.1 expected, P = .0062) and for targets of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) pathway (10 observed vs. 4.4 expected, P = .0076). The case-control meta-analyses yielded 19 genes that were nominally associated with BD based either on individual variants or a gene-burden approach. Although no gene was individually significant after correction for multiple testing, this group of genes continued to show evidence for significant enrichment of de novo autism genes (6 observed vs 2.6 expected, P = .028). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results are consistent with the presence of prominent locus and allelic heterogeneity in BD and suggest that very large samples will be required to definitively identify individual rare variants or genes conferring risk for this disorder. However, we also identify significant associations with gene sets composed of previously discovered de novo variants in autism and schizophrenia, as well as targets of the FRMP pathway, providing preliminary support for the overlap of potential autism and schizophrenia risk genes with rare, segregating variants in families with BD.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/genética , Exoma/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Alelos , Trastorno Autístico/genética , Trastorno Autístico/psicología , Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Proteína de la Discapacidad Intelectual del Síndrome del Cromosoma X Frágil/genética , Heterogeneidad Genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Variación Genética/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/genética , Psicología del EsquizofrénicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Stroke centers with limited on-site neurovascular physician coverage may experience delays in acute stroke treatment. We sought to assess the impact of providing 24/7 neurocritical care acute care nurse practitioner (ACNP) "stroke code" first responder coverage on treatment delays in acute stroke patients who received tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). METHODS: Consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tPA at a primary stroke center on Oahu between 2009 and 2014were retrospectively studied. 24/7 ACNP stroke code coverage (intervention) was introduced on July 1, 2011. The tPA utilization, door-to-needle (DTN) time, imaging-to-needle (ITN) time, and independent ambulation at hospital discharge were compared between the preintervention period (24 months) and the postintervention period (33 months). RESULTS: We studied 166 stroke code patients who were treated with intravenous tPA, 44 of whom were treated during the preintervention period and 122 of whom were treated during the postintervention period. After the intervention, the median DTN time was reduced from 53 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 45-73) to 45 minutes (IQR 35-58) (P = .001), and the median ITN time was reduced from 36 minutes (IQR 28-64) to 21 minutes (IQR 16-31) (P < .0001). Compliance with the 60-minute target DTN improved from 61.4% (27 of 44 patients) in the preintervention period to 81.2% (99 of 122 patients) in the postintervention period (P = .004). The tPA treatment rates were similar between the preintervention and postintervention periods (P = .60). CONCLUSIONS: Addition of 24/7 on-site neurocritical care ACNP first responder coverage for acute stroke code significantly reduced the DTN time among acute stroke patients treated with tPA.
Asunto(s)
Atención Posterior , Enfermería de Cuidados Críticos , Fibrinolíticos/administración & dosificación , Enfermeras Practicantes , Admisión y Programación de Personal , Accidente Cerebrovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Terapia Trombolítica/enfermería , Tiempo de Tratamiento , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Hawaii , Humanos , Infusiones Intravenosas , Tiempo de Internación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Alta del Paciente , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Recuperación de la Función , Estudios Retrospectivos , Accidente Cerebrovascular/diagnóstico , Accidente Cerebrovascular/fisiopatología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic treatments for schizophrenia do not alleviate symptoms for all patients and efficacy is limited by common, often severe, side-effects. Genetic studies of disease can identify novel drug targets, and drugs for which the mechanism has direct genetic support have increased likelihood of clinical success. Large-scale genetic studies of schizophrenia have increased the number of genes and gene sets associated with risk. We aimed to examine the overlap between schizophrenia risk loci and gene targets of a comprehensive set of medications to potentially inform and improve treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS: We defined schizophrenia risk loci as genomic regions reaching genome-wide significance in the latest Psychiatric Genomics Consortium schizophrenia genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36â989 cases and 113â075 controls and loss of function variants observed only once among 5079 individuals in an exome-sequencing study of 2536 schizophrenia cases and 2543 controls (Swedish Schizophrenia Study). Using two large and orthogonally created databases, we collated drug targets into 167 gene sets targeted by pharmacologically similar drugs and examined enrichment of schizophrenia risk loci in these sets. We further linked the exome-sequenced data with a national drug registry (the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register) to assess the contribution of rare variants to treatment response, using clozapine prescription as a proxy for treatment resistance. FINDINGS: We combined results from testing rare and common variation and, after correction for multiple testing, two gene sets were associated with schizophrenia risk: agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases (106 genes, p=0·00046, pcorrected =0·024) and antipsychotics (347 genes, p=0·00078, pcorrected=0·046). Further analysis pointed to antipsychotics as having independent enrichment after removing genes that overlapped these two target sets. We noted significant enrichment both in known targets of antipsychotics (70 genes, p=0·0078) and novel predicted targets (277 genes, p=0·019). Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia had an excess of rare disruptive variants in gene targets of antipsychotics (347 genes, p=0·0067) and in genes with evidence for a role in antipsychotic efficacy (91 genes, p=0·0029). INTERPRETATION: Our results support genetic overlap between schizophrenia pathogenesis and antipsychotic mechanism of action. This finding is consistent with treatment efficacy being polygenic and suggests that single-target therapeutics might be insufficient. We provide evidence of a role for rare functional variants in antipsychotic treatment response, pointing to a subset of patients where their genetic information could inform treatment. Finally, we present a novel framework for identifying treatments from genetic data and improving our understanding of therapeutic mechanism. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health.
Asunto(s)
Antipsicóticos/uso terapéutico , Clozapina/uso terapéutico , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Herencia Multifactorial/genética , Esquizofrenia/tratamiento farmacológico , Esquizofrenia/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genómica , Humanos , Sistema de Registros , Suecia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia but there is limited understanding of the genetic relationship between cognition in the general population and schizophrenia. We examine how common variants associated with schizophreniaen massecontribute to childhood cognitive ability in a population-based sample, and the extent to which common genetic variants associated with childhood cognition explain variation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores were derived from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (n= 69 516) and tested for association with IQ, attention, processing speed, working memory, problem solving, and social cognition in over 5000 children aged 8 from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort. Polygenic scores for these cognitive domains were tested for association with schizophrenia in a large UK schizophrenia sample (n= 11 853). Bivariate genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) estimated the amount of shared genetic factors between schizophrenia and cognitive domains. Schizophrenia polygenic risk score was associated with lower performance IQ (P= .001) and lower full IQ (P= .013). Polygenic score for performance IQ was associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (P= 3.56E-04). Bivariate GCTA revealed moderate genetic correlation between schizophrenia and both performance IQ (rG= -.379,P= 6.62E-05) and full IQ (rG= -.202,P= 5.00E-03), with approximately 14% of the genetic component of schizophrenia shared with that for performance IQ. Our results support the presence of shared common genetic factors between schizophrenia and childhood cognitive ability. We observe a genetic relationship between schizophrenia and performance IQ but not verbal IQ or other cognitive variables, which may have implications for studies utilizing cognitive endophenotypes for psychosis.
Asunto(s)
Atención/fisiología , Cognición/fisiología , Inteligencia/fisiología , Herencia Multifactorial , Solución de Problemas/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Percepción Social , Adulto , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
We sought to obtain novel insights into schizophrenia pathogenesis by exploiting the association between the disorder and chromosomal copy number (CNV) burden. We combined data from 5,745 cases and 10,675 controls with other published datasets containing genome-wide CNV data. In this much-enlarged sample of 11,355 cases and 16,416 controls, we show for the first time that case CNVs are enriched for genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission. Consistent with non-genetic reports of GABAergic deficits in schizophrenia, our findings now show disrupted GABAergic signaling is of direct causal relevance, rather than a secondary effect or due to confounding. Additionally, we independently replicate and greatly extend previous findings of CNV enrichment among genes involved in glutamatergic signaling. Given the strong functional links between the major inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic systems, our findings converge on a broad, coherent set of pathogenic processes, providing firm foundations for studies aimed at dissecting disease mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/genética , Potenciales Postsinápticos Excitadores/fisiología , Potenciales Postsinápticos Inhibidores/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Esquizofrenia/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Humanos , RatonesRESUMEN
Recessive inheritance of gene disrupting alleles, either through homozygosity at a specific site or compound heterozygosity, have been demonstrated to underlie many Mendelian diseases and some complex psychiatric disorders. On the basis of exome sequencing data, an increased burden of complete knockout (homozygous or compound heterozygous) variants has been identified in autism. In addition, using single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray data, an increased rate of homozygosity by descent, or autozygosity, has been linked to the risk of schizophrenia (SCZ). Here, in a large Swedish case-control SCZ sample (11 244 individuals, 5079 of whom have exome sequence data available), we survey the contribution of both autozygosity and complete knockouts to disease risk. We do not find evidence for association with SCZ, either genome wide or at specific loci. However, we note the possible impact of sample size and population genetic factors on the power to detect and quantify any burden that may exist.
Asunto(s)
Heterocigoto , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Esquizofrenia/genética , Alelos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Exoma , Femenino , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Sitios Genéticos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genética de Población , Homocigoto , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Suecia , Población Blanca/genéticaRESUMEN
Humanized monoclonal antibody KD-247 targets the Gly(312)-Pro(313)-Gly(314)-Arg(315) arch of the third hypervariable (V3) loop of the HIV-1 surface glycoprotein. It potently neutralizes many HIV-1 clade B isolates, but not of other clades. To understand the molecular basis of this specificity, we solved a high-resolution (1.55 Å) crystal structure of the KD-247 antigen binding fragment and examined the potential interactions with various V3 loop targets. Unlike most antibodies, KD-247 appears to interact with its target primarily through light chain residues. Several of these interactions involve Arg(315) of the V3 loop. To evaluate the role of light chain residues in the recognition of the V3 loop, we generated 20 variants of KD-247 single-chain variable fragments with mutations in the antigen-binding site. Purified proteins were assessed for V3 loop binding using AlphaScreen technology and for HIV-1 neutralization. Our data revealed that recognition of the clade-specificity defining residue Arg(315) of the V3 loop is based on a network of interactions that involve Tyr(L32), Tyr(L92), and Asn(L27d) that directly interact with Arg(315), thus elucidating the molecular interactions of KD-247 with its V3 loop target.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/inmunología , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/inmunología , Proteína gp120 de Envoltorio del VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/química , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/genética , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/genética , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo/química , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo/genética , Sitios de Unión de Anticuerpos/genética , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/química , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/genética , Proteína gp120 de Envoltorio del VIH/química , Proteína gp120 de Envoltorio del VIH/genética , VIH-1/química , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Pruebas de Neutralización , Fragmentos de Péptidos/química , Fragmentos de Péptidos/genética , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/química , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/genética , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/inmunología , Electricidad EstáticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cancers arise from multiple acquired mutations, which presumably occur over many years. Early stages in cancer development might be present years before cancers become clinically apparent. METHODS: We analyzed data from whole-exome sequencing of DNA in peripheral-blood cells from 12,380 persons, unselected for cancer or hematologic phenotypes. We identified somatic mutations on the basis of unusual allelic fractions. We used data from Swedish national patient registers to follow health outcomes for 2 to 7 years after DNA sampling. RESULTS: Clonal hematopoiesis with somatic mutations was observed in 10% of persons older than 65 years of age but in only 1% of those younger than 50 years of age. Detectable clonal expansions most frequently involved somatic mutations in three genes (DNMT3A, ASXL1, and TET2) that have previously been implicated in hematologic cancers. Clonal hematopoiesis was a strong risk factor for subsequent hematologic cancer (hazard ratio, 12.9; 95% confidence interval, 5.8 to 28.7). Approximately 42% of hematologic cancers in this cohort arose in persons who had clonality at the time of DNA sampling, more than 6 months before a first diagnosis of cancer. Analysis of bone marrow-biopsy specimens obtained from two patients at the time of diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia revealed that their cancers arose from the earlier clones. CONCLUSIONS: Clonal hematopoiesis with somatic mutations is readily detected by means of DNA sequencing, is increasingly common as people age, and is associated with increased risks of hematologic cancer and death. A subset of the genes that are mutated in patients with myeloid cancers is frequently mutated in apparently healthy persons; these mutations may represent characteristic early events in the development of hematologic cancers. (Funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute and others.).
Asunto(s)
Sangre , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias Hematológicas/genética , Hematopoyesis/fisiología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/fisiología , Mutación , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Células Clonales , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Exoma , Neoplasias Hematológicas/fisiopatología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
An increased rate of de novo copy number variants (CNVs) has been found in schizophrenia (SZ), autism and developmental delay. An increased rate has also been reported in bipolar affective disorder (BD). Here, in a larger BD sample, we aimed to replicate these findings and compare de novo CNVs between SZ and BD. We used Illumina microarrays to genotype 368 BD probands, 76 SZ probands and all their parents. Copy number variants were called by PennCNV and filtered for frequency (<1%) and size (>10 kb). Putative de novo CNVs were validated with the z-score algorithm, manual inspection of log R ratios (LRR) and qPCR probes. We found 15 de novo CNVs in BD (4.1% rate) and 6 in SZ (7.9% rate). Combining results with previous studies and using a cut-off of >100 kb, the rate of de novo CNVs in BD was intermediate between controls and SZ: 1.5% in controls, 2.2% in BD and 4.3% in SZ. Only the differences between SZ and BD and SZ and controls were significant. The median size of de novo CNVs in BD (448 kb) was also intermediate between SZ (613 kb) and controls (338 kb), but only the comparison between SZ and controls was significant. Only one de novo CNV in BD was in a confirmed SZ locus (16p11.2). Sporadic or early onset cases were not more likely to have de novo CNVs. We conclude that de novo CNVs play a smaller role in BD compared with SZ. Patients with a positive family history can also harbour de novo mutations.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/genética , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Sitios Genéticos , Esquizofrenia/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Algoritmos , Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Cromosomas Humanos Par 16 , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Linaje , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Inherited alleles account for most of the genetic risk for schizophrenia. However, new (de novo) mutations, in the form of large chromosomal copy number changes, occur in a small fraction of cases and disproportionally disrupt genes encoding postsynaptic proteins. Here we show that small de novo mutations, affecting one or a few nucleotides, are overrepresented among glutamatergic postsynaptic proteins comprising activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) complexes. Mutations are additionally enriched in proteins that interact with these complexes to modulate synaptic strength, namely proteins regulating actin filament dynamics and those whose messenger RNAs are targets of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Genes affected by mutations in schizophrenia overlap those mutated in autism and intellectual disability, as do mutation-enriched synaptic pathways. Aligning our findings with a parallel case-control study, we demonstrate reproducible insights into aetiological mechanisms for schizophrenia and reveal pathophysiology shared with other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Modelos Neurológicos , Mutación/genética , Red Nerviosa/metabolismo , Vías Nerviosas/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Sinapsis/metabolismo , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil/genética , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Exoma/genética , Proteína de la Discapacidad Intelectual del Síndrome del Cromosoma X Frágil/metabolismo , Humanos , Discapacidad Intelectual/genética , Tasa de Mutación , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Vías Nerviosas/fisiopatología , Fenotipo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Schizophrenia is a common disease with a complex aetiology, probably involving multiple and heterogeneous genetic factors. Here, by analysing the exome sequences of 2,536 schizophrenia cases and 2,543 controls, we demonstrate a polygenic burden primarily arising from rare (less than 1 in 10,000), disruptive mutations distributed across many genes. Particularly enriched gene sets include the voltage-gated calcium ion channel and the signalling complex formed by the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated scaffold protein (ARC) of the postsynaptic density, sets previously implicated by genome-wide association and copy-number variation studies. Similar to reports in autism, targets of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP, product of FMR1) are enriched for case mutations. No individual gene-based test achieves significance after correction for multiple testing and we do not detect any alleles of moderately low frequency (approximately 0.5 to 1 per cent) and moderately large effect. Taken together, these data suggest that population-based exome sequencing can discover risk alleles and complements established gene-mapping paradigms in neuropsychiatric disease.
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Herencia Multifactorial/genética , Mutación/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Trastorno Autístico/genética , Canales de Calcio/genética , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/genética , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/genética , Homólogo 4 de la Proteína Discs Large , Femenino , Proteína de la Discapacidad Intelectual del Síndrome del Cromosoma X Frágil/metabolismo , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Discapacidad Intelectual/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A number of copy number variants (CNVs) have been suggested as susceptibility factors for schizophrenia. For some of these the data remain equivocal, and the frequency in individuals with schizophrenia is uncertain. AIMS: To determine the contribution of CNVs at 15 schizophrenia-associated loci (a) using a large new data-set of patients with schizophrenia (n = 6882) and controls (n = 6316), and (b) combining our results with those from previous studies. METHOD: We used Illumina microarrays to analyse our data. Analyses were restricted to 520 766 probes common to all arrays used in the different data-sets. RESULTS: We found higher rates in participants with schizophrenia than in controls for 13 of the 15 previously implicated CNVs. Six were nominally significantly associated (P<0.05) in this new data-set: deletions at 1q21.1, NRXN1, 15q11.2 and 22q11.2 and duplications at 16p11.2 and the Angelman/Prader-Willi Syndrome (AS/PWS) region. All eight AS/PWS duplications in patients were of maternal origin. When combined with published data, 11 of the 15 loci showed highly significant evidence for association with schizophrenia (P<4.1×10(-4)). CONCLUSIONS: We strengthen the support for the majority of the previously implicated CNVs in schizophrenia. About 2.5% of patients with schizophrenia and 0.9% of controls carry a large, detectable CNV at one of these loci. Routine CNV screening may be clinically appropriate given the high rate of known deleterious mutations in the disorder and the comorbidity associated with these heritable mutations.
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Deleción Cromosómica , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/genética , Sitios Genéticos/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Síndrome de Angelman/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/epidemiología , Impresión Genómica , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Large and rare copy number variants (CNVs) at several loci have been shown to increase risk for schizophrenia. Aiming to discover novel susceptibility CNV loci, we analyzed 6882 cases and 11 255 controls genotyped on Illumina arrays, most of which have not been used for this purpose before. We identified genes enriched for rare exonic CNVs among cases, and then attempted to replicate the findings in additional 14 568 cases and 15 274 controls. In a combined analysis of all samples, 12 distinct loci were enriched among cases with nominal levels of significance (P < 0.05); however, none would survive correction for multiple testing. These loci include recurrent deletions at 16p12.1, a locus previously associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (P = 0.0084 in the discovery sample and P = 0.023 in the replication sample). Other plausible candidates include non-recurrent deletions at the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1, a CNV locus recently suggested to be involved in schizophrenia through linkage analysis, and duplications at 1p36.33 and CGNL1. A burden analysis of large (>500 kb), rare CNVs showed a 1.2% excess in cases after excluding known schizophrenia-associated loci, suggesting that additional susceptibility loci exist. However, even larger samples are required for their discovery.