RESUMEN
Background: Mentalization is the ability to use internal mental states to manage and understand one's own and others' behavior. Inefficient mentalization has been associated to poor neuropsychological outcomes, including substance use disorder (SUD) and addiction. However, studies primarily investigating mentalization in SUD are lacking. Methods: Using the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ), the Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evaluation, version 2.1 (MATE-IT-2.1), and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, 7th edition (MINI-7), an outpatient assessment investigated inefficient mentalization (i.e., 'hypo-mentalization' or 'uncertainty': concrete thinking with poor attribution of mental states; 'hyper-mentalization' or 'certainty': rigid and biased attribution of mental states) and socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, including SUD-related symptoms and any other psychiatric comorbidity, among opioid addiction (OA) patients in Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT). Results: Thirty-seven consecutive OA patients in OAT (female, 45.9 %; age, M ± SD, 24.3 ± 3.55) were recruited. Patients' mentalization differed from normative data, in terms of higher uncertainty and lower certainty scores. Also, higher uncertainty score was found among younger patients and in those with the most severe SUD in terms of craving and need for care. Finally, lower certainty score was found in those with a more severe substance abuse, previous contacts with pediatric mental-health services, and receiving a therapeutic community support. Conclusions: OA patients with inefficient mentalization present with a higher burden in terms of SUD severity, comorbidities, psychosocial disabilities, and service use, with important public health implications. Interventions targeting mentalization may have positive repercussions in preventing SUD, mitigating its severity, and containing its healthcare and social costs.
RESUMEN
Sublingual buprenorphine [Subutex(R)] is used to treat opioid dependence. However, illicit intravenous (IV) injection of buprenorphine is a widespread problem. This survey investigated the IV misuse of buprenorphine among patients receiving drug replacement therapy at the Drug Addiction Centre in Udine, Italy. All patients who were receiving treatment with buprenorphine or methadone at the Drug Addiction Centre were invited to fill in a voluntary and anonymous questionnaire consisting of five questions. The questions asked if the patient had ever misused buprenorphine intravenously, when the misuse had occurred, the patient's reasons for misusing buprenorphine, the patient's perception of their experience, and the patient's perception of how widespread IV misuse of buprenorphine is. 307 patients completed the questionnaire, 93 and 214 of whom, respectively, were receiving buprenorphine and methadone. In total, 23.12% of patients admitted an IV misuse of buprenorphine, with a significantly greater prevalence among patients currently receiving buprenorphine (35.48%) than those receiving methadone (17.75%; p < 0.001). Younger patients were also more likely to have misused buprenorphine, and tended to have done so before coming to the Drug Addiction Centre. The most frequent motivation for IV misuse was treatment of heroin addiction or withdrawal symptoms (50.71%), while only 12.67% of patients reported that their motivation was to experience pleasure or euphoria. The majority of patients who had misused buprenorphine intravenously (53.52%) had a negative experience, and methadone recipients were significantly more likely to find the experience negative than buprenorphine recipients (68.42% vs 36.36%; p = 0.007). Almost half of the patients (45.93%) thought that at least 50% of patients had taken buprenorphine by IV injection. The results of our study confirm the widespread IV misuse of buprenorphine. Misuse was most common among patients currently receiving buprenorphine treatment and younger patients. For the majority of patients, the reason for IV misuse was to treat their dependence. We believe that the prevalence of buprenorphine misuse could be reduced by adopting appropriate clinical practices and treating patients with the buprenorphine/naloxone combination rather than buprenorphine alone.
