Induction of systemic, mucosal, and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice vaccinated by trans-airway with a S1 protein combined with a pulmonary surfactant-derived adjuvant SF-10.

Background: There is a need for vaccines that can induce effective systemic, respiratory mucosal, and cellular immunity to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We reported previously that a synthetic mucosal adjuvant SF-10 derived from human pulmonary surfactant works as an efficient antigen delivery vehicle to antigen presenting cells in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and promotes induction of influenza virus antigen-specific serum IgG, mucosal IgA, and cellular immunity. Methods: The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of a new administration route of trans-airway (TA) vaccine comprising recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1 (S1) combined with SF-10 (S1-SF-10 vaccine) on systemic, local, and cellular immunity in mice, compared with intramuscular injection (IM) of S1 with a potent adjuvant AddaS03™ (S1-AddaS03™ vaccine). Results: S1-SF-10-TA vaccine induced S1-specific IgG and IgA in serum and lung mucosae. These IgG and IgA induced by S1-SF-10-TA showed significant protective immunity in a receptor binding inhibition test of S1 and angiotensin converting enzyme 2, a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, which were more potent and faster achievement than S1-AddaS03™-IM. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay showed high numbers of S1-specific IgA and IgG secreting cells (ASCs) and S1-responsive IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A cytokine secreting cells (CSCs) in the spleen and lungs. S1-AddaS03™-IM induced IgG ASCs and IL-4 CSCs in spleen higher than S1-SF-10-TA, but the numbers of ASCs and CSCs in lungs were low and hardly detected. Conclusions: Based on the need for effective systemic, respiratory, and cellular immunity, the S1-SF-10-TA vaccine seems promising mucosal vaccine against respiratory infection of SARS-CoV-2.

A Murine Model of Food Allergy by Epicutaneous Adjuvant-Free Allergen Sensitization Followed by Oral Allergen Challenge Combined with Aspirin for Enhanced Detection of Hypersensitivity Manifestations and Immunotherapy Monitoring.

Food allergy is one of the major existing health problems, but no effective treatment is available. In the current work, a murine model that closely mimics pathogenesis of human food allergy and its quantifiable diagnostic parameter design, even for mild hypersensitivity reactions, were established. BALB/c mice were epicutaneously sensitized with 1 mg chicken egg ovomucoid (OVM) or cow's milk casein, free of adjuvants, five times a week for two consecutive weeks. Eleven days later, allergen-specific IgG1 and IgE in serum were measured by ELISA. On day 25, 20 mg OVM or 12 mg α-casein was administered orally, and allergic reactions such as the fall in rectal temperature, symptom scores during 90-120 min, serum mast cell protease-1 and cytokine levels were monitored. The detection of mild allergic reactions due to adjuvant-free allergen sensitization and oral allergen challenge routes was amplified by the combination of oral allergen and aspirin administration simultaneously or aspirin administration within 15-30 min before an allergen challenge. Quantification of the maximum symptom score and the frequency of symptoms during the monitoring period improved evaluation accuracy of food allergy signals. Based on these results, efficacy of casein oral immunotherapy for cow's milk allergies, which are generally difficult to detect, was monitored adequately.

Aire Expression Is Inherent to Most Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells during Their Differentiation Program.

Aire in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) plays an important role in the establishment of self-tolerance. Because Aire(+) mTECs appear to be a limited subset, they may constitute a unique lineage(s) among mTECs. An alternative possibility is that all mTECs are committed to express Aire in principle, but Aire expression by individual mTECs is conditional. To investigate this issue, we established a novel Aire reporter strain in which endogenous Aire is replaced by the human AIRE-GFP-Flag tag (Aire/hAGF-knockin) fusion gene. The hAGF reporter protein was produced and retained very efficiently within mTECs as authentic Aire nuclear dot protein. Remarkably, snapshot analysis revealed that mTECs expressing hAGF accounted for >95% of mature mTECs, suggesting that Aire expression does not represent a particular mTEC lineage(s). We confirmed this by generating Aire/diphtheria toxin receptor-knockin mice in which long-term ablation of Aire(+) mTECs by diphtheria toxin treatment resulted in the loss of most mature mTECs beyond the proportion of those apparently expressing Aire. These results suggest that Aire expression is inherent to all mTECs but may occur at particular stage(s) and/or cellular states during their differentiation, thus accounting for the broad impact of Aire on the promiscuous gene expression of mTECs.

Ectopic Aire Expression in the Thymic Cortex Reveals Inherent Properties of Aire as a Tolerogenic Factor within the Medulla.

Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) play essential roles in the positive and negative selection of developing thymocytes, respectively. Aire in mTECs plays an essential role in the latter process through expression of broad arrays of tissue-restricted Ags. To determine whether the location of Aire within the medulla is absolutely essential or whether Aire could also function within the cortex for establishment of self-tolerance, we used bacterial artificial chromosome technology to establish a semiknockin strain of NOD-background (ß5t/Aire-transgenic) mice expressing Aire under control of the promoter of ß5t, a thymoproteasome expressed exclusively in the cortex. Although Aire was expressed in cTECs as typical nuclear dot protein in ß5t/Aire-Tg mice, cTECs expressing Aire ectopically did not confer transcriptional expression of either Aire-dependent or Aire-independent tissue-restricted Ag genes. We then crossed ß5t/Aire-Tg mice with Aire-deficient NOD mice, generating a strain in which Aire expression was confined to cTECs. Despite the presence of Aire(+) cTECs, these mice succumbed to autoimmunity, as did Aire-deficient NOD mice. The thymic microenvironment harboring Aire(+) cTECs, within which many Aire-activated genes were present, also showed no obvious alteration of positive selection, suggesting that Aire's unique property of generating a self-tolerant T cell repertoire is functional only in mTECs.

Mib-Jag1-Notch signalling regulates patterning and structural roles of the notochord by controlling cell-fate decisions.

In the developing embryo, cell-cell signalling is necessary for tissue patterning and structural organization. During midline development, the notochord plays roles in the patterning of its surrounding tissues while forming the axial structure; however, how these patterning and structural roles are coordinated remains elusive. Here, we identify a mechanism by which Notch signalling regulates the patterning activities and structural integrity of the notochord. We found that Mind bomb (Mib) ubiquitylates Jagged 1 (Jag1) and is essential in the signal-emitting cells for Jag1 to activate Notch signalling. In zebrafish, loss- and gain-of-function analyses showed that Mib-Jag1-Notch signalling favours the development of non-vacuolated cells at the expense of vacuolated cells in the notochord. This leads to changes in the peri-notochordal basement membrane formation and patterning surrounding the muscle pioneer cells. These data reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism regulating the patterning and structural roles of the notochord by Mib-Jag1-Notch signalling-mediated cell-fate determination.