Optimization of the Synthesis and Radiolabeling of ZIF-8 Nanoparticles.

Background: Lately, there has been increasing interest in the benefits of metal-organic frameworks, and among them, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF - 8) stand out as one of the most commonly employed systems owing to their unique characteristics. Objectives: Given that properties like particle size play a key role in biomedical applications of nanoparticles, optimizing the synthesis conditions becomes crucial. Additionally, it is essential to label these nanoparticles to track them effectively within the body. Methods: Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks nanoparticles were synthesized under various conditions, including high and room temperature, using two different solvents: Water and methanol. Modifications were made to the reaction temperature and the ratio of reactants to improve the outcomes. Particle size and size distribution were assessed in all conditions. Additionally, the radiolabeling of nanoparticles was examined using four different methods to identify the method with the highest efficiency and radiochemical purity. Results: The optimum conditions for ZIF-8 synthesis were determined at 50°C using methanol as the solvent. A reactant weight ratio of 1: 2 (zinc nitrate to 2-methylimidazole) was utilized. The most effective radiolabeling approach involved using tin chloride as a reducing agent, with the reaction mixture maintained at a temperature of 70°C for 30 minutes. Conclusions: In this study, the optimum conditions were successfully identified for synthesizing and labeling ZIF-8 nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have the potential to serve as effective carriers for diagnostic and therapeutic agents.

Synthesis and Radiolabeling of Glu-Urea-Lys with 99mTc-Tricarbonyl-Imidazole-Bathophenanthroline Disulfonate Chelation System and Biological Evaluation as Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Inhibitor.

Background: The Glu-Urea-Lys (EUK) pharmacophore as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted ligand was synthesized, radiolabeled with 99mTc-tricarbonyl-imidazole-BPS chelation system, and biological activities were evaluated. The strategy [2 + 1] ligand is applied for tricarbonyl labeling. (5-imidazole-1-yl)pentanoic acid as a monodentate ligand and bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BPS) as a bidentate ligand formed a chelate system with 99mTc-tricarbonyl. EUK-pentanoic acid-imidazole and EUK were evaluated for PSMA active site using AutoDock 4 software. Materials and Methods: EUK-pentanoic acid-imidazole was synthesized in two steps. BPS was radiolabeled with 99mTc-tricarbonyl at 100°C for 30 min. The purified 99mTc(CO)3(H2O)BPS was used to radiolabel EUK-pentanoic acid-imidazole at 100°C, 30 min. Radiochemical purity, Log P, and stability studies were carried out within 24 h. Affinity of 99mTc(CO)3BPS-imidazole-EUK was performed in the saturation binding studies using LNCaP cells at 37°C for 1 h with a range of 0.001-1000 nM radiolabeled compound range. Internalization studies were performed in LNCaP cells with 1000 nM radiolabeled compound incubated for (0-2) h at 37°C. Biodistribution was studied in normal male Balb/c mice. The artificial intelligence predicts the uptake of radiolabeled compound in tumor. Results: The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by mass spectroscopy. Radiochemical purity, Log P, and protein binding were ≥95%, -0.2%, and 23%, respectively. The radiolabeled compound was stable in saline and human plasma within 24 h with radiochemical purity ≥90%. There was no release of 99mTc within 4 h in competition with histidine. The affinity was 82 ± 26.38 nM, and the activity increased inside the cells over time. Biodistribution studies showed radioactivity accumulation in kidneys less than 99mTc-HYNIC-PSMA. There was a moderate accumulation of radioactivity in the liver and intestine. Conclusion: Based on the results, 99mTc(CO)3BPS-imidazole-EUK can potentially be used as an imaging agent for studies at prostate bed and distal areas. The chelate system can be potentially labeled with rhenium for imaging studies (fluorescent or scintigraphy) and therapy.

Vimentin-targeted radiopeptide 99m Tc-HYNIC-(tricine/EDDA)-VNTANST: a promising drug for pulmonary fibrosis imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix. Because there is no effective treatment for advanced IPF to date, its early diagnosis can be critical. Vimentin is a cytoplasmic intermediate filament that is significantly up-regulated at the surface of fibrotic foci with a crucial role in fibrotic morphological changes. METHODS: In the present study, VNTANST sequence as a known vimentin-targeting peptide was conjugated to hydrazinonicotinic acid (HYNIC) and labeled with 99m Tc. The stability test in saline and human plasma and log P determination were performed. Next, the biodistribution study and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) integrated with computed tomography (CT) scanning were performed in healthy and bleomycin-induced fibrosis mice models. RESULTS: The 99m Tc-HYNIC-(tricine/EDDA)-VNTANST showed a hydrophilic nature (log P  = -2.20 ±â€…0.38) and high radiochemical purity > 97% and specific activity (336 Ci/mmol). The radiopeptide was approximately 93% and 86% intact in saline and human plasma within 6 h, respectively. The radiopeptide was substantially accumulated in the pulmonary fibrotic lesions (test vs. control = 4.08 ±â€…0.08% injected dose per gram (ID/g) vs. 0.36 ±â€…0.01% ID/g at 90 min postinjection). SPECT-CT images in fibrosis-bearing mice also indicated the fibrotic foci and kidneys. CONCLUSION: Because there is no available drug for the treatment of advanced pulmonary fibrosis, early diagnosis is the only chance. The 99m Tc-HYNIC-(tricine/EDDA)-VNTANST could be a potential tracer for SPECT imaging of pulmonary fibrosis.

Nanoparticles labeled with gamma-emitting radioisotopes: an attractive approach for in vivo tracking using SPECT imaging.

Providing accurate molecular imaging of the body and biological process is critical for diagnosing disease and personalizing treatment with the minimum side effects. Recently, diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals have gained more attention in precise molecular imaging due to their high sensitivity and appropriate tissue penetration depth. The fate of these radiopharmaceuticals throughout the body can be traced using nuclear imaging systems, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) modalities. In this regard, nanoparticles are attractive platforms for delivering radionuclides into targets because they can directly interfere with the cell membranes and subcellular organelles. Moreover, applying radiolabeled nanomaterials can decrease their toxicity concerns because radiopharmaceuticals are usually administrated at low doses. Therefore, incorporating gamma-emitting radionuclides into nanomaterials can provide imaging probes with valuable additional properties compared to the other carriers. Herein, we aim to review (1) the gamma-emitting radionuclides used for labeling different nanomaterials, (2) the approaches and conditions adopted for their radiolabeling, and (3) their application. This study can help researchers to compare different radiolabeling methods in terms of stability and efficiency and choose the best way for each nanosystem.

In silico prediction of SARS-CoV-2 main protease and polymerase inhibitors: 3D-Pharmacophore modelling.

The outbreak of the second severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has caused global concern. No effective vaccine or treatment to control the virus has been approved yet. Social distancing and precautionary protocols are still the only way to prevent person-to-person transmission. We hope to identify anti-COVID-19 activity of the existing drugs to overcome this pandemic as soon as possible. The present study used HEX and AutoDock Vina softwares to predict the affinity of about 100 medicinal structures toward the active site of 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3Clpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), separately. Afterwards, MOE software and the pharmacophore-derived query methodology were employed to determine the pharmacophore model of their inhibitors. Tegobuvir (19) and compound 45 showed the best binding affinity toward RdRp and 3Clpro of SARS-CoV-2 in silico, respectively. Tegobuvir -previously applied for hepatitis C virus- formed highly stable complex with uncommon binding pocket of RdRp (E total: -707.91 Kcal/mol) in silico. In addition to compound 45, tipranavir (28) and atazanavir (26) as FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitors were tightly interacted with the active site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease as well. Based on pharmacophore modelling, a good structural pattern for potent candidates against SARS-CoV-2 main enzymes is suggested. Re-tasking or taking inspiration from the structures of tegobuvir and tipranavir can be a proper approach toward coping with the COVID-19 in the shortest possible time and at the lowest cost.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

An investigation of affecting factors on MOF characteristics for biomedical applications: A systematic review.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a fascinating class of crystalline porous materials composed of metal ions and organic ligands. Due to their attractive properties, MOFs can potentially offer biomedical field applications, such as drug delivery and imaging. This study aimed to systematically identify the affecting factors on the MOF characteristics and their effects on structural and biological characteristics. An electronic search was performed in four databases containing PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, using the relevant keywords. After analyzing the studies, 20 eligible studies were included in this review. As a result, various factors such as additives and organic ligand can influence the size and structure of MOFs. Additives are materials that can compete with ligand and may affect the nucleation and growth processes and, consequently, particle size. The nature and structure of ligand are influential in determining the size and structure of MOF. Moreover, synthesis parameters like the reaction time and initial reagents ratio are critical factors that should be optimized to regulate the size and structure. Of note is that the nature of the ligand and using a suitable additive can control the porosity of MOF. The more extended ligands aid in forming large pores. The choice of metallic nodes and organic ligand, and the MOF concentration are important factors since they can determine toxicity and biocompatibility of the final structure. The physicochemical properties of MOFs, such as hydrophobicity, affect the toxicity of nanoparticles. An increase in hydrophobicity causes increased toxicity of MOF. The biodegradability of MOF, as another property, depends on the organic ligand and metal ion and environmental conditions like pH. Photocleavable ligands can be served for controlled degradation of MOFs. Generally, by optimizing these affecting factors, MOFs with desirable properties will be obtained for biomedical applications.

Radiolabeled Peptides for Molecular Imaging of Apoptosis.

Apoptosis is a regulated cell death induced by extrinsic and intrinsic stimulants. Tracking of apoptosis provides an opportunity for the assessment of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as monitoring of cancer therapy at early stages. There are some key mediators in apoptosis cascade, which could be considered as specific targets for delivering imaging or therapeutic agents. The targeted radioisotope-based imaging agents are able to sensitively detect the physiological signal pathways which make them suitable for apoptosis imaging at a single-cell level. Radiopeptides take advantage of both the high sensitivity of nuclear imaging modalities and favorable features of peptide scaffolds. The aim of this study is to review the characteristics of those radiopeptides targeting apoptosis with different mechanisms.

Design, synthesis, radiolabeling and biological evaluation of new urea-based peptides targeting prostate specific membrane antigen.

Early diagnosis of Prostate cancer (PCa) plays a vital role in successful treatment increasing the survival rate of patients. Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is over-expressed in almost all types of PCa. The goal of present study is to introduce new 99mTc-labeled peptides as a PSMA inhibitor for specific detection of PCa at early stages. Based on published PSMA-targeting compounds, a set of peptides bearing the well-known Glu-Urea-Lys pharmacophore and new non-urea containing pharmacophore were designed and assessed by in silico docking studies. The selected peptides were synthesized and radiolabeled with 99mTc. The in-vitro tests (log P, stability in normal saline and fresh human plasma, and affinity toward PSMA-positive LNCaP cell line) and in-vivo characterizations of radiopeptides (biodistribution and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography-Computed Tomography (SPECT-CT) imaging in normal and tumour-bearing mice) were performed. The peptides 1-3 containing Glu-Urea-Lys and Glu-GABA-Asp as pharmacophores were efficiently interacted with crystal structure of PSMA and showed the highest binding energies range from -8 to -11.2 kcal/mol. Regarding the saturation binding test, 99mTc-labeled peptide 1 had the highest binding affinity (Kd = 13.58 nM) to PSMA-positive cells. SPECT-CT imaging and biodistribution studies showed high kidneys and tumour uptake 1 h post-injection of radiopeptide 1 and 2 (%ID/g tumour = 3.62 ± 0.78 and 1.8 ± 0.32, respectively). 99mTc-peptide 1 (Glu-urea-Lys-Gly-Ala-Asp-Naphthylalanine-HYNIC-99mTc) exhibited the highest binding affinity, high radiochemical purity, the most stability and high specific accumulation in prostate tumour lesions. 99mTc-peptide 1 being of comparable efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties with the well-known PET tracer (68Ga-PSMA-11) seems to be applied as a promising SPECT imaging agent to early diagnose of PCa and consequently increase survival rate of patients.

68Ga-radiolabeled bombesin-conjugated to trimethyl chitosan-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles for molecular imaging: preparation, characterization and biological evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted much attention in biomedical imaging due to their unique magnetic and optical characteristics. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are the prosperous group of NPs with the capability to apply as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Radiolabeling of targeted SPIONs with positron emitters can develop dual positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI agents to achieve better diagnosis of clinical conditions. METHODS: In this work, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) conjugated to S-2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (DOTA) as a radioisotope chelator and bombesin (BN) as a targeting peptide (DOTA-BN-TMC-MNPs) were prepared and validated using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) tests. Final NPs were radiolabeled with gallium-68 (68Ga) and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as a potential PET/MRI probe for breast cancer (BC) detection. RESULTS: The DOTA-BN-TMC-MNPs with a particle size between 20 and 30 nm were efficiently labeled with 68Ga (radiochemical purity higher than 98% using thin layer chromatography (TLC)). The radiolabeled NPs showed insignificant toxicity (>74% cell viability) and high affinity (IC50=8.79 µg/mL) for the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-avid BC T-47D cells using competitive binding assay against 99mTc-hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC)-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-BN (7-14). PET and MRI showed visible uptake of NPs by T-47D tumors in xenograft mouse models. CONCLUSION: 68Ga-DOTA-BN-TMC-MNPs could be a potential diagnostic probe to detect BC using PET/MRI technique.

Docking, synthesis, in-vitro evaluation, and optimization of reaction conditions for direct radiolabeling of CGPRPPC with technetium-99m through the GAGG sequence.

OBJECTIVE: With respect to the reported promising results of cyclic peptide CGPRPPC in early detection of thrombotic lesions, we developed a practical approach for technetium-99m labeling of this peptide using the Glycine-Alanine-Glycine-Glycine (GAGG) sequence as a chelating moiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The peptide conjugated to GAGG was prepared using the solid-phase method. The optimization of radiolabeling conditions was performed on the basis of such variables as incubation time, reaction temperature, pH, and concentration of peptide and stannous chloride. Moreover, the stability and fibrin-binding affinity of the radiolabeled peptide were measured. The peptide-fibrin interactions were analyzed by docking studies using HEX and Auto dock 4.2. Softwares. RESULTS: The amounts of synthesized peptide and stannous chloride required for optimal radiolabeling through GAGG were 10 µmol/l and 5 µg, respectively. The best radiochemical purity% (>93%) was achieved at pH 7-8 within 15 min and a reaction temperature of 37°C. On the basis of in silico and in-vitro results, the GAGG-conjugated CGPRPPC peptide showed better binding affinity versus the HYNIC-conjugated one. CONCLUSION: We could radiolabel the fibrin-targeting peptide with high radiochemical purity% and stability during a short incubation period without a boiling step. Compared with the HYNIC-conjugated peptide, a higher binding affinity was found. Therefore, the GAGG chelating moiety possesses a considerable potentiality in Technetium 99m labeling of peptides while CGPRPPC maintains its binding properties to thrombotic lesions.

[18F]FDG-Labeled CGPRPPC Peptide Serving as a Small Thrombotic Lesions Probe, Including a Comparison with [99mTc]-Labeled Form.

Purpose: Fibrin is a perfect target for specific imaging of all types of thrombotic lesions. Cyclic peptides were introduced as the best scaffolds out of the different types of probes for thrombi detection. This study was conducted to label previously synthesized peptide-targeting fibrin with [18F]FDG and its in vitro and in vivo assessments. Materials and Methods: CGPRPPC peptide functionalized with 6-hydrazinonicotinamide and Eei-NHS was synthesized and cyclized using air oxidation method. The cyclic sequences were labeled with [18F]FDG at 85°C within 30 min. The stability studies were performed in human plasma. Fibrin-binding and platelet aggregation tests were performed in vitro. Biodistribution and scintigraphy imaging in normal mice and carotid thrombotic rat model were considered as in vivo studies. Results: Radiolabeled peptides show a good stability in human plasma and also high-affinity binding for human fibrin. Platelet aggregation test confirmed specific binding of radiopeptides to fibrin. A key problem with the authors' previous research was inability to detect small-vessel thrombi. The results of positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning show high specific uptake of [18F]FDG-labeled CGPRPPC in small-sized thrombosis. Conclusion: The experiment revealed that radiolabeling of cyclic peptide (CGPRPPC) with [18F]FDG enables us to detect small thrombotic lesions in small animal models with high resolution.

Novel and Efficient Method for Solid Phase Synthesis of Urea-Containing Peptides Targeting Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) in Comparison with Current Methods.

The basic chemical structure of most prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors which are now in pre-clinical and clinical studies is Glu-Ureido-based peptides. Synthesis of urea-based PSMA inhibitors includes two steps: 1- isocyanate intermediate formation and 2- urea bond formation. In current methods, isocyanate is formed in liquid phase and then reacts with amine existing in liquid phase or bound to solid phase for urea bond formation. In this study, we developed a new facile method for formation of both isocyanate and urea on solid phase under standard peptide coupling conditions. The solid phase-bound isocyanate served as intermediate to form urea bond. To monitor reaction progress qualitative test (Kaiser Test) and On-Bead FT-IR spectroscopy were used. The structure of Glutamate-Urea-Lysine (EUK) was confirmed using LC-Mass and 1H-NMR. This novel method successfully was applied to synthesize of another urea-based peptide containing a sequence of Glu-Urea-Lys (OMe)-GABA-Tyr-Tyr-GABA and the bifunctional linker hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) as well.

Diethylentriaminepenta acetic acid glucose conjugates as a cell permeable iron chelator.

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether DTPA-DG complex can enhance clearance of intracellular free iron. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-D-deoxy-glucosamine (DTPA-DG) was synthesized and examined for its activity as a cell-permeable iron chelator in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) cell line exposed to high concentration of iron sulfate and compared with deferoxamine (DFO), a prototype iron chelator. The effect of DTPA-DG on cell viability was monitored using the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide MTT assay as well. RESULTS: There was a significant increase of iron level after iron overload induction in HEPG2 cell culture. DTPA-DG presented a remarkable capacity to iron burden reducing with estimated 50% inhibitory concentration value of 65.77 nM. In fact, glycosyl moiety was gained access of DTPA to intracellular iron deposits through glucose transporter systems. CONCLUSION: DTPA-DG, more potent than DFO to sequester deposits of free iron with no profound toxic effect. The results suggest the potential of DTPA-DG in chelating iron and permitting its excretion from primary organ storage.