Predisposing factors of using cosmetics in Iranian female students: application of prototype willingness model.

Background and aim: The use of cosmetics among Iranian teenagers and youths has increased more than ever before. This study investigated the predisposing factors of cosmetic use in female students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences by using the prototype willingness model (PWM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 384 students, selected based on multistage sampling. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire that included demographic variables and PWM questions. Then multiple regression analysis was used in SPSS (version 20). Results: There was a significant difference in the frequency of daily cosmetic use based on the education levels (F = 3.845, p-value = 0.034). The average daily use of cosmetics was higher in students whose use of cosmetics was high in their family (p = 0.024) and friends (p-value = 0.023). Prototypes were the strongest predictor of using cosmetics (OR = 1.317, p-value <0.001), followed by attitude (OR = 1.241, p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Prototypes (social imagination) and attitudes were the main predictors of using cosmetics among female students. To be effective in targeting cosmetic use, interventions must target both social and individual paths.

Knowledge and Skills Needed for Future Health Administrators: A Systematic Review.

Background: The educational needs of future health administrators, prioritizing their needs, and developing a relationship between these needs and the needs of the community are very important to provide better responsiveness. We aimed to identify the knowledge and skills required for health care management students as future managers of the health community. Methods: In this systematic literature review, all studies conducted between 1990 and 2021 were searched in such databases as MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Iran Medex, Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID), and the collected data were analyzed via the thematic analysis method. Results: Findings of this study were divided into two main categories and fourteen subcategories, including knowledge-related factors (awareness of the structure and processes in the field of health and knowledge of management science) and skill-related factors (planning, coordination, organization, leadership, control and evaluation, management of financial resources and budgeting, service management, communication and information management, human resource management, implementation of participatory and team activities, crisis management, entrepreneurship, innovation, marketing, policymaking, and decision-making). Conclusion: By identifying the knowledge and skills that students need, it is possible to empower them through necessary education. Therefore, by providing responsive education, developing skills, and improving capabilities, we can take an effective step to improve the quality of health system services.

Pet Owners Risk Perception and Risk Communication in Disasters in Developing Countries.

Disasters can cause great physical and financial damage to pet owners in developing countries. These effects lead to severe psychological side effects on individuals and families. With the tendency of families to keep pets in these countries, many challenges have arisen regarding how to manage these pets before, during, and after disasters. Therefore, mitigation, prevention, and preparedness measures for these families should be prioritized in the disaster management cycle to minimize psychological effects such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after losing pets.

Components of hospital personnel preparedness to evacuate patients in disasters: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: During natural catastrophes, hospital staff members' readiness for crisis management-particularly concerning patient evacuation and improving their safety-becomes paramount. This study aimed to identify the components contributing to hospital staff members' preparedness to evacuate patients in an emergency. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted by searching databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, and grey literature through May 2023. Studies that offered unique qualitative or quantitative data regarding hospital personnel readiness to evacuate patients in an emergency were included. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to examine the extracted data points. RESULTS: In total, there were 274 scientific articles. The total number of unique studies decreased to 181 after removing duplicate articles. 28 papers that were deemed appropriate for additional study were found based on the titles and abstracts of these articles. Eighteen papers that met the inclusion criteria were selected for the systematic review after their entire texts were finally assessed. Hospital staff preparedness for patient evacuation was divided into four primary topics and nineteen sub-themes. The four primary themes that emerged were management, communication, individual issues, and training on the evacuation process. CONCLUSION: The implementation of proper disaster evacuation training programs can be achieved by elevating the perceived sensitivity and protective motive of personnel and considering the personnel's stages of change. Training hospital staff to properly evacuate patients during disasters is also significantly impacted by other factors, such as effective administration, leadership and prompt and efficient communication.

Risk perception and preventive behaviors related to brucellosis among Iranian livestock farmers.

Background and Aims: Brucellosis is one of the zoonotic diseases that endanger the health of the population, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to assess risk perception and behaviors of livestock farmers on brucellosis based on PRECEDE model in a rural area in the northwest of Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 365 livestock farmers in rural areas of Germi, Iran. Participants were selected random sampling method. Data were gathered using a PRECEDE model based questionnaire consisted of five sections including demographic characteristics, predisposing factors (knowledge and attitudes), reinforcing factors, enabling factors, and brucellosis preventive behaviors. Results: The mean ± SD of age of participants was 47.1 ± 14.7 years. The state of knowledge about preventive behaviors and ways of disease transmission was evaluated as appropriate (with 87% and 81% of the maximum score, respectively). Three aspects of attitude in participants were desirable. Predisposing factors including knowledge of prevention ways, knowledge of transmission ways, and attitudes toward prevention, reinforcing factors, as well as education were significant predictors of brucellosis preventive behaviors. R 2 and adjusted R 2 were 0.312 and 0.310, respectively, according to which, about 31% of the changes in the brucellosis preventive behaviors explained by significant dependent variables. Conclusions: Given that farmers are at particular high risk of exposing brucellosis, improving their knowledge and desirable attitudes of brucellosis is crucial to increasing control the disease.

Challenges of providing health services to patients with cardiovascular diseases during disasters in Iran: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of death in the world. Because of the rate of emergencies and disasters in the country, this study was conducted to investigate the challenges of providing health services to cardiovascular patients in emergencies and disasters in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This conventional content analysis study was conducted in 2020. Subjects were selected from among 16 Iranian experts) epidemiologists, cardiologists, PhD in Disaster Health, and PhD in Nursing (using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analyzed by the content analysis. RESULTS: The results were obtained after analyzing the data in the pre-emergency phase (lack of training on medication and nutrition, lack of training vulnerable groups, lack of databases of cardiovascular patients, and lack of identification of patients before disasters), the emergency response phase (lack of sleep and rest patterns, lack of health forces, lack of blood pressure control, lack of proper nutrition, increased medication needs, and lack of mental health interventions), and the post-emergency phase (lack of planning, lack of management of patients' mental problems). CONCLUSION: Developing strategies for planning, training, providing resources, and mental health during the three phases of the emergency management cycle for specific groups such as cardiovascular patients together with empowering these patients in the event of disasters is one of the key strategies which can be used after curbed emergencies and disasters to reduce the rate of mortality.

Main social vulnerability indicators in the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.

Background: Social factors play the main role in the vulnerability of exposed countries to disasters. The COVID-19 pandemic as a disaster is not an exception to this fact. This study aimed to determine the main social vulnerability indicators in the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Methods: This study was conducted during the period of 2021-2022 in three phases, including a systematic review, a virtual panel expert, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. First, the draft of social vulnerability indicators in COVID-19 was extracted through a systematic review. Then, the extracted indicators were finalized and prioritized by the expert panel and the AHP, respectively. Results: Initially, the literature review found five domains and 38 indicators of social vulnerability in COVID-19. The outcome of the expert panel increased the related domains to six but decreased the indicators to 31. The three prioritized social vulnerability indicators that were determined by the AHP were population density, accessibility to healthcare facilities, and relevant services and vulnerable groups. Conclusion: Measuring social vulnerability with the identified indicators is valuable for addressing high COVID-19 incidence among socially vulnerable hotspot areas. Regarding the result of this study, further research should be conducted to validate the identified indicators.

Hospital management model for biological hazards: A qualitative content analysis study.

BACKGROUND: Biological hazards such as epidemic, pandemic, and bioterrorism are the most probable types of emergencies and disasters, which cause a high rate of mortality and morbidity. Hospitals have an important role in reducing the consequences of biological hazards. Given this, we set out the present study to design a model for managing biological hazards in hospitals. METHODS: A qualitative content analysis study was performed using in-depth semistructured interviews with 40 experts. We selected participants through purposeful sampling; also, we interviewed experienced experts, policy makers, and managers in the field of hospital management regarding biological hazards. The study setting was Iran Ministry of Health and hospitals as well as other relevant organizations responsible for hospital management in biological hazards. We analyzed the data concurrently using the method recommended by Graneheim and Lundman. RESULTS: After collecting and analyzing the data obtained from the interviews, we extracted the dimensions of our model in the form of four themes, including mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, we believe that a comprehensive and practical model for hospital preparedness regarding management of biological hazards is essential. The model of hospital preparedness in biological hazards leads to an effective response and reduces the physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences of biological hazards.

A Systematic Literature Review Identifying the Dimensions and Components of Simulation of the Hospital Emergency Department During Emergencies and Disasters.

Background: The use of simulation in medical education is evolving widely around the world. Hospital emergency services in the event of accidents and disasters affect the quality of health care. It is critical to determine the fundamental features for developing a hospital emergency department simulation to improve emergency services. In this regard, the current study conducted a comprehensive assessment of studies with the determinations and components of hospital emergency department simulation during accidents and disasters. Methods: In this systematic literature review, all studies between January 2010 and July 2021 were searched in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science, Iran medex Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database (SID), MagIran databases and were analyzed with the thematic analysis approach and results were expressed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. The quality of the included studies was assessed using related checklists. Results: The findings of this study were divided into 3 main categories and 10 subcategories, including factors related to manpower (manpower arrangement, performance-awareness-skills, safety, and communication), factors related to medical services (triage, time, and transfer of the injured), and factors related to resource management and support (physical environment, equipment, and the information system). Conclusion: Through systematic planning, simulation allows for the identification of emergency department difficulties during accidents and disasters. Identifying dimensions and components, such as resource management and support, manpower, and medical services, is effective in designing the simulation of the hospital emergency department during accidents and disasters. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct future studies with a qualitative approach and focus on the factors affecting the simulation of the hospital emergency department during disasters, which has been done by the same researchers.

A Systematic Literature Review of Driver's Sociocultural Factors Predisposing to Road Traffic Crashes.

Background: Various factors are involved in the occurrence and prediction of road traffic crashes (RTCs). The most important of these are human factors that can be influenced by the sociocultural characteristics of the drivers. This research aimed at identifying the socio-cultural factors (SCFs) in car drivers affecting the RTCs. Methods: In the present study, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Cochran Library, Magiran, Irandoc, Noor magas, Islamic World Science Citation Center, and Scientific Information Database were searched from 1990 to August 20th, 2021; key journals, the reference lists of the included studies, gray literature, websites of relevant organizations were manually reviewed. Studies that reviewed the effect of SCFs related to car drivers in the incidence or prediction of road traffic crashes were included and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results were expressed based on the PRISMA guideline. The quality of the included studies was assessed using related checklists. Results: Eighty-four eligible studies were determined from a systematic search and entered into the analysis process. Studies are presented that SCFs affecting the occurrence of RTCs fall into four categories, including (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) personality traits, (3) driver behavior (driving style), (4) driver performance (driving skills). Conclusion: In most studies, SCFs have been examined in frames of social-demographic characteristics and risky driving behaviors. While, the impact of personality traits and driver performance, which are very important factors on RTCs, has not been addressed. Therefore, investigating the impact of these factors in occurring RTCs is crucial.

Identifying the Challenges of Simulating the Hospital Emergency Department in the Event of Emergencies and Providing Effective Solutions: A Qualitative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Emergencies and disasters occur in any society, and it is the hospitals and their emergency department staff who must be prepared in such cases. Therefore, 1 of the effective methods of training medical care staff is the use of simulators. However, when introducing new simulation approaches, we face many challenges. The aim of this study was to identify challenges of the simulation of the hospital emergency department during disasters and provide effective solutions. METHODS: This conventional content, thematic, analysis study was conducted in 2021. Participants were selected from Iranian experts using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analyzed by the content analysis. RESULTS: After analyzing the data, the challenges of simulating the hospital emergency department during disasters were identified in 2 main components and 6 perspectives, which included organizational components (inappropriate and aimless training methods, lack of interaction and cooperation, lack of funding, and inadequate physical space) and technological components (weak information management and lack of interdisciplinary cooperation). Solutions included management (resource support) and data sharing and exchange (infrastructures, cooperation and coordination). CONCLUSION: The simulation technology can be used as a method for training and improving the quality of health care services in emergencies. Considering that most of these challenges can be solved and need the full support of managers and policy makers, by examining these issues, supporting staff of health care centers are advised to make a significant contribution to the advancement of education and problem reduction in the event of disasters.

Challenges and Barriers of Humanitarian Hygiene Items Management in Recent Disasters in Iran.

OBJECTIVE: The provision and continuation of the basic needs of affected communities, including water, food, and shelter remain the most important priorities in responding to disasters. In this regard, this study sought to investigate the management challenges of humanitarian hygiene items in recent disasters in Iran. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted through a semi-structured interview. Nineteen participants with different experiences, roles, and responsibilities in the recent disaster of Iran and experiences of various events in the national and international arenas were included in the study. A thematic analysis was used, and an initial conceptual framework was defined based on the study aim. The relationship between the components was compared and interpreted in this framework and the main and subthemes were extracted accordingly. RESULTS: Six main themes and 21 subthemes were extracted based on the results. The main challenges in recent disasters were the lack of protocols and standard guidelines, inappropriate selection of items in each hygiene kit, the lack of standard distribution of hygiene kits, and the lack of attention to the affected population's culture. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, it is necessary to define a system for preparation, supply, storage, and timely distribution of hygiene. Finally, it is suggested that an organization should be appointed for this purpose.

Design and psychometric evaluation of sociocultural scale predicting the incidence of road traffic crashes in drivers.

BACKGROUND: Various factors are involved in the occurrence of Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs), one of the most important of these are human factors that can be greatly influenced by the specific sociocultural bases of the drivers. So far, there has not been a scale for measuring Sociocultural Factors (SCFs) predicting the occurrence of RTCs in Iranian drivers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to design and to do psychometric evaluation of a scale for measuring SCFs predicting the occurrence of RTCs in drivers. METHODS: This exploratory sequential mixed method was carried out in three phases. In phases 1 and 2, an initial items pool was created based on systematic literature review (phase1), and semi structured interviews (phase 2). In phase 3, the initial scales were validated using face and content validities. Then, principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to assess the construct validity. Finally, the reliability of the scale was evaluated by examining internal consistency and stability. RESULTS: The scale content validity index was 0.92. Principal component analysis showed seven factors with 27 items, which explain 55.56% of the total variance. In confirmatory factor analysis, model fit indices were satisfactory. Discriminant analysis was also able to distinguish between two groups of accident-involved drivers and accident-free drivers (P less than 0.0001). The reliability of the scale by Cronbach's alpha, Theta, Omega and intra-class correlation coefficients was 0.82, 0.96, 3.07, and 0.80, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This scale can be used as a valid and reliable scale to evaluate the SCFs predicting the occurrence of RTCs in drivers. Furthermore, the findings of this study will be useful in identifying and planning to reduce RTCs, especially in accident-prone drivers.

Benefits of simulation-based education in hospital emergency departments: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The emergency department is one of the most important parts of all hospitals. For this reason, many simulation programs are performed in this department to increase the knowledge, skills, and productivity of health-care workers. The purpose of this study was to identify the benefits of simulation in hospital emergency departments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present systematic study, using "AND" and "OR" operators, we searched for the keywords "benefits," "simulation," and "hospital emergency department" in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar as well as Persian language databases such SID, Magiran, Irandoc, and Iran Medex. Then, a three-step screening process was used to select studies relevant to simulation and hospital emergency from 2005 to 2021 using the PRISMA checklist, and finally, the obtained data were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of three main groups, each with several subgroups, were extracted and identified as the benefits of using simulation in hospital emergency departments. They included improving the diagnosis of the disease (rapid prediction of the disease, rapid diagnosis, and patient triage), improving the treatment process (improvement of treatment results, anticipation of admission and discharge of patients, acceleration of interventions, and reduction of medical errors), and improving knowledge and skills (improvement of the speed of decision-making, staff's acquisition of knowledge and skills, simple, convenient, and low-cost training, improvement of staff's preparedness in crisis). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to develop some training programs in order to help staff upgrade their knowledge and performance as well as acquire practical skills and also to improve the diagnosis and treatment process in hospital emergency departments. Virtual methods are also proposed to be applied as potential and cost-effective platforms for learning, teaching, and evaluating the staff of hospital emergency departments.

Identifying the Preparedness Components for Sexual Violence in Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review.

Background: The probability of sexual violence in areas affected by natural disasters may increase. An increase in the rate of unwanted pregnancies and subsequent intentional abortions, physical and mental injuries, and death can be the consequences of sexual violence. One of the characteristics of natural disasters is their unpredictability and ambiguity. Since decisions must be made quickly during the response, there must be adequate planning in advance, and preparedness in the community will reduce surprises in the responding organizations. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the preparedness against sexual violence in natural disasters. Methods: In this study, an electronic search was performed in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases. Other search resources, such as Science.gov, Scienceopen.cond Meta-search engines, organizational websites, including UNICEF, UNFPA, and IFRC, as well as key journals and the International Disaster and Risk Conference were hand-searched from 1/1/1990 to 8/29/2021. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist was used to select the studies, and the findings were finally analyzed by thematic analysis method using MAXQDA10 software. Results: A total of 40 papers out of a total of 2978 studies were considered in this analysis. Macropolicies, empowerment, contextualization, management and organization, command community-based, and responsive planning were the five primary categories that were found. Conclusion: Preparedness measures are highly important to respond promptly and effectively to sexual violence and should be integrated into disaster preparedness programs. The findings of this study can be used by disaster response managers and policymakers in developing and improving preparedness programs.

Challenges of Reproductive Health Management in the Camps of Internally Displaced Persons: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the camps face many reproductive health challenges. They should meet their needs timely to save their lives. This paper outlines a systematic review to discuss the challenges of reproductive health management in the camps of internally displaced persons. METHODS: For this research, electronic databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Pro Quest, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library till January 1, 2020 were searched. A threestage screening process was used for the selection of literature due to PRISMA checklist. Finally, a thematic synthesis approach was applied to analyze the data. RESULTS: In total, 133 articles were identified; 11 articles met the inclusion criteria for entering the process of final analysis. The findings were demonstrated in six main categories of availability and accessibility of reproductive health services, sexual and gender-based issues, human rights, social and cultural issues, coordination and collaboration, and mental health issues. The remarkable result of this study highlighted that the main challenges are lack of access to health services, violence against women and lack of household education. CONCLUSION: Results of this systematic review present valuable advice for policy makers and managers to prepare and respond effectively and timely to reproductive health challenges of internally displaces persons. Disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans for maintaining and developing reproductive health in IDPs camps are recommended.

Developing a hospital preparedness checklist to assess the ability to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: During epidemics and pandemics, health systems, and especially hospitals, face many challenges in the management of patients and staff. Hospital preparedness measures are critical for hospitals to respond effectively to the admission and management of COVID-19 patients. Ministry of health policy for pandemics must cover the ability of hospitals to respond to COVID-19. AIMS: The aim of this study was to develop a checklist for evaluating the preparedness of hospitals to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We searched for and reviewed available evidence, including the literature and guidelines presented by related organizations. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, face-to-face interview was not possible so we used telephone and video connections, mobile applications and email for unstructured interviews. Checklist development was carried out by a multidisciplinary panel of experts. RESULTS: After applying the opinions of the experts, the final checklist had 2 main domains: measures at national and measures at hospital level. Preparedness at national level was categorized into 3 aspects that are implemented by the health ministry. Preparedness at hospital level was categorized in 24 subgroups. CONCLUSION: Hospital preparedness for admission and management of COVID-19 patients is essential. A checklist for the assessment of hospital preparedness for COVID-19 patient management and hospital management was designed and developed. Our preparedness assessment checklist is an expanded tool that provides clear and practical guidance that can be adapted for any hospital admitting COVID-19 patients.

Emergency food aid challenges in natural and man-made disasters: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Emergency food aid is the most essential response of the international community to natural disasters and complex emergencies. The humanitarian aid organizations sometimes have been encountered with different challenges during the feeding process to target groups. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to review the food aid challenges in receiving countries of humanitarian food assistance during disasters and emergencies. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in August 2019, and the search was limited to published evidence before July 1, 2019. Through this systematic review, the international electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were investigated for the studies published in English. The articles were assessed based on title, abstract, and full text by Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Then, descriptive and thematic analyses were done to extract the most relevant food challenges in recipient countries of humanitarian food assistance. RESULTS: A total of 179 studies were found. Of which, 34 and 118 were excluded because of duplication and quality appraisal, respectively. Finally, 27 eligible articles and reports were included in this study, and 30 main challenges were determined during the international humanitarian food assistance in receiving countries. The challenges were categorized in seven main category of availability (two subcategories), access (six subcategories), utilization (three subcategories), coordination and collaboration (eight subcategories), political and legal issues (three subcategories), monitoring and assessment (six subcategories), and human rights (two subcategories). CONCLUSION: The most repeated challenges were related to access and monitoring. Most of the extracted food aid challenges allocated to time after occurring the disasters. Regarding to the result of this study, further research should be conducted to suggest the practical approaches for solving the mentioned challenges and increase the effectiveness of such aids.

Hospital Preparedness Measures for Biological Hazards: A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Biological hazards are one of the most important and common types of hazards in emergencies and disasters. Hospital preparedness measures for biological hazards are essential for a proper response and mitigation of its effects. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate hospital preparedness measures for biological hazards. METHODS: For this research, electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library from March 1950 to June 2019 were searched. Key words such as hospital, emergency department, preparedness, plan, management, and biological hazards were used in combination with the Boolean operators OR and AND. A thematic synthesis approach through the use of MAXQDA software was applied to analyze the data. RESULTS: In total, 5257 articles were identified, in which 23 articles meet the inclusion criteria for entering the process of final analysis. The findings showed three main administrative, specialized, and logistical issues regarding preparedness measures for biological hazards in hospitals. CONCLUSION: Hospital preparedness for biological hazards is one of the most important hospital disaster plans. Results of this systematic review present valuable advice for policy-makers and hospital managers to prepare and enhance hospital performance against biological hazards.