Unveiling the neuro-cognitive paradigm: a new approach to the treatment of anxiety: a comprehensive review.

This study aimed to explore the neuro-cognitive paradigm in anxiety diseases by integrating neurobiological and cognitive perspectives. The ideal was to enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between neural and cognitive processes in anxiety and its counteraccusations for treatment. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, examining studies that delved into the neurobiological supplements and cognitive impulses in anxiety. The findings revealed the involvement of brain regions similar to the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus in anxiety diseases, along with dysregulation in neurotransmitter systems. Cognitive impulses, including attentional bias towards trouble, interpretation bias, and memory impulses, were constantly observed in individuals with anxiety. The results stressed the bidirectional relationship between neurobiology and cognition, demonstrating that neurobiological factors impact cognitive processes, and cognitive factors modulate neural exertion. Integrated interventions targeting both neurobiological and cognitive factors showed a pledge in treating anxiety diseases. The study linked gaps in the literature and emphasized the significance of considering artistic factors and developing individualized treatment approaches. Overall, this study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of anxiety diseases and informs unborn exploration and clinical practice.

Accuracy of Dental Calcification Stages in Predicting the Peak Pubertal Stage of Females.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of dental calcification stages in predicting the peak pubertal stage. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on panoramic and lateral cephalometric images of 406 female patients aged 9-14 years. The skeletal maturity and calcification stages of the mandibular canines, first premolars, second premolars, and second molars were determined using the Hassel-Farman and Demirjian (DI) methods, respectively. The prediction accuracy of the peak pubertal stage with the studied teeth was assessed using a receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve (AUC). The DI stage of H was designated as the reference level, and Bayesian logistic regression analysis was used to assess the coinciding chance of each DI stage and peak pubertal stage. Results: The AUC range of studied teeth was 0.84-0.92 in predicting peak pubertal stage (all p<0.001). In the canines and first premolars, the coinciding chance of peak pubertal stage and stage H was significantly higher than that in other stages [p<0.05, odds ratio (OR) ≤0.14]. In the second premolars and second molars, the chance of peak pubertal stage coinciding with stages H and G did not significantly differ (p>0.05); however, the chance of stage G coinciding with peak pubertal stage in the second molars was higher than in stage H (OR=4.59). Conclusion: Stage H in all studied teeth and stage G in the second premolars and second molars predict peak pubertal stage with high accuracy. Considering that stage H is the end of tooth calcification stages and the accuracy of predicting stage G of second molar teeth is higher than the above stage, estimating the peak pubertal stage is recommended by the second case.

Volumetric Evaluation of Maxillary Lateral Incisor Root Resorption due to Positional Variations of Impacted Canine.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the volume of lateral incisor resorption and impacted canine features. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of CBCT images of 47 samples with unilateral impacted maxillary canine (13 males and 34 females). The volume of lateral incisors in impacted side and nonimpacted side was calculated with the Mimics 10.01 software. Canine and lateral incisor angulations were measured in panoramic reformatted images. The canine cusp tip distance from midpalatal suture was measured in axial cross-section images. Results: The difference between two sides volume was considered as the mean volume of resorption (MVR) that was statistically significant (P < 0.001). MVR was not statistically significant between two sexes (P=0.95), in buccopalatal and mesiodistal positions of impacted canine, and in different angulations or distances of the impacted canine to midline (P > 0.05). The concurrent effect of the canine distance to the midline and the angle of the canine with the lateral incisor on the MVR were statistically significant (P=0.049). Conclusion: The maximum rate of lateral root resorption is when the distance from the canine to the midline is less than 5 mm and the angle of the canine to the lateral incisor is 30-60 degrees.

Prevalence of Three-Rooted Deciduous Mandibular Molars in the Children of Northwestern Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Although primary teeth have a determinative role in development of normal occlusion, few studies about anomalies related to deciduous dentition have been conducted so far. Regarding recent improvements in common knowledge and the importance of maintaining primary teeth until eruption of succedaneous teeth, identifying the morphology of primary teeth and probable variations is of great importance to achieve optimal therapeutic outcome. This study aims to determine the prevalence of three-rooted mandibular primary molars in a population of northwestern Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, periapical radiographs of patients attending private oral and maxillofacial radiology offices in the northwestern region of Iran from 2017 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 300 cases in the 3-10-year age range having bilateral periapical radiographs from mandibular primary molars were screened. First and second primary molars were observed meticulously. Gender, side of the mandible (right or left), symmetry, overall prevalence, and prevalence considering the type of molar (D or E) were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of three-rooted mandibular primary molars was 9.33% ( 28/300), 92.9% of which were unilateral. The prevalence of teeth showing supernumerary roots among all teeth examined was 2.5% (30/1200). Considering symmetry and gender, the occurrence of these three-rooted primary molars did not differ significantly (respectively, p=0.832 and p=0.541). However, there was a significant relationship between the occurrence of supernumerary roots and left side for three-rooted first molars and right side for three-rooted second molars (p=0.021). CONCLUSION: Obtained data show that three-rooted mandibular primary molars in children of northwest region of Iran have a prevalence of approximately 10 % which urges some specific considerations in exodontic and endodontic procedures.

Applications of nano-materials in diverse dentistry regimes.

Research and development in the applied sciences at the atomic or molecular level is the order of the day under the domain of nanotechnology or nano-science with enormous influence on nearly all areas of human health and activities comprising diverse medical fields such as pharmacological studies, clinical diagnoses, and supplementary immune system. The field of nano-dentistry has emerged due to the assorted dental applications of nano-technology. This review provides a brief introduction to the general nanotechnology field and a comprehensive overview of the synthesis features and dental uses of nano-materials including current innovations and future expectations with general comments on the latest advancements in the mechanisms and the most significant toxicological dimensions.

A new diclofenac molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based upon a polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide nano-composite.

A diclofenac (DCF)-imprinted polymer, composed of polyaniline, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and triphenylamine, as cross linker, was synthetized. This composite was identified by using SEM and FT-IR techniques. The prepared DCF-imprinted polymer (MIP) was used for modification of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) to fabricate a selective DCF electrochemical sensor. Electrochemical behavior of DCF on the investigated sensor and the optimization of the parameters affecting the DCF determination were screened by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The cyclic voltammogram of DCF showed an anodic peak current at about 0.5 V (vs. SCE). The calibration curve for DCF determination was obtained by applying the investigated sensor as working electrode in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A linear increase in the anodic peak current was observed in the range 5-80 mg L-1 of DCF. The corresponding limit of detection was calculated to be 1.1 mg L-1. The relative standard deviations of the inter- and intra-day analysis of DCF presented by the method were found to be as 2.43% and 2.47%, respectively. The selectivity of the investigated sensor was evaluated by its use for determination of DCF in the binary solutions containing DCF/glucose, DCF/urea and DCF/ascorbic acid. It was shown that the fabricated electrode can be successfully used for analysis of DCF in pharmaceutical and urine samples.

Anatomic Study of Mandibular Posterior Teeth Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography for Endodontic Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to anatomically assess mandibular posterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging for endodontic surgery. METHODS: A total of 170 CBCT scans were evaluated for anatomic variations of mandibular posterior teeth. All the scans were obtained using a Planmeca Promax CBCT unit (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) with exposure settings of 90 kVp, 12 mA, 12 seconds, and 0.3-mm resolution. All CBCT images were reconstructed by Romexis Viewer 3.8.2. software (Planmeca) on a 16-inch LCD monitor (22MP47HQ; LG, Seoul, South Korea), and axial, coronal and sagittal views were evaluated. RESULTS: The thickest buccal cortical plate was observed over the distal root of second molars (12.30 mm) among the molar teeth and over the second premolar root (5.41 mm) among the premolar teeth. The thinnest buccal cortical plate was observed over both the first and second premolar roots (0.42 mm) and over the mesial root of the first molar (0.62 mm) tooth. A 20.38-mm section was removed for surgical access during buccal resection of the distal root of the left second molar, and the closest distance from the apex to the inferior alveolar canal was 0 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate knowledge of the anatomic dimensions of teeth and their surrounding structures is imperative for endodontic surgery. Information concerning the root thickness of mandibular posterior teeth at the site of root resection (apical 3 mm), buccal cortical plate thickness, and the distance from the apex of each tooth to the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen can guide the surgeon before and during surgery.

Accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Photostimulable Phosphor Plate Digital Radiography and Conventional Radiography for Detection of Artificial Cancellous Bone Defects.

OBJECTIVES: The optimal goal of radiography is to provide high-quality diagnostic images with the least patient radiation dose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) digital and film-based conventional radiography for detection of artificial cancellous bone defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five dry human mandibles were used in this study. The mandibles were placed inside a water bath made of plexiglass plates; then PSP and CBCT scans were obtained. The mandibles were cut by a coping saw in buccolingual dimension and oval defects measuring 6.1×6.1 mm, 3×6.1 mm and 4×4 mm were created by a milling machine in the spongy bone. After fixing the two parts together (buccal and lingual), radiographs were repeated. Presence or absence of defects on images was evaluated and recorded by the two observers. Using SPSS 16, compatibility level, sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis were determined for each observer. RESULTS: The intraobserver agreement in all three imaging modalities was low to moderate (kappa≤0.613). The inter-observer agreement in all the three imaging modalities was moderate (kappa=0.406). The area under the curve (AUC) of the imaging modalities in each observation was not significantly different. The area under the curve based on defect size for the two observers was not significantly different either. CONCLUSION: Defects confined to spongy bone can be identified on film and PSP radiographs and CBCT scans. However, interpretation of PSP images and CBCT scans needs greater expertise and skills.

Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop Report.

Approximately 1.1 billion people currently live in countries where consanguineous marriages are customary, and among them one in every three marriages is between cousins. Opinions diverge between those warning of the possible health risks to offspring and others who highlight the social benefits of consanguineous marriages. A consanguinity study group of international experts and counselors met at the Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop from May 3, 2010, to May 7, 2010, to discuss the known and presumptive risks and benefits of close kin marriages and to identify important future areas for research on consanguinity. The group highlighted the importance of evidence-based counseling recommendations for consanguineous marriages and of undertaking both genomic and social research in defining the various influences and outcomes of consanguinity. Technological advances in rapid high-throughput genome sequencing and for the identification of copy number variants by comparative genomic hybridization offer a significant opportunity to identify genotype-phenotype correlations focusing on autozygosity, the hallmark of consanguinity. The ongoing strong preferential culture of close kin marriages in many societies, and among migrant communities in Western countries, merits an equivalently detailed assessment of the social and genetic benefits of consanguinity in future studies.

Comparison of conventional radiography with cone beam computed tomography for detection of vertical root fractures: an in vitro study.

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in comparison with conventional radiography for vertical root fractures, 50 of 100 teeth were subjected to vertical root fracture (VRF) and then placed in dry mandibles. 3D scans were obtained for all teeth, and conventional radiographs were used as control images. All the images were assessed by 6 observers, who determined the presence of root fractures by using a 5-point confidence rating scale. The mean area under the curve (Az) for CBCT was 0.91, and that for conventional radiography was 0.64. The difference between the modalities was statistically significant (P = 0.003). On the basis of interclass coefficient, inter-observer agreement for CBCT was 0/750, and that for conventional radiography was 0/637. Thus CBCT was shown to be significantly better than conventional periapical radiography for diagnosis of vertical root fractures in vitro.