The effects of carbon nitrogen ratio and salinity on the treatment of swine digestion effluent simultaneously producing bioenergy by microalgae biofilm.

In order to remove high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and refractory sulfamethazine (SM2) from swine digestion effluent, different carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and salinity were used to determine the effects of pollutants removal in the microalgae biofilm system. Microalgae biofilm treatment under optimal environmental conditions in synthetic swine digestion effluent were C/N ratio of 20 and salinity of 140 mM. In order to make the actual swine digestion effluent discharge up to the standard, three different two-cycle treatments (suspended microalgae, microalgae biofilm, microalgae biofilm under the optimal conditions) were studied. The results showed that after two-cycle treatment with microalgae biofilm under the optimal conditions, the actual swine digestion effluent levels of total nitrogen (TN), NH4+-N, total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SM2 were 22.65, 9.32, 4.11, 367.28, and 0.99 mg L-1, respectively, which could satisfy the discharge standards for livestock and poultry wastewater in China. At the same time, first-order kinetic simulation equations suggested a degradation half-life of 4.85 d for SM2 under optimal conditions in microalgae biofilm, and microbial community analysis indicated that the dominant genus was Halomonas. Furthermore, 35.66% of lipid, 32.56% of protein and 18.44% of polysaccharides were harvested after two-cycle in microalgae biofilm treatment under optimal environmental conditions. These results indicated that the regulation of C/N and salinity in microalgae biofilm for the treatment of swine digestion effluent was a high-efficiency strategy to simultaneously achieve wastewater treatment and bioenergy production.

The growth and lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus quadricauda under nitrogen starvation stress during xylose mixotrophic/heterotrophic cultivation.

In order to conquer the block of high cost and low yields which limit to realize the commercialization of microalgal biodiesel, the mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of Scenedesmus quadricauda FACHB-1297 fed on xylose was separately studied employing six forms of media: phosphorus sufficient, phosphorus restricted, and phosphorus starvation were combined with nitrogen sufficient and nitrogen starvation conditions. The maximum lipid content (about 41% of dry weight) was obtained on the 5th day (heterotrophic cultivation) and 8th day (mixotrophic cultivation) under the nitrogen starved and phosphorus sufficient (N0&P) conditions, which was about twofold in comparison to the final lipid content on the sufficient nitrogen condition (control). Under mixotrophic and heterotrophic modes, the highest lipid production was achieved in the N0&P trial, with the value of 274.96 mg/L and 193.77 mg/L, respectively. Xylose utilization rate of 30-96% under heterotrophic modes was apparently higher than that of 20-50% in mixotrophic modes. In contrast, phosphorus uptake rate of 100% under mixotrophic cultivation was significantly more than that of 60-90% in heterotrophic cultivation. Furthermore, under the condition of heterotrophic cultivation using xylose as a carbon source, the phosphorus had a positive impact on microalgae cell synthesis and the lipid content enhanced with the augmentation in phosphorus concentrations. We suggested that sufficient phosphorus should be supplied for obtaining higher microalgal lipid production in the lack of nitrogen under xylose heterotrophic/mixotrophic condition. This was a highly effective way to obtain efficient microalgae lipid production.

Enhancement of nutrients removal and biomass accumulation of algal-bacterial symbiosis system by optimizing the concentration and type of carbon source in the treatment of swine digestion effluent.

The algae-bacteria symbiosis system (ABS) is used to effectively solve the problems of low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, low biodegradability and high ammonia toxicity in swine digestion effluent. This study examined the effects of the concentration and type of carbon source on ABS in the pollutants removal especially ammonia. When C/N ratio was 30:1 and carbon source was sodium acetate, the ABS was most conducive to the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD, and to the accumulation of biomass and lipids. To make the wastewater discharge meet the relevant standard, the ABS + mono-cultivation of algae reprocessing system (MAS), was applied to actual swine digestion effluent. Through adjusting the C/N ratio in ABS to 30:1, the biomass concentration was 2.06 times higher than that of raw wastewater, and the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, TN, TP and COD increased by 1.43, 1.46, 1.95 and 1.28 times, respectively. The final concentrations of NH4+-N, TN, TP and COD after the treatment of ABS (C/N ratio of 30:1) + MAS, were 16.98 ± 1.07 mg L-1, 18.72 ± 1.81 mg L-1, 0.48 ± 0.01 mg L-1 and 263.49 ± 11.89 mg L-1, respectively, reached the Chinese discharge standards for livestock and poultry wastewater. Bacterial community analysis showed that the dominant species of the ABS (C/N ratio of 30:1) was Corynebacterium (genus level). This study revealed that adjusting the concentration and type of carbon source was helpful to the nutrient cycling and resource utilization of ABS, indicating a feasible technique for treating high ammonia nitrogen digestate.

Screening of the heterotrophic microalgae strain for the reclamation of acid producing wastewater.

For the sustainable development of the environment, to reduce the high cost and low productivity of microalgae biofuel, nine microalgae strains were screened to study the growh and nutrient removal properties under heterotrophic culture by using the waste carbon source of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Chlorella sorokiniana (C.sorokiniana) was selected as the best strain with the highest biomass concentration of 0.77 g L-1, specific growth rate of 0.25 d-1, biomass productivity of 91.43 mg L-1 d-1, total nitrogen removal efficiency of 95.96% and total phosphorus removal efficiency of 93.42%. To study the utilization potential of acid-producing wastewater by heterotrophic microalgae, actual acid-producing wastewater was recycled three times for the utilization of C.sorokiniana. After the three utilization cultivation, the removal rates of COD, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus were 74.44%, 88.05%, 79.08%, and 82.69%, respectively. The total utilization rates of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid were 58.99%, 70.54%, and 81.52%, respectively. In addition, the highest lipid content of 39.15% and protein content of 42.43% achieved at the third cultivation. After the first cultivation, the composition and diversity of the microbial community structure changed dramatically, with Protebacteria, Bacteroidota, Hydrogenophaga, and Algoriphagus becoming enriched. These results showed a promising way of coupling wastewater treatment with biomass production for long-term sustainability of microalgae lipid production.

The effect of volatile fatty acids on the growth and lipid properties of two microalgae strains during batch heterotrophic cultivation.

To overcome the bottlenecks of waste resource utilization and energy shortage that restrict the commercial production of microalgae biodiesel, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) derived from activated sludge were used as the sole carbon source to culture oleaginous microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa FACHB-1216 and Scenedesmus quadricauda FACHB-1297 under the mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation. Four VFAs ratios (acetic acids (AA): propionic acids (PA): butyric acids (BA)) were tested to determine the effects and mechanisms of the VFAs on the two microalgae. The highest lipid content (29.54%) and lipid production (71.10 mg L-1) were achieved by S. quadricauda at the VFAs ratio of 6: 1: 3 under heterotrophic condition, with 46.27% and 67.52% removal efficiencies of total nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The assimilation efficiency of AA was the highest at 73.37%, followed by that of PA and BA. For C. pyrenoidosa, VFAs promoted the rapid reproduction within 2 days under the heterotrophic condition at different initial inoculation densities. At the optimal VFA ratio, algae achieved the highest biomass concentration (0.14 ± 0.02 g L-1), with a specific growth rate of 0.91 d-1 and biomass productivity of 125.17 mg L-1 d-1. The removal rates of total nitrogen and phosphorus were 47.03% and 74.40%, respectively, and the assimilation efficiency of AA was the best (61.06%). High AA assimilation efficiency under the heterotrophic condition was beneficial for the algal growth and lipid accumulation. These results simultaneously produced microalgae-based bioenergy and recycled VFAs in anaerobically digested effluent.