Interaction between αCaMKII and GluN2B controls ERK-dependent plasticity.

Understanding how brief synaptic events can lead to sustained changes in synaptic structure and strength is a necessary step in solving the rules governing learning and memory. Activation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal regulated protein kinase 1/2) plays a key role in the control of functional and structural synaptic plasticity. One of the triggering events that activates ERK1/2 cascade is an NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent rise in free intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. However the mechanism by which a short-lasting rise in Ca(2+) concentration is transduced into long-lasting ERK1/2-dependent plasticity remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that although synaptic activation in mouse cultured cortical neurons induces intracellular Ca(2+) elevation via both GluN2A and GluN2B-containing NMDARs, only GluN2B-containing NMDAR activation leads to a long-lasting ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We show that αCaMKII, but not ßCaMKII, is critically involved in this GluN2B-dependent activation of ERK1/2 signaling, through a direct interaction between GluN2B and αCaMKII. We then show that interfering with GluN2B/αCaMKII interaction prevents synaptic activity from inducing ERK-dependent increases in synaptic AMPA receptors and spine volume. Thus, in a developing circuit model, the brief activity of synaptic GluN2B-containing receptors and the interaction between GluN2B and αCaMKII have a role in long-term plasticity via the control of ERK1/2 signaling. Our findings suggest that the roles that these major molecular elements have in learning and memory may operate through a common pathway.

PET imaging with [18F]AV-45 in an APP/PS1-21 murine model of amyloid plaque deposition.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the accumulation of ß-amyloid peptide. In man, [18F]AV-45 with positron emission tomography (PET) is currently studied and used to track in vivo amyloid accumulation. Here, [18F]-AV45-PET was used to visualize amyloid deposition in a transgenic murine model of amyloidosis (APP/PS1-21). Studies were performed ex vivo by autoradiography and in vivo by microPET. Autoradiograms of the brain sections highlighted an increased uptake of [18F]AV-45 in APP/PS1-21 mice compared with age-matched control mice. From 8 months, an intense labeling was observed in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. The marked accumulation of radiotracer was found in close association with thioflavin S-positive amyloid plaques. The longitudinal microPET assessment, performed from 3 to 12 months of age, demonstrated an increased [18F]AV-45 uptake in APP/PS1-21 compared with control mice. The elevated tracer uptake was increased in association with age. This study opens the possibility of [18F]AV-45, coupled with microPET, to visualize and quantitatively measure amyloid deposits in the brains of living APP/PS1 mice.

Glutamatergic cerebellar granule neurons synthesize and secrete reelin in vitro.

In the postnatal forebrain, the extracellular matrix protein reelin is expressed and secreted by subsets of GABAergic neurons, whereas in the cerebellum reelin is detected in glutamatergic cells of the granule cell layer. Thus, various regions of the postnatal brain present different patterns of reelin expression, whose significance remains unknown. We combined immunocytochemical and pharmacological approaches to characterize the phenotypic and temporal profiles of reelin expression in dissociated cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. A single type of reelin immunoreactivity, identified by a punctate labelling, was present in the somata of the majority of neurons. This immunoreactivity was observed throughout maturation and was exclusively present in glutamatergic neurons expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter 1. Neurons containing the reelin receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr) represented about 80% of cerebellar neurons. The vast majority of reelin-positive neurons coexpressed Apoer2, suggesting that reelin immunoreactivity resulted in part from receptor-bound reelin. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide completely abolished reelin immunoreactivity. In contrast, blocking protein secretion with brefeldin A did not affect the proportion of punctate neurons but revealed a subpopulation of neurons characterized by a solid reelin staining. These data show for the first time that a homogeneous population of glutamatergic neurons can synthesize and secrete reelin in cerebellar granule cells in vitro.