Antimicrobial resistance burden in India and Germany in 2022: A systematic analysis along with One Health perspective.

Globally increasing antibiotic resistance has been linked to the extensive use of antibiotics in medical, veterinary, and agricultural Practices. This study aims to investigate the correlations of antimicrobial-resistant of various pathogens in three compartments: humans, animals and the environment in India and Germany. A systematic search was carried out in Medline via PubMed, Google Scholar, and science direct, including studies published in 2022. Out of 532 papers, 24 were considered for meta-analysis. Our findings reveals that in India, ß-lactam is highly resistant in animals. Quinolone, on the other hand, was highly resistant in humans. In the environmental sectors, aminoglycosides and ß-lactams is resistant. While in Germany, ß-lactam resistance is high across all three sectors. However, E. coli was the most frequent and resistant pathogen in both countries, with significant resistance to ß-lactams and cephalosporins across all compartments. These results underscore the critical need for monitoring antibiotic resistance patterns and developing targeted antibiotic regimens. A One Health-based intervention strategy is essential to mitigate the spread of AMR and improve health outcomes globally.

Enhanced drug delivery with nanocarriers: a comprehensive review of recent advances in breast cancer detection and treatment.

Breast cancer (BC) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) posing significant treatment challenges due to its aggressive phenotype and resistance to conventional therapies. Recent advancements in nanocarrier technology offer promising solutions for enhancing drug delivery, improving bioavailability, and increasing drug accumulation at tumor sites through targeted approaches. This review delves into the latest innovations in BC detection and treatment, highlighting the role of nanocarriers like polymeric micelles, liposomes, and magnetic nanoparticles in overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies. Additionally, the manuscript discusses the integration of cutting-edge diagnostic tools, such as multiplex PCR-Nested Next-Generation Sequencing (mPCR-NGS) and blood-based biomarkers, which are revolutionizing early detection and molecular profiling of BC. The convergence of these technologies not only enhances therapeutic outcomes but also paves the way for personalized medicine in BC management. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nanocarriers in transforming BC treatment and emphasizes the critical importance of early detection in improving patient prognosis.

Advanced meta-analysis on therapeutic strategies of mesenchymal derived exosome for diabetic chronic wound healing and tissue remodeling.

BACKGROUND: Exosome (EXOs) are rapidly being identified as key mediators of cell-to-cell communication. They convey biologically active molecules to target cells, serve important roles in a range of physiological and pathological processes, and have enormous potential as novel therapeutic strategies. METHODS: Preclinical research published between 2019 and 2023 provided the study's data searched on different medline search engine, and clinicaltrials.gov was searched for clinical data. These papers were chosen because they are relevant to the research of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs). Thematic synthesis and meta-analysis were used to perform the meta-analysis of diabetic wound healing. RESULTS: For data extraction, a total of 18 preclinical and 4 clinical trials were selected. Preclinical investigations involving EXOs across various animal wound healing models showed promising potential for treatment. Specifically, following EXO treatment, there was a notable correlation with wound closure rates, with a pooled proportion of 46 % (95 % CI: 0.34; 0.59) and τ2 of 0.0593 after 3 ± 2 days, 54 % (95 % CI: 0.43; 0.65) and τ2 of 0.0465 after 7 ± 2 days, and 69 % (95 % CI: 0.62; 0.76) and τ2 of 0.0221 after 14 ± 2 days, with an egger's test p-value of <0.01. Further investigation into heterogeneity was conducted through subgroup analysis based on the source of EXO and the animal model utilized in the study. CONCLUSIONS: EXOs are proving to be viable platforms for the treatment of a wide range of disorders in clinical trials. MSC-EXOs exhibited significant diabetic wound healing capabilities across diverse outcomes including wound closure, increase angiogenesis, immunomodulatory ability and skin regeneration with its typical structure and functions.

Amino Acid-Conjugated Polymer-Silver Bromide Nanocomposites for Eradicating Polymicrobial Biofilms and Treating Burn Wound Infections.

The rise in antimicrobial resistance, the increasing occurrence of bacterial, and fungal infections, and the challenges posed by polymicrobial biofilms necessitate the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. Silver-based antimicrobials have garnered attention for their broad-spectrum activity and multimodal mechanisms of action. However, their effectiveness against single-species or polymicrobial biofilms remains limited. In this study, we present the fabrication of polymer-silver bromide nanocomposites using amino acid conjugated polymers (ACPs) through a green and water-based in situ technique. The nanocomposite architecture facilitated prolonged and controlled release of the active components. Remarkably, the nanocomposites exhibited broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) human pathogenic bacteria (MIC = 2-16 µg/mL) and fungi (MIC = 1-8 µg/mL), while displaying no detectable toxicity to human erythrocytes (HC50 > 1024 µg/mL). In contrast to existing antimicrobials and silver-based therapies, the nanocomposite effectively eradicated bacterial, fungal, and polymicrobial biofilms, and prevented the development of microbial resistance due to their membrane-active properties. Furthermore, the lead polymer-silver bromide nanocomposite demonstrated a 99% reduction in the drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa burden in a murine model of burn wound infection, along with excellent in vivo biocompatibility.

Stimuli-Responsive Release-Active Dressing: A Promising Solution for Eradicating Biofilm-Mediated Wound Infections.

Biofilm-mediated wound infections pose a significant challenge due to the limitations of conventional antibiotics, which often exhibit narrow-spectrum activity, fail to eliminate recurrent bacterial contamination, and are unable to penetrate the biofilm matrix. While the search for alternatives has explored the use of metal nanoparticles and synthetic biocides, these solutions often suffer from unintended toxicity to surrounding tissues and lack controlled administration and release. In this study, we engineered a pH-responsive release-active dressing film based on carboxymethyl cellulose, incorporating a synthetic antibacterial molecule (SAM-17). The dressing film exhibited optimal mechanical stability for easy application and demonstrated excellent fluid absorption properties, allowing for prolonged moisturization at the site of injury. The film exhibited pH-dependent release of cargo, with 78% release within 24 h at acidic pH, enabling targeted antibacterial drug delivery within the wound microenvironment. Furthermore, the release-active film effectively eliminated repeated challenges of bacterial contamination. Remarkably, the film demonstrated a minimal toxicity profile in both in vitro and in vivo models. The film eliminated preformed bacterial biofilms, achieving a reduction of 2.5 log against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 4.1 log against vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). In a biofilm-mediated MRSA wound infection model, this release-active film eradicated the biofilm-embedded bacteria by over 99%, resulting in accelerated wound healing. These findings highlight the potential of this film as an effective candidate for tackling biofilm-associated wound infections.

Polyoxometalate-Polymer Directed Macromolecular Architectonics of Silver Nanoparticles as Effective Antimicrobials.

A novel inorganic-organic-inorganic ternary bioactive material formulated on antimicrobial peptide-based polymer has been reported. Supramolecular approach has been employed to incorporate molecularly crowded tyrosine-based polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles into membrane bound vesicles exploiting polyoxometalate-triggered surface templating strategy. Utilizing the covalent reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and exploiting templated supramolecular architectonics at biopolymer interface, the bioactive ternary polymeric nanohybrids have been designed against Shigellosis leveraging the antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticle, cationic amphiphilic tyrosine polymer and inorganic polyoxometalate. The detail investigation against Shigella flexneri 2a cell line demonstrates that the collaborative mechanism of the ternary hybrid composite enhances the bactericidal activity in comparison to only polyoxometalate and polymer stabilized silver nanoparticle with an altered mechanism of action which is established via detailed biological analysis.

Functionalized chitosan based antibacterial hydrogel sealant for simultaneous infection eradication and tissue closure in ocular injuries.

Management of infections at ocular injury often requires prolonged and high dose of antibiotic, which is associated with challenges of antibiotic resistance and bacterial biofilm formation. Tissue glues are commonly used for repairing ocular tissue defects and tissue regeneration, but they are ineffective in curing infection. There is a critical need for antibacterial ocular bio-adhesives capable of both curing infection and aiding wound closure. Herein, we present the development of an imine crosslinked N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC)­silver chloride nanocomposites (QAm1-Agx) and poly-dextran aldehyde (PDA) based bactericidal sealant (BacSeal). BacSeal exhibited potent bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria including their planktonic and stationary phase within a short duration of 4 h. BacSeal effectively reduced biofilm-embedded MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by ∼99.99 %. In ex-vivo human cornea infection model, BacSeal displayed ∼99 % reduction of ocular infection. Furthermore, the hydrogel exhibited excellent sealing properties by maintaining ocular pressure up to 75 mm-Hg when applied to human corneal trauma. Cytotoxicity assessment and hydrogel-treated human cornea with a retained tissue structure, indicate its non-toxic nature. Collectively, BacSeal represents a promising candidate for the development of an ocular sealant that can effectively mitigate infections and may assist in tissue regeneration by sealing ocular wounds.

Antimicrobial nanocomposite coatings for rapid intervention against catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) pose a significant challenge in hospital settings. Current solutions available on the market involve incorporating antimicrobials and antiseptics into catheters. However, challenges such as uncontrolled release leading to undesirable toxicity, as well as the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduce the effectiveness of these solutions. Additionally, conventional antibiotics fail to effectively eradicate entrenched bacteria and metabolically suppressed bacteria present in the biofilm, necessitating the exploration of alternative strategies. Here, we introduce a novel polymer-nanocomposite coating that imparts rapid antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties to coated urinary catheters. We have coated silicone-based urinary catheters with an organo-soluble antimicrobial polymer nanocomposite (APN), containing hydrophobic quaternized polyethyleneimine and zinc oxide nanoparticles, in a single step coating process. The coated surfaces exhibited rapid eradication of drug-resistant bacteria within 10-15 min, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, MRSA, and S. epidermidis, as well as drug-resistant C. albicans fungi. APN coated catheters exhibited potent bactericidal activity against uropathogenic strains of E. coli, even when incubated in human urine. Furthermore, the stability of the coating and retention of antimicrobial activity was validated even after multiple washes. More importantly, this coating deterred biofilm formation on the catheter surface, and displayed rapid inactivation of metabolically repressed stationary phase and persister cells. The ability of the coated surfaces to disrupt bacterial membranes and induce the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed through different techniques, such as electron microscopy imaging, flow cytometry as well as fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. The surface coatings were found to be biocompatible in an in vivo mice model. Our simple one-step coating approach for catheters holds significant potential owing to its ability to tackle multidrug resistant bacteria and fungi, and the challenge of biofilm formation. This work brings us one step closer to enhancing patient care and safety in hospitals.

The Role of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Enhancing Patients' Well-Being: Systematic Study of the Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence.

Background: Animal-assisted therapy, also known as pet therapy, is a therapeutic intervention that involves animals to enhance the well-being of individuals across various populations and settings. Objective: This systematic study aims to assess the outcomes of animal-assisted therapy interventions and explore the associated policies. Methods: A total of 16 papers published between 2015 and 2023 were selected for analysis. These papers were chosen based on their relevance to the research topic of animal-assisted therapy and their availability in scholarly databases. Thematic synthesis and meta-analysis were used to synthesize the qualitative and quantitative data extracted from the selected papers. Results: The analysis included 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were deemed to be of moderate or higher quality. Among these studies, 4 demonstrated positive results for therapeutic mediation and one for supportive mediation in psychiatric disorders. Additionally, all studies showed positive outcomes for depression and neurological disorders. Regarding stress and anxiety, 3 studies indicated supportive mediation, while 2 studies showed activating mediation. Conclusions: The overall assessment of animal-assisted therapy shows promise as an effective intervention in promoting well-being among diverse populations. Further research and the establishment of standardized outcome assessment measures and comprehensive policies are essential for advancing the field and maximizing the benefits of animal-assisted therapy.

Subretinal hyporeflective globule: A novel OCT finding in central serous chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To describe the subretinal hyporeflective globule in cases of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of consecutive cases of CSC presenting to a tertiary eye care center in eastern India was conducted. Subretinal hyporeflective globules were identified as small globular lesions below the external limiting membrane/ellipsoid zone, but above the RPE layer. They had a hyperreflective border with a hyporeflective core and a clear posterior tail of hyper-transmission. RESULTS: The present study analyzed 137 eyes of 137 patients. Eighty (58.4%) eyes had acute disease at presentation, 48 (35%) eyes had chronic disease, and eight (5.8%) eyes had resolved CSC. Subretinal hyporeflective globules were seen in 27 (21.8%) eyes, of which choroidal caverns were seen in seven (5.1%) eyes. Twenty-five eyes with chronic CSC and only two eyes with acute CSC had subretinal hyporeflective globules. Three eyes with resolved CSC had subretinal hyporeflective globules. CONCLUSION: We describe subretinal hyporeflective globule as a novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) finding in cases of CSC and describe its clinical correlates.

Multifunctional Suture Coating for Combating Surgical Site Infections and Mitigating Associated Complications.

Despite advancements in preventive measures and hospital protocols, surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a significant concern following surgeries. Sutures, commonly used for wound closure, can serve as a platform for microbial adherence and contamination, leading to extensive debridement and recurrent antibiotic therapy. The emergence of drug resistance and the formation of biofilms on sutures have further complicated the management of SSIs. Drug-eluting sutures incorporating biocides like triclosan have limitations due to uncontrolled release and associated toxicity. Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches to impart antimicrobial properties to sutures. In this study, we present a one-step covalent cross-linking method to coat surgical sutures with an antimicrobial small molecule, quaternary benzophenone-based antimicrobial (QSM). Additionally, the sutures are dip-coated with ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic properties. The coated sutures maintained their morphological and tensile properties after in vivo implantation. The antimicrobial coating demonstrated efficacy against a broad-spectrum pathogens, including drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. The optimized formulation retained its biodegradability in vivo. Furthermore, the coated sutures exhibited ∼3 log reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) burden in a subcutaneous implantation mouse model. Overall, this multifunctional coating provides antimicrobial properties to surgical sutures while preserving their mechanical integrity and biodegradability. These coated sutures have the potential to address the challenge of SSIs and contribute to improved surgical outcomes.

Nanocarrier-mediated probiotic delivery: a systematic meta-analysis assessing the biological effects.

Probiotics have gained a significant attention as a promising way to improve gut health and overall well-being. The increasing recognition of the potential health advantages associated with functional food products, leading to a specific emphasis on co-encapsulating probiotic bacteria and bioactive compounds within a unified matrix. To further explore this concept, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of probiotics encapsulated in nanoparticles. A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, encompassing 10 papers published from 2017 to 2022, focusing on the encapsulation of probiotics within nanoparticles and their viability in various gastrointestinal conditions. The selection of these papers was based on their direct relevance to the research topic. Random-effect models were used to aggregate study-specific risk estimates. In the majority of studies, it was observed that nano-encapsulated nanoparticles showed improved viability over time compared to their free state counterparts. At various time intervals, the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using fixed and random effect models. At 0 min, the OR (95%CI) was 2.79 (2.79; 2.80) and 2.38 (2.14; 2.64) for. At 30 and 60 min observation was at similar rate of 2.23 (2.23; 2.24) and 2.05 (1.73; 2.43). However, at 90 min it was 1.39 (1.39; 1.39) and 1.66 (1.29; 2.14) and at 120 min 2.41 (2.41; 2.42) and 2.03 (1.63; 2.52). Overall evaluation of encapsulation revealed an improvement in probiotic bacterial viability in simulated the gastrointestinal environments.

Small molecular adjuvants repurpose antibiotics towards Gram-negative bacterial infections and multispecies bacterial biofilms.

Gram-negative bacterial infections pose a significant challenge due to two major resistance elements, including the impermeability of the outer membrane and the overexpression of efflux pumps, which contribute to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, the coexistence of multispecies superbugs in mixed species biofilms further complicates treatment, as these infections are refractory to most antibiotics. To address this issue, combining obsolete antibiotics with non-antibiotic adjuvants that target bacterial membranes has shown promise in combating antibacterial resistance. However, the clinical translation of this cocktail therapy has been hindered by the toxicity associated with these membrane active adjuvants, mainly due to a limited understanding of their structure and mechanism of action. Towards this goal, herein, we have designed a small molecular adjuvant by tuning different structural parameters, such as the balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, spatial positioning of hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonding interactions, causing moderate membrane perturbation in bacterial cells without any toxicity to mammalian cells. Moderate membrane perturbation not only enhances the internalization of antibiotics, but also increases the intracellular concentration of drugs by hampering the efflux machinery. This revitalises the efficacy of various classes of antibiotics by 32-512 fold, without inducing toxicity. The leading combination not only exhibits potent bactericidal activity against A. baumannii biofilms but also effectively disrupts mature multispecies biofilms composed of A. baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is typically resistant to most antibiotics. Importantly, the combination therapy demonstrates good biocompatibility and excellent in vivo antibacterial efficacy (>99% reduction) in a skin infection model of A. baumannii. Interestingly, A. baumannii shows reduced susceptibility to develop resistance against the leading combination, underscoring its potential for treating multi-drug resistant infections.

Comparative meta-analysis of antimicrobial resistance from different food sources along with one health approach in the Egypt and UK.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global issue that poses significant threats to human health, animal welfare, and the environment. With the increasing emergence of resistant microorganisms, the effectiveness of current antimicrobial medicines against common infections is diminishing. This study aims to conduct a competitive meta-analysis of surveillance data on resistant microorganisms and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in two countries, Egypt and the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS: Data for this study were obtained from published reports spanning the period from 2013 to 2022. In Egypt and the UK, a total of 9,751 and 10,602 food samples were analyzed, respectively. Among these samples, 3,205 (32.87%) in Egypt and 4,447 (41.94%) in the UK were found to contain AMR bacteria. RESULTS: In Egypt, the predominant resistance was observed against ß-lactam and aminoglycosides, while in the United Kingdom, most isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline and ß-lactam. The findings from the analysis underscore the increasing prevalence of AMR in certain microorganisms, raising concerns about the development of multidrug resistance. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis sheds light on the escalating AMR problem associated with certain microorganisms that pose a higher risk of multidrug resistance development. The significance of implementing One Health AMR surveillance is emphasized to bridge knowledge gaps and facilitate accurate AMR risk assessments, ensuring consumer safety. Urgent actions are needed on a global scale to combat AMR and preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments for the well-being of all living beings.

Nanobiotics and the One Health Approach: Boosting the Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance at the Nanoscale.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it poses a significant threat to human, animal, and environmental health. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed significantly and others factors including gene mutation, bacteria living in biofilms, and enzymatic degradation/hydrolyses help in the emergence and spread of AMR, which may lead to significant economic consequences such as reduced productivity and increased health care costs. Nanotechnology offers a promising platform for addressing this challenge. Nanoparticles have unique properties that make them highly effective in combating bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth and survival of multi-drug-resistant bacteria in three areas of health: human, animal, and environmental. To conduct an economic evaluation of surveillance in this context, it is crucial to obtain an understanding of the connections to be addressed by several nations by implementing national action policies based on the One Health strategy. This review provides an overview of the progress made thus far and presents potential future directions to optimize the impact of nanobiotics on AMR.

Engineering Photo-Crosslinked Antimicrobial Coating to Tackle Catheter-Associated Infections In Vivo.

Microbial colonization on urinary and intravascular catheter surfaces results in steeply rising cases of catheter-associated infections as well as blood stream infections. Currently marketed efforts include impregnation and loading of antimicrobials and antiseptics that leach out into the local environment and inactivate microbes. However, they suffer from uncontrolled release, induction of resistance, and undesired toxicity. Here, in this manuscript, we have developed a photocurable, covalent coating on catheters using quaternary benzophenone-based amide (QSM-1). The coating was found to be active against drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. The coating inactivated stationary and persister cells of superbug MRSA and inhibited the formation of biofilms with retained activity against broad-spectrum bacteria when challenged in realistic urinary conditions. The coating was seen to be biocompatible in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, the coated catheters showed reduced fouling and >99.9% reduction in bacterial burden when implanted in vivo in a mice model of subcutaneous implantation. We conceive the possibility of application of QSM-1-coated catheters in the healthcare settings to tackle the notorious catheter-associated nosocomial infections.

Experimental Methods for the Biological Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Risks.

Many novel medical therapies use nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, including nanomaterials through drug delivery systems, diagnostics, or physiologically active medicinal products. The approval of nanoparticles with advanced therapeutic and diagnostic potentials for applications in medication and immunization depends strongly on their synthesizing procedure, efficiency of functionalization, and biological safety and biocompatibility. Nanoparticle biodistribution, absorption, bioavailability, passage across biological barriers, and biodistribution are frequently assessed using bespoke and biological models. These methods largely rely on in vitro cell-based evaluations that cannot predict the complexity involved in preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, assessing the nanoparticle risk has to involve pharmacokinetics, organ toxicity, and drug interactions manifested at multiple cellular levels. At the same time, there is a need for novel approaches to examine nanoparticle safety risks due to increased constraints on animal exploitation and the demand for high-throughput testing. We focus here on biological evaluation methodologies that provide access to nanoparticle interactions with the organism (positive or negative via toxicity). This work aimed to provide a perception regarding the risks associated with the utilization of nanoparticle-based formulations with a particular focus on assays applied to assess the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials.

Biocide loaded shear-thinning hydrogel with anti-biofilm efficacy cures topical infection.

The continuous intervention of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections worsens and slows the dynamicity of natural wound healing processes. Fortunately, antibiotics, metal ions, or metal nanoparticle-loaded antimicrobial hydrogels have been developed to tackle infections at injury sites and speed up the healing process. Despite their success, these marketed released based hydrogels are still limited owing to their lack of broad-spectrum activity, inability to tackle biofilm-associated infections, susceptibility towards resistance development, fast release kinetics, and mild to moderate toxicity. To address these shortcomings, we report the development of a biocompatible, shear-thinning, injectable gellan-gelatin hydrogel loaded with a peptidomimetic potent biocide (ASAM-10). The hydrogel upon sustained biocide release (60% within 72 h), displays a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with negligible in vitro (hemolysis < 20%) and in vivo toxicity (no adverse effects on dermal layer of mice). Besides tackling bacterial dormant subpopulation (1-6 Log reduction), the optimized hydrogel is able to disrupt the preformed bacterial biofilm and even kill the biofilm-trapped pathogens with enhanced pathogenicity. Above all, the lead hydrogel was proficient in tackling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) wound infections in a mouse model through its safe topical administration. Overall, the biocide-loaded hydrogel can be considered as a promising candidate to combat MDR chronic infections at the wound site.

Exploring Disease Management and Control through Pathogen Diagnostics and One Health Initiative: A Concise Review.

The "One Health" initiative is a critical strategy that recognizes the interconnectedness between human, animal, and environmental health in the spread and containment of infectious pathogens. With the ease of global transportation, transboundary disease outbreaks pose a significant threat to food safety and security, endangering public health and having a negative economic impact. Traditional diagnostic techniques based on genotypic and phenotypic analyses are expensive, time-consuming, and cannot be translated into point-of-care tools, hindering effective disease management and control. However, with advancements in molecular methods, biosensors, and new generation sequencing, rapid and reliable diagnostics are now available. This review provides a comprehensive insight into emergent viral and bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of "One Health" in connecting detection and effective treatment. By emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between human and animal health, this paper underscores the critical role of "One Health" initiatives in preventing and controlling infectious diseases.