CLARUS as a Cloud Security Framework: e-Health Use Case.

Maintaining Passive Medical Health Records (PMHR) is an increasing cost and resource consumption problem. Moving to the cloud is the clearest solution to solve the problem as it offers a high amount of space and computation power. But the cloud is not safe enough when dealing with this kind of information because it can be easily accessed by attackers. The European Commission funded research project CLARUS contributes to protect healthcare-sensitive information in a secure way.

Low aspect ratio micropores for single-particle and single-cell analysis.

This paper describes microparticle and bacterial translocation studies using low aspect ratio solid-state micropores. Micropores, 5 µm in diameter, were fabricated in 200 nm thick free-standing silicon nitride membranes, resulting in pores with an extremely low aspect ratio, nominally 0.04. For microparticle translocation experiments, sulfonated polystyrene microparticles and magnetic microbeads in size range of 1-4 µm were used. Using the microparticle translocation characteristics, we find that particle translocations result in a change only in the pore's geometrical resistance while the access resistance remains constant. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of our micropore to probe high-resolution shape information of translocating analytes using concatenated magnetic microspheres. Distinct current drop peaks were observed for each microsphere of the multibead architecture. For bacterial translocation experiments, nonflagellated Escherichia coli (strain HCB 5) and wild type flagellated Salmonella typhimurium (strain SJW1103) were used. Distinct current signatures for the two bacteria were obtained and this difference in translocation behavior was attributed to different surface protein distributions on the bacteria. Our findings may help in developing low aspect ratio pores for high-resolution microparticle characterization and single-cell analysis.

Chemically modified solid state nanopores for high throughput nanoparticle separation.

The separation of biomolecules and other nanoparticles is a vital step in several analytical and diagnostic techniques. Towards this end we present a solid state nanopore-based set-up as an efficient separation platform. The translocation of charged particles through a nanopore was first modeled mathematically using the multi-ion model and the surface charge density of the nanopore membrane was identified as a critical parameter that determines the selectivity of the membrane and the throughput of the separation process. Drawing from these simulations a single 150 nm pore was fabricated in a 50 nm thick free-standing silicon nitride membrane by focused-ion-beam milling and was chemically modified with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane to change its surface charge density. This chemically modified membrane was then used to separate 22 and 58 nm polystyrene nanoparticles in solution. Once optimized, this approach can readily be scaled up to nanopore arrays which would function as a key component of next-generation nanosieving systems.

Ultra-fast low concentration detection of Candida pathogens utilizing high resolution micropore chips.

Although Candida species are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial blood stream infections in the United States, early diagnostic tools for invasive candidemia are lacking. Due to an increasing rate of candidemia, a new screening system is needed to detect the Candida species in a timely manner. Here we describe a novel method of detection using a solid-state micro-scale pore similar to the operational principles of a Coulter counter. With a steady electrolyte current flowing through the pore, measurements are taken of changes in the current corresponding to the shape of individual yeasts as they translocate or travel through the pore. The direct ultra-fast low concentration electrical addressing of C. albicans has established criteria for distinguishing individual yeast based on their structural properties, which may reduce the currently used methods' complexity for both identification and quantification capabilities in mixed blood samples.

Single-molecule spectroscopy using nanoporous membranes.

We describe a novel approach for optically detecting DNA translocation events through an array of solid-state nanopores that potentially allows for ultra high-throughput, parallel detection at the single-molecule level. The approach functions by electrokinetically driving DNA strands through sub micrometer-sized holes on an aluminum/silicon nitride membrane. During the translocation process, the molecules are confined to the walls of the nanofluidic channels, allowing 100% detection efficiency. Importantly, the opaque aluminum layer acts as an optical barrier between the illuminated region and the analyte reservoir. In these conditions, high-contrast imaging of single-molecule events can be performed. To demonstrate the efficiency of the approach, a 10 pM fluorescently labeled lambda-DNA solution was used as a model system to detect simultaneous translocation events using electron multiplying CCD imaging. Single-pore translocation events are also successfully detected using single-point confocal spectroscopy.