Tocopherol-assisted magnetic Ag-Fe3O4-TiO2 nanocomposite for photocatalytic bacterial-inactivation with elucidation of mechanism and its hazardous level assessment with zebrafish model.

In recent years, many endeavours have been prompted with photocatalytic nanomaterials by the need to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms from water bodies. Herein, a tocopherol-assisted Ag-Fe3O4-TiO2 nanocomposite (TAFTN) was synthesized for photocatalytic bacterial inactivation. The prepared TAFTN became active under sunlight due to its narrowed bandgap, inactivating the bacterial contaminants via photo-induced ROS stress. The ROS radicals destroy bacteria by creating oxidative stress, which damages the cell membrane and cellular components such as nucleic acids and proteins. For the first time, the nano-LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics reveals that the disrupted proteins are involved in a variety of cellular functions; the most of these are involved in the metabolic pathway, eventually leading to bacterial death during TAFTN-photocatalysis under sunlight. Furthermore, the toxicity analysis confirmed that the inactivated bacteria seemed to have no detrimental impact on zebrafish model, showing that the disinfected water via TAFTN-photocatalysis is enormously safe. Furthermore, the TAFTN-photocatalysis successfully killed the bacterial cells in natural seawater, indicating the consistent photocatalytic efficacy when recycled repeatedly. The results of this work demonstrate that the produced nanocomposite might be a powerful recyclable and sunlight-active photocatalyst for environmental water treatment.

Fabrication of eco-friendly chitosan functionalized few-layered WS2 nanocomposite implanted with ruthenium nanoparticles for in vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity: Synthesis, characterization, and pharmaceutical applications.

The abundance of two-dimensional (2D) components has provided them with a broad material platform for building nano and atomic-level applications. So, 2D nanomaterials are unique because of their physicochemical properties. Over many years, graphene is a conventional 2D layered element that has significant attention in the scientific community. In recent years numerous new 2D nanomaterials other than graphene have been reported. The study of 2D nanomaterials is also in its infant stages, with the majority of research focusing on the explanation of special material properties, but very few articles are focusing on the biological applications of 2D nanomaterials. As a result, we focused on the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) such as MoS2 and WS2, which were emerging and exciting groups of elements with display great opportunities in several fields, such as cancer nanomedicine. Herein, we synthesized biologically active CS/WS2/Ru composite by liquid exfoliation approach. The CS/WS2/Ru composites exhibit significant antibacterial action towards (S. aureus, and E. coli) bacteria. Also, the composite suggests synergetic anticancer action against MCF-7 cancer cells. These reports are possible to explore the innovative aspects of biological outcomes in carcinological applications.

Electrospinning cellulose acetate/silk fibroin/Au-Ag hybrid composite nanofiber for enhanced biocidal activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell.

The development of multifunctional nanomaterials with enhanced biocompatible potential is crucial for effective biomedical applications. Herein we propose electrospun silk fibroin/cellulose acetate/gold-silver nanoparticles (CA/SF/Au-Ag) composite nanofiber for anticancer applications. The silk fibroin and cellulose acetate serving as the reducing and stabilizing agent for Ag+ and Au+ ions with improved biocompatibility. The fabricated CA/SF/Au-Ag nanofiber was studied with different functional, surface and crystallographic techniques. The CA/SF polymer matrix was formed in the needle and rod-shaped morphology with the range of 86.02 ± 57.35 nm in diameter and the Au and Ag NPs were embedded on the fiber matrix with an average size of 17.32 nm and 53.21 nm respectively. Further, it strongly triggers the cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells with an effective IC50 value. Our findings implied that CA/SF/Au-Ag composite nanofibers are an effective material for safer anticancer applications.

Synthesis of biocompatible chitosan functionalized Ag decorated biocomposite for effective antibacterial and anticancer activity.

The transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) like MoS2 and WS2 are a new and interesting class of materials and show considerable promise for use in a wide variety of fields, including nanomedicine for cancer. The eco-friendly, biodegradability, toxicity, and antimicrobial activity remain an open issue. Herein, we focused on the current demands of two dimensional (2D) TMDCs and produced high-quality, few-layered MoS2 nanosheets. Noble metal Ag incorporated into the 2D-CS/MoS2 NC by the liquid exfoliated process. The manufactured CS/MoS2/Ag hybrid NC showed excellent antibacterial activity against two microorganisms such as Gram-positive (21, 27, and 33 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria (23, 30, and 39 mm). The CS/MoS2/Ag hybrid NC was designed to have significant antibacterial activity against E.coli bacteria than S.aureus. Furthermore, the hybrid NC has a 74.18% cell inhibition against MCF-7 cancer cells. According to the literature relevant, it is the first extensive experimental analysis on the nano-bio interaction of 2D TMDCs nanomaterials in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Fabrication of heteroatom doped NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT nanocomposite from imidazolium ionic liquid functionalized MWCNT for antibiofilm and wound healing in Wistar rats: Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

Bacterial biofilm is an obstacle for wound healing because it can affect the epithelialization, development of granular cells, and other regular inflammatory procedures. It plays the role of safeguarding pathogens from antiseptics and antibiotics. In this respect, this research work aims to develop heteroatom (N, F, P/B) incorporated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), such as NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT, which can maximize the wound healing efficacy via destroying the wound pathogen and biofilms. NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT were obtained using self-assembling ionic liquids (ILs) such as BMIM-PF6 and BMIM-BF4 in an acid-functionalized MWCNT (A-MWCNT) suspension, followed by pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The composite formation was established by FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, EDX mapping, and XPS spectroscopy. TEM and SEM analyses confirmed the bamboo stick-like morphology. During this reaction, IL molecules might be cross-linked with A-MWCNT via hydrogen bonding and ionic interaction, with further pyrolysis producing the defects with doping of N, F, P, or B elements. Finally, they were assessed for their antibiofilm activity against typical bacterial strains such as K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli (Gram-negative), and B. subtilis (Gram-positive), using a quantitative estimation approach. The results revealed greater effectiveness of NFB-MWCNT and NFP-MWCNT, compared to pristine MWCNT. The antibiofilm activity of NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT was associated with their specific surface chemistry (due to the presence of N, F, P/B heteroatoms), and their nanosize. Moreover, the synthesized material was examined for its wound-healing ability in Wistar rats. The results proved that cells cultured on NFB-MWCNT and NFP-MWCNT displayed exceptional healing ability. The different electronegativity between the heteroatoms creates the surface charge that inhibits the biofilm formation, leading to healing the wounds together with the heteroatom mineral source for mouse fibroblast regeneration and granulation. This is the first study in which the role of different heteroatoms incorporated into MWCNT is examined in the context of antibiofilm-associated wound-healing ability.

Synthesis of biogenic chitosan-functionalized 2D layered MoS2 hybrid nanocomposite and its performance in pharmaceutical applications: In-vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity.

A bacterial and viral infection causes life threatening diseases owing to the abuse of antibiotics and the development of antibiotic resistance microbes. Currently, biopolymers have been considered as the most promising materials in the medical field. Herein, the biogenic chitosan-functionalized MoS2 nanocomposite was prepared by the hydrothermal method with the liquid exfoliation process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of chitosan-MoS2 hybrid nanocomposite revealed that MoS2 nanoparticle was found to be 42 nm with a hexagonal crystal structure. FTIR and Raman spectrum revealed that the nitrogen functionalities in the chitosan interacted with MoS2 to form the nanocomposite. The XPS spectrum of chitosan-MoS2 nanocomposite confirms that C, N, O, Mo, and S exist in the nanocomposite. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA) analysis showed that the chitosan-MoS2 nanocomposite has higher thermal stability up to 600 °C. In the antibacterial application the chitosan-MoS2 hybrid nanocomposite shows zones of inhibition against S. aureus as 22, 28, and 32 mm, and against E. coli as 26, 30, and 35 mm. In the anticancer analysis, chitosan-MoS2 hybrid nanocomposites showed a maximum cell inhibition of 65.45% at 100 µg/mL-1, resulting in the most significant MCF-7 cell inhibition.

Ionic liquid - A greener templating agent with Justicia adhatoda plant extract assisted green synthesis of morphologically improved Ag-Au/ZnO nanostructure and it's antibacterial and anticancer activities.

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) possess significant properties that are promising materials for biological applications. In this research work, we prepared ionic liquid assisted Ag-Au/ZnO NPs, using J.adhatoda leaves extract by hydrothermal method. Ionic liquids performed as a stabilizing and templating agent to improve the surface morphology of the synthesized Ag and Au doped ZnO NPs. The prepared ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO, Au doped ZnO, and AgAu doped ZnO NPs exhibit the average crystalline size of 36, 34, 32, and 25 nm and their band gap energy values are 3.36, 3.29, 3.17, and 2.98 eV respectively. The XRD and UV-DRS result shows that after doping of Au and Ag the ZnO crystalline size and band gap energy was decreased, which leads to enhanced the biomedical (antibacterial and anticancer) properties of AgAu doped ZnO NPs. The Raman active mode of A1 (LO) and A1 (TO) showed that the formation of lattice defects due to the Ag and Au doping in the ZnO crystalline plane to improve the Ag-Au/ZnO properties. SEM and TEM images revealed that the prepared AgAu doped ZnO NPs exhibits nano stick shape with particle size range from 20 to 25 nm. The EDX spectrum and elemental mapping results confirmed that Ag and Au atoms are doped and spread over the ZnO NPs. The corresponding SAED pattern also confirms the crystallinity of Ag-Au/ZnO NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized Ag-Au/ZnO NPs has been explored for its antibacterial and anticancer activities. It shows good antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus bacteria. Additionally, the Ag-Au/ZnO NPs show excellent anticancer activity against the HeLa cancer cells. The excellent antibacterial and anticancer results prove that the bi-metal (Ag and Au) doping can enhance the biomedical properties of ZnO NPs. It will be a promising material in the biomedical field.

Ornamental morphology of ionic liquid functionalized ternary doped N, P, F and N, B, F-reduced graphene oxide and their prevention activities of bacterial biofilm-associated with orthopedic implantation.

The multifunctional biological active material design for bone tissue engineering is essential to induce osteoblast cell proliferation and attachment. Adhesion of bacteria on biomaterials to produce biofilms can be major contributors to the pathogenesis of implant material associated infections. This research work focuses on NPF& NBF elemental doping and functionalization of reduced graphene oxide using an imidazolium-based ionic liquid such as BMIM PF6 and BMIM BF4 by hydrothermal method. The resulting tri doped reduced graphene oxide (NPF-rGO and NBF-rGO) composite was further used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering and anti-biofilm activities. The observation of the effect of NPF-rGO and NBF-rGO on the morphology, adhesion and cell proliferation of HOS cell was investigated. Moreover, the tri doped composite tested its antibiofilm properties against B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa pathogenic bacteria. In-vitro studies clearly show the effectiveness of N, P, B, and F doping promoting the rGO mineralization, biocompatibility, and destruction of bacterial biofilm formation. The result of this study suggests that NPF-rGO and NBF-rGO hybrid material will be a promising scaffold for bone reaeration and implantation with a minimal bacterial infection.

Influences of ionic liquid and temperature on the tailorable surface morphology of F-apatite nanocomposites for enhancing biological abilities for orthopedic implantation.

This report has approached for the green synthesis of morphological controlled novel metal-doped fluorinated apatite/polymeric nanocomposites. The synthesized nanocomposites have investigated for hard tissue engineering and bone substitute applications. The selected fluoro ionic liquid explored the dual performances as fluorine precursor and as a soft template for the morphological development of apatite nanocomposite synthesis. The structural and surface studies (XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, AFM, HR-TEM & SAED) confirmed the crystalline and morphological changes of synthesized fluorohydroxyapatite nanostructures at two different reaction temperatures. The fluorinated apatite nanocomposites doped with silver for metal-doped composites, which have effective antibacterial efficacy and favorable biocompatibility. The silver-doped nanocomposites showed excellent antibacterial ability against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial pathogens with the uniform release of silver and fluorine ions. These antibacterial performances have systematically tested by the quantitative and qualitative methods. The rod-like fluorinated apatite nanocrystals promote cell adhesion and viability of human osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell lines and these studies compared with the sheet-like apatite nanocomposites. This type of biomedical apatite materials may be a promising material for orthopedic implant and regeneration applications.

Photoluminescent reduced graphene oxide quantum dots from latex of Calotropis gigantea for metal sensing, radical scavenging, cytotoxicity, and bioimaging in Artemia salina: A greener route.

In this work, we report the fabrication of green fluorescent reduced graphene oxide quantum dots (rGOQDs) from the latex of Calotropis gigantea by simple one-step microwave assisted greener route. The latex of Calotropis gigantea calcined at 300°C and its ethanolic extract is used for the synthesis of QDs, The rGOQDs showed particle size ranging from 2 to 8nm and it exhibited green fluorescent in longer UV region at 360-520nm. The rGOQDs graphitic nature was confirmed by RAMAN and XRD analysis. The FTIR, XPS demonstrate that presence of functional groups such as CO, COC, -OH, hence it's addressing them as rGOQDs. It is used to design the greener and economically adopted fluorescent probe for the detection of Pb2+ ions. It provides simple and appropriate for the selective and sensitive detection of Pb2+ ions in water purification process. It also trapped the free radicals and neutralized that and act as an excellent radical scavenger in DPPH radical scavenging assessment. These rGOQDs showed excellent biocompatibility on brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina) up to 160µg/mL for 24h incubation. Furthermore, rGOQDS were demonstrated as fluorescent bioimaging probe selectively in the inner digestion part of Artemia salina. In summary, stable, economically viable, highly biocompatible, greener method based rGOQDs were prepared for heavy metal ion detecting, radical scavenging, bioimaging applications which can play a vital role in the future nanotechnology-based biomedical field.

Facile biological synthetic strategy to morphologically aligned CeO2/ZrO2 core nanoparticles using Justicia adhatoda extract and ionic liquid: Enhancement of its bio-medical properties.

In this study, a typical green synthesis route has approached for CeO2/ZrO2 core metal oxide nanoparticles using ionic liquid mediated Justicia adhatoda extract. This synthesis method is carried out at simple room temperature condition to obtain the core metal oxide nanoparticles. XRD, SEM and TEM studies employed to study the crystalline and surface morphological properties under nucleation, growth, and aggregation processes. CeO2/ZrO2 core metal oxides display agglomerated nano stick-like structure with 20-45nm size. GC-MS spectroscopy confirms the presence of vasicinone and N,N-Dimethylglycine present in the plant extract, which are capable of converting the corresponding metal ion precursor to CeO2/ZrO2 core metal oxide nanoparticles. In FTIR, the corresponding stretching for Ce-O and Zr-O bands indicated at 498 and 416cm-1 and Raman spectroscopy also supports typical stretching frequencies at 463 and 160cm-1. Band gap energy of the CeO2/ZrO2 core metal oxide is 3.37eV calculated from UV- DRS spectroscopy. The anti-bacterial studies performed against a set of bacterial strains the result showed that core metal oxide nanoparticles more susceptible to gram-positive (G+) bacteria than gram-negative (G-) bacteria. A unique feature of the antioxidant behaviors core metal oxides reduces the concentration of DPPH radical up to 89%. The CeO2/ZrO2 core metal oxide nanoparticles control the S. marcescent bio-film formation and restrict the quorum sensing. The toxicology behavior of CeO2/ZrO2 core metal oxide NPs is found due to the high oxygen site vacancies, ROS formation, smallest particle size and higher surface area. This type of green synthesis route may efficient and the core metal oxide nanoparticles will possess a good bio-medical agent in future.