RESUMEN
Today we know from studies in social sciences and developmental neurobiology that the environment in the early years of human development sets trajectories for health (physical and mental), learning, and behavior throughout life. We now understand how experience in early life regulates the function of normal genes. Gene functions set in early life are difficult to change. Some societies are beginning to appreciate the importance of early human development for the future quality of their population. Initiatives should be in place that are compatible with the recommendations in chapter 5 of the WHO Commission Report on the Social Determinants of Health. To do this, we must provide equity from the start.
En la actualidad sabemos, a partir de estudios en ciencias sociales y en neurobiología del desarrollo, que el medio ambiente en los primeros años del desarrollo humano determina el comportamiento de la salud (física y mental), el aprendizaje y el comportamiento del individuo para toda la vida. También entendemos cómo la experiencia regula, durante los primeros años de vida, la función de los genes normales. Las funciones de los genes determinadas en los primeros años de vida son muy difíciles de cambiar. Algunas sociedades están comenzando a valorar la importancia del desarrollo humano temprano para la calidad futura de su población. Las iniciativas deben ser compatibles con las recomendaciones presentes en el Capítulo 5 del Informe de la Comisión de la OMS sobre los Factores Determinantes de la Salud. Para lograrlo, debemos proveer equidad desde el principio.
Hoje em dia, nós sabemos a partir dos estudos nas ciências sociais e na neurobiologia do desenvolvimento que o ambiente dos primeiros anos de desenvolvimento humano determina as trajetórias para a saúde (física e mental), a aprendizagem e o comportamento durante toda a vida. Compreendemos agora como a experiência da infância regula a função dos genes normais. As funções dos genes determinadas na infância são muito difíceis de trocar. Algumas sociedades estão começando a apreciar a importância do desenvolvimento humano na infância na qualidade futura das populações. As iniciativas deveriam ser compatíveis com as recomendações estabelecidas no Capítulo 5 do Relatório da Comissão da OMS sobre os Determinantes Sociais da Saúde. Para fazer isto, devemos fornecer eqüidade desde o principio.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Salud , Desarrollo Humano , Aprendizaje , Conducta , CerebroRESUMEN
The work of many investigators since adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was recognized as a platelet aggregating agent in 1961 has led to an appreciation of the important part that ADP plays in hemostasis and thrombosis. Recently, interest has focused on the platelet receptors for ADP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Platelets are unique because they have two P2Y receptors that must act in concert to achieve a normal aggregation response. The P2Y (1) receptor is responsible for mobilizing internal calcium, platelet shape change, and weak aggregation. The P2Y (12) receptor inhibits adenylyl cyclase, but the concentration of cyclic AMP is reduced only if it has been raised from its low basal levels by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by an aggregation inhibitor such as adenosine or prostaglandin I (2). The abnormal bleeding of the rare patients whose platelets lack P2Y (12) and the beneficial clinical effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel that block this receptor indicate that P2Y (12), in addition to inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, may have an as yet unidentified role that is needed for its cooperative aggregation effect with P2Y (1). ATP stimulates a rapid influx of calcium into platelets through the P2X (1) receptor, and it may synergize with ADP when these two nucleotides are released from platelets at a site of vessel injury.