ß-amyloid monomer scavenging by an anticalin protein prevents neuronal hyperactivity in mouse models of Alzheimer's Disease.

Hyperactivity mediated by synaptotoxic ß-amyloid (Aß) oligomers is one of the earliest forms of neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. In the search for a preventive treatment strategy, we tested the effect of scavenging Aß peptides before Aß plaque formation. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and SF-iGluSnFR-based glutamate imaging in hippocampal slices, we demonstrate that an Aß binding anticalin protein (Aß-anticalin) can suppress early neuronal hyperactivity and synaptic glutamate accumulation in the APP23xPS45 mouse model of ß-amyloidosis. Our results suggest that the sole targeting of Aß monomers is sufficient for the hyperactivity-suppressing effect of the Aß-anticalin at early disease stages. Biochemical and neurophysiological analyses indicate that the Aß-anticalin-dependent depletion of naturally secreted Aß monomers interrupts their aggregation to neurotoxic oligomers and, thereby, reverses early neuronal and synaptic dysfunctions. Thus, our results suggest that Aß monomer scavenging plays a key role in the repair of neuronal function at early stages of AD.

FerryCalin: an Engineered Lipocalin Protein Directed against the Transferrin Receptor with Potential for Brain Drug Delivery.

The transferrin receptor (TfR) mediates transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which offers a promising approach for the non-invasive delivery of therapeutics into the brain parenchyma. Employing the recombinant homodimeric murine TfR ectodomain, prepared in a biochemically functional state, we have selected a cognate Anticalin via phage display and bacterial cell surface display from a random library based on the human lipocalin 2 (Lcn2). After affinity maturation, several engineered lipocalin variants were identified that bind murine TfR in a non-competitive manner with the natural ligand (transferrin ⋅ Fe3+ ), among those an Anticalin - dubbed FerryCalin - exhibiting a dissociation constant (KD ) of 3.8 nM. Epitope analysis using the SPOT technique revealed a sequential epitope in a surface region of TfR remote from the transferrin-binding site. Due to the fast kon rate and short complex half-life, as evidenced by real-time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements, FerryCalin, or one of its related mutants, shows characteristics as a potential vehicle for the brain delivery of biopharmaceuticals.

Structural Basis for the Specific Cotranslational Incorporation of p-Boronophenylalanine into Biosynthetic Proteins.

The site-specific incorporation of the non-natural amino acid p-boronophenylalanine (Bpa) into recombinant proteins enables the development of novel carbohydrate-binding functions as well as bioorthogonal chemical modification. To this end, Bpa is genetically encoded by an amber stop codon and cotranslationally inserted into the recombinant polypeptide chain at the ribosome by means of an artificial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) in combination with a compatible suppressor tRNA. We describe the crystal structure of an aaRS specific for Bpa, which had been engineered on the basis of the TyrRS from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, in complex with both Bpa and AMP. The substrates are bound in an orientation resembling the aminoacyl-AMP mixed anhydride intermediate and engaged in a network of four hydrogen bonds that allows specific recognition of the boronate moiety by the aaRS. The key determinant of this interaction is the coplanar alignment of its Glu162 carboxylate group with Bpa, which results in a double hydrogen bond with the boronic acid substituent. Our structural study elucidates how a small set of five side chain exchanges within the TyrRS active site can switch its substrate specificity to the hydrophilic amino acid Bpa, thus stimulating the reprogramming of other aaRS to recruit useful non-natural amino acids for next-generation protein engineering.