A Single-Subject Study to Consider the Premature Infant Oral Motor Intervention Combined with Kinesio-Tape in Premature Infants with Feeding Problems.

Background: The survival rate in premature infants (PIs) has increased, but many have medical and developmental complications. Difficulty with sucking, swallowing, and poor nourishment are common complications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kinesio-tape (KT) combined with premature infant oromotor intervention (PIOMI) on feeding efficiency (mean volume intake [%MV]), oromotor skills (Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Assessment Scale [POFRAS]), and weight gain in PIs. Methods: In this single-subject study, 5 PIs with feeding problems were received the PIOMI-KT for 7 consecutive days. The main outcome measure was the POFRAS scale. The %MV and weight gain were the secondary outcome measures. Measurements were taken before treatment (T0), after the 4th session (T1), and after the 7th session (T3). Results: The POFRAS scores, %MV, and weight gain improved in all infants after treatment. The maximum and minimum change in level between the baseline and treatment phase was +26 and+16 for POFRAS, +54 and, +34 for %MV, +180, and +100 for weight gain. The treatment trend was upward for all infants and shown by the directions of the slopes indicated by positive values. The feeding problems were resolved in all infants after the 7th treatment session. Conclusion: The combination therapy of PIOMI-KT improved feeding function in PIs.

The Relationship Between Voice Handicap Index and Voice-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Early Laryngeal Cancer.

Introduction: Voice production can be affected in early laryngeal cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) among patients with early laryngeal cancer. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with early laryngeal cancer (T1, T2) and a mean age of 59.35 ± 7.77 years who were visited in Amir-Alam hospital, took part in this study. After a diagnosis of early laryngeal cancer by a laryngologist, the patients filled out the Persian versions of the VHI and V-RQOL questionnaires. Results: The results showed the mean total score of VHI and V-RQOL were 65.94 ± 14.21 and 48.64 ± 9.75% in patients with early laryngeal cancer, respectively. These results indicated the total and subscales' scores of VHI increased while the scores of VRQOL decreased. The Pearson correlation between total scores of the VHI and V-RQOL was - 90. Also, there was a negative significant correlation between total and subscales' scores of VH and VRQOL (r Pearson= -0.46 to -0.90, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated decreased quality of life related to voice in patients with laryngeal cancer who were in the early stages of tumor growth (T1, T2). Regarding the high negative significant correlation between results of VHI and V-RQOL in patients with early laryngeal cancer, both questionnaires can be used instead of each other for saving time in voice clinics.

The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on muscle activity pattern in professional voice users with muscle tension dysphonia using surface electromyography data: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Muscle Tension Dysphonia is a voice disorder, which results in stiffness in the laryngeal extrinsic muscles, intense collision, painful contractions, and vibrations of the vocal cords. Due to the multifactorial identity of Muscle Tension Dysphonia, its therapeutic approach must be multidisciplinary. METHODS: The participants were divided into two groups: a control group (5participants) that received Circumlaryngeal Manual Therapy (CMT) + Placebo Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and an experimental group (5participants) that received Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation + CMT. Both groups received 10 sessions of treatment, twice a week, for 40 min each. Before and after treatment, participants were assessed using the Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI) and surface electromyography for their ability to sustain the vowels /e& u/and count from 20 to30. RESULT: After therapy, there were substantial improvements in the DSI (2.72 ± 0.55, P < 0.05) and muscle electrical activity in the control group. The DSI (3.66 ± 0.63, P < 0.05) and muscle electrical activity were also significantly improved in the experimental group after treatment. The findings of the between-group comparison after treatment revealed a significantly greater increase in the Dysphonia Severity Index in the experimental group compared with the control group (P = 0.037). Although there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of muscle electrical activity, clinically significant changes were more noticeable in the experimental group when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Positive results were seen in both groups. The results demonstrate that both approaches relax vocal tract muscles. As a result, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation was recommended as a complementary treatment for clients with Muscle Tension Dysphonia.

The Relationship Between Dysphonia Severity Index and Voice-Related Quality of Life in the Elementary School Teachers with Voice Complaint.

INTRODUCTION: Teachers are one of the largest groups of professional voice users who are highly dependent on their voice in their working environment using their voice as a primary tool for their profession. Thus, they are at high risk of voice disorders. Since voice disorders are multi-causal in nature, it is necessary to evaluate them systematically and in different ways to determine the exact nature of the disorder. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between Voice-Related Quality of Life (VRQOL) and Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI) was examined from the perspective of teachers with voice complaint. METHOD: In this study, 157 primary school teachers with voice complaint (49 males and 108 females) with an average age of 38.54 ± 9.56 years were studied using DSI and VRQOL as a self-assessment. RESULTS: The mean of VRQOL was 74.379 ± 18.95 and the mean of DSI was 1.339 ± 1.62. The results of the study showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the overall scores of DSI and VRQOL scales (r = 0.545, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that a low dysphonia severity index, reflecting poor laryngeal function, is associated with lower voice-related quality of life. Therefore, accurate and timely assessment of the DSI in teachers can prevent the occurrence and/or progression of voice disorder and, consequently, prevent reducing the voice-related quality of life in teachers.

The Dysphonia Severity Index as a Mediator for the Relationship Between the Vocal Fatigue Index and the Voice-Related Quality of Life Among Elementary Teachers with Voice Complaint.

INTRODUCTION: The multi-causal nature of voice disorders is required to be evaluated systematically and in different ways to determine the exact nature of the disorder. Given the importance of voice for teachers, the present study was designed to investigate the causal relationship between vocal fatigue index (VFI) and the voice-related quality of life (VRQOL) with the mediating role of the dysphonia severity index (DSI) among teachers with voice complaints. METHOD: This analytical and non-interventional study examined 57 male and 122 female teachers with voice complaint. The study used DSI, VRQOL and VFI. Acoustic data were extracted using Praat software, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Direct and indirect path testing of the proposed research model was performed using path analysis and bootstrapping, respectively. RESULTS: Model fit indices showed that the proposed model is data fit (CFI = 0.998, GFI = 0.996, RMSEA = 0.072). Moreover, all subtests of the VFI had a significant direct relationship with VRQOL. The DSI, measured using the proposed model, does not have a significant relationship with VRQOL. Therefore, the indirect path of the present model (including tiredness of voice to VRQOL through DSI, physical discomfort to VRQOL through DSI and the improvement of symptoms with rest to VRQOL through DSI) did not show a significant relationship. CONCLUSION: The vocal fatigue directly affects VRQOL. However, it does not affect it indirectly through DSI. Therefore, it can be concluded that although DSI and VRQOL are correlated, they do not have a causal relationship and DSI, as an acoustic parameter, cannot be an appropriate mediator for the relationship between the VFI and VRQOL.

Mothers' involvement in assessing feeding skills of premature infants.

OBJECTIVE: Among the problems faced by premature infants after birth are weakness in oral-motor skills and an inability to achieve oral feeding independence. The Early Feeding Skills (EFS) Assessment is a tool for identifying infant's feeding ability level and determining the levels at which an infant requires support for safe and efficient feeding. Given the effective role of mothers and their involvement in taking care of premature infants and the importance of examining the psychometric properties of tools used for assessing infant's feeding, this study aimed at evaluating inter-rater reliability (between mother and rater) using the EFS Instrument. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Participants in this study included 30 mothers with premature infants admitted to the NICU ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. To evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the "Early Feeding Skills (EFS) Assessment Instrument", feeding skills of the infants were evaluated by the mother and a rater. Statistical analysis was carried out using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) in SPSS software (Ver. 22). RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability of the total score for each section of the EFS Instrument was good (ICC >0.75). ICC values for inter-rater agreement in assessing Oral Feeding Readiness, Ability to Maintain Engagement in Feeding, Ability to Organize Oral-Motor Functioning, Ability to Coordinate Swallowing, Ability to Maintain Physiologic Stability, and Oral Feeding Recovery were 0.87, 0.94, 0.91, 0.85, 0.95 and, 0.80, respectively. CONCLUSION: If mothers are appropriately trained on the EFS assessment, they can actively participate with the health care professionals providing care to their children. Furthermore, remote participation is possible. The findings of this study revealed significant inter-rater reliability.

Relation Between Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI) and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V).

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to conduct a relationship survey between subjective voice assessment (the Persian version of consensus auditory perceptual evaluation of voice (called ATSHA)) and the Dysphonia Severity index (DSI). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, methodological study. METHODS: Our sample included 144 adults; 48 patients with different voice disorders and 96 volunteers without voice disorders, hearing complaints or any auditory-perceptual voice disorders. The vocal tasks included in the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) and the DSI were performed and recorded. We used subjective and objective assessments to investigate the correlation between the CAPE-V perceptual-auditory assessment parameters and the DSI. Finally, through using the univariate-linear regression and other statistical analyses, we examined the correlation and prediction value of subjective assessment by the DSI. RESULTS: The result of correlation of the total DSI value and individual items with the CAPE-V parameters demonstrated the strongest correlation between the DSI and breathiness (R = 0/563) in the second sentence of the CAPE-V scale, and the weakest correlation between the DSI and overall severity (R = 0/202) in the sixth sentence. The results of the univariate linear regression model indicated that the highest predictive power was obtained for the DSI and breathiness (R2 = 0/427) in the sixth sentence in the dysphonic group, while the lowest predictive power was found for low intensity and strain (R2 = 0/025) in the connected speech in the control group. CONCLUSION: This study found a significant relationship between the target objective and subjective voice assessment scales in most parameters. Furthermore, the findings of the current study show that the DSI scale, as an objective tool, can predict some auditory-perceptual parameters.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Speech Handicap Index into Persian.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to adapt and validate the Speech Handicap Index (SHI) into the Persian language. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The original published English version of the SHI was translated into Persian using the translation protocol and guidelines of the International Quality of Life Assessment. One hundred participants with oral and oropharyngeal cancer and 40 healthy participants completed the Persian SHI. Forty participants of the patient group completed the Persian SHI a second time after a 2-weeks period to evaluate test-retest reliability. Content validity (content validity index and content validity ratio), internal consistency (Cronbach α coefficient), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlations), and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) were examined. Control group and patient group values were compared to determine the clinical validity. RESULTS: A significant discrimination coefficient was found across all items, and the content and clinical validity were found to be acceptable. The Persian SHI showed a high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The construct validity was within the acceptable range. CONCLUSIONS: The P-SHI is considered to be a valid and reliable questionnaire for speech assessment in Persian-speaking patients with head and neck cancer.

Dysphonia Characteristics and Vowel Impairment in Relation to Neurological Status in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

PURPOSE: In this study, we attempted to assess the phonation and articulation subsystem changes in patients with multiple sclerosis compared to healthy individuals using Dysphonia Severity Index and Formant Centralization Ratio with the aim of evaluating the correlation between these two indexes with neurological status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 47 patients with multiple sclerosis and 20 healthy speakers were evaluated. Patients' disease duration and disability were monitored by a neurologist. Dysphonia Severity Index and Formant Centralization Ratio scores were computed for each individual. Acoustic analysis was performed by Praat software; the statistical analysis was run using SPSS 21. To compare multiple sclerosis patients with the control group, Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normal data and independent-samples t test for normal data. Also a logistic regression was used to compare the data. Correlation between acoustic characteristics and neurological status was verified using Spearman correlation coefficient and linear regression was performed to evaluate the simultaneous effects of neurological data. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that a significant difference existed between multiple sclerosis and healthy participants. Formant Centralization Ratio had a significant correlation with disease severity. CONCLUSION: Multiple sclerosis patients would be differentiated from healthy individuals by their phonation and articulatory features. Scores of these two indexes can be considered as appropriate criteria for onset of the speech problems in multiple sclerosis. Also, articulation subsystem changes might be useful signs for the progression of the disease.

Use of formant centralization ratio for vowel impairment detection in normal hearing and different degrees of hearing impairment.

Purpose: Hearing-impaired (HI) speakers show changes in vowel production and formant frequencies, as well as more cases of overlapping between vowels and more restricted formant space, than hearing speakers. This study was intended to explore whether the use of different acoustic parameters (Formant Centralization Ratio (FCR), Vowel Space Area (VSA), F2i/F2u ratio (second formant of/i,u/)) was suitable or not for characterizing impairments in the articulation of vowels in the speech of HL speakers. In fact, correlated acoustic parameters are used to determine the limits of tongue movements in vowel production in different severity degrees of hearing impairment. Methods: Speech recordings of 40 speakers with HL and 40 healthy controls were acoustically analyzed. The vowels (/a/,/i/,/u/) were extracted from the word context and, then, the first and second formants were calculated. The same vowel-formant elements were used to construct the FCR, expressed as (F2u + F2a + F1i + F1u)/(F2i + F1a), the F2i/F2u ratio, and the vowel space area (VSA), expressed as ABS((F1i*(F2a-F2u)+F1a*(F2u-F2i)+F1u*(F2i-F2a))/2). Results: The FCR differentiated HL groups from the control group and the discrimination was not gender-sensitive. All parameters were found to be strongly correlated with each other. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that FCR was a more sensitive acoustic parameter than F2i/F2u ratio and VSA to distinguish speech of the HL groups from that of the normal group. Thus, FCR is considered to be applicable as an early objective measure of impaired vowel articulation in HL speakers.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Vocal Fatigue Index into Persian.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI) in Persian. METHODS: The English version of the VFI was translated to Persian using the guidelines of International Quality of Life Assessment. Eighty participants with voice disorders and 50 healthy controls without any voice disorders completed the Persian version of the VFI. The 80 participants with voice disorders completed the VFI a second time a week from the initial completion to evaluate test-retest reliability. RESULTS: The VFI measure demonstrated a strong internal consistency. Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.95 for tiredness and avoidance of voice use, 0.86 for physical discomfort and 0.83 for improvement or lack thereof of symptoms with voice rest. VFI also showed a high test-retest reliability (r = 0.75-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the VFI is considered to be a valid and reliable questionnaire for identifying individuals with probable vocal fatigue. The VFI can be utilized in clinics across Iran in the assessment and treatment of individuals with vocal fatigue.

Voice Handicap Index in Persian Speakers with Various Severities of Hearing Loss.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the total score and subscale scores of the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) in speakers with and without hearing loss. A further aim was to determine if a correlation exists between severities of hearing loss with total scores and VHI subscale scores. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional, descriptive analytical study, 100 participants, divided in 2 groups of participants with and without hearing loss, were studied. Background information was gathered by interview, and VHI questionnaires were filled in by all participants. RESULTS: For all variables, including mean total score and VHI subscale scores, there was a considerable difference in speakers with and without hearing loss (p < 0.05). The correlation between severity of hearing loss with total score and VHI subscale scores was significant. CONCLUSION: Speakers with hearing loss were found to have higher mean VHI scores than speakers with normal hearing. This indicates a high voice handicap related to voice in speakers with hearing loss. In addition, increased severity of hearing loss leads to more severe voice handicap. This finding emphasizes the need for a multilateral assessment and treatment of voice disorders in speakers with hearing loss.

Voice-related disability of Iranian patients with temporomandibular disorders.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between handicaps because of voice disorders and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) severity was examined. METHOD: Fifty-two Persian women with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) were examined by two dentists in separate sessions and the assessment protocol of the Dentistry Clinic of Tehran University of Medical Sciences was filled by both dentists and finally they gave their opinion separately about the existence of TMD and categorized the severity of TMD as mild, moderate, and severe. To assess perceived disability resulting from voice disorders in TMD patients, the voice handicap index (VHI) questionnaire was used. RESULTS: The total score of VHI in 80.8% of patients with TMD was equal to or more than 14.5. A significant positive relationship was found between the severity of TMD and the total score of VHI (P = 0.000, r = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that a comprehensive voice assessment should be included in the evaluation of TMD, and considering different effects of voice disorders on patients' lives, a complete voice evaluation including voice-related disability is necessary to understand the nature of pathophysiology of TMD.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the voice-related quality of life into Persian.

The purpose of this study was to adapt and determine reliability, validity, and responsiveness of voice-related quality of life (V-RQOL) for Persian. A total of 300 patients with voice disorders participated in the study. Also, 116 people without any voice disorders volunteered to participate in the study as a control group. All participants filled in the Persian version of V-RQOL. The reliability, validity, and responsiveness were studied. Results demonstrated that the discrimination coefficient is significant for all items. The V-RQOL measure showed a strong internal consistency (Cronbach alpha coefficient = 0.88-0.91) and a good test-retest reliability (r = 0.93-0.95). Pre- and post-treatment results showed a significant responsiveness (functioning, 0.000; social-emotional, 0.001; and total, 0.000). Effect size range of 1.26-1.59 and the standardized response mean range of 1.07-1.41 were obtained for V-RQOL. It seems that the Persian version of V-RQOL is valid, reliable, and responsive to change, and this questionnaire can be used for completing voice evaluation for patients with dysphonia.

Intrarater and interrater reliability of sagittal head posture: a novel technique performed by a physiotherapist and a speech and language pathologist.

INTRODUCTION: Different professionals such as speech and language pathologists and voice scientists are involved in the evaluation of head and neck posture. Therefore, a reliable, time-efficient, and precise method of posture assessment is essential for use in clinical and research settings. Photogrammetry is one of the most commonly used methods to assess head and neck posture. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the intrarater reliability of the method with a large sample size and the interrater reliability by two different specialists (a physiotherapist and a speech and language pathologist). METHOD: A total of three hundred four subjects (144 males and 160 females) aged between 18 and 28 years participated in the study. During the test session, a photograph was taken of the left-side profile of each subject in their ordinary and comfortable position. The head posture angle of each picture was calculated by two raters. The whole procedure was repeated in a retest session, 24 hours later. A total number of eight analyses were performed for each subject. The reliability was evaluated at several stages hierarchically and after confirming the reliability in each step, the next step was investigated. Paired t tests on the differences of scores obtained at all the aforementioned stages were used to ensure the absence of any systematic bias. To assess the reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the standard error of measurements (SEMs) were calculated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the mean values of the test and the retest angles at any stage of calculating the head posture angle in both pictures by both examiners (P > 0.05). The ICC and SEM values calculated for all stages were between 0.86-0.97 and 0.52-1.53, respectively. CONCLUSION: Systematic bias has not occurred at any stage. The ICC and SEM values calculated have demonstrated that there were appropriate relative and absolute reliabilities in all stages. This method is suggested to be used simply in research and clinical areas by different specialists.