Analyzing muscle thickness changes in lateral abdominal muscles while exercising using virtual reality.

[Purpose] Virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation has become popular in the medical field. VR-guided exercises (VR-ge) have demonstrated positive effects on gait and trunk control. Trunk muscle activation, particularly that of the transversus abdominis (TrA), is responsible for these improvements. However, the difference in muscle activation between VR and real space remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the differences in trunk muscle activation during exercise therapy performed in VR and real space. [Participants and Methods] A total of 22 healthy male volunteers were divided into two equal groups: VR-ge and Control exercise (C-e) groups. Both groups performed reaching exercises in a seated position. Ultrasound imaging was used to measure the thicknesses of the right external oblique, internal oblique, and TrA muscles, both at rest and during the reaching exercises performed in six different directions. [Results] No significant differences were observed in TrA muscle thickness changes between the groups before the intervention. However, after the intervention, the VR-ge group showed significantly greater TrA muscle thickness changes during reaching compared to that of the C-e group. [Conclusion] VR-ge increased TrA activation during reaching compared to exercising in real space.

Effect of distal metal species on lewis basicity of a µ3-oxo ligand in a doubly oxo-bridged (µ3-O)[Rh(cod)]3(µ4-O)M core.

The Lewis basicity of a µ3-oxo ligand for (µ3-O)[Rh(cod)]3(µ4-O)M (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) complexes was controllable by metal species on the µ4-oxo ligand locating at the opposite site of the µ3-oxo ligand. Coordination of the µ3-oxo ligand of [(µ3-O){Rh(cod)}3(µ4-O){Au(PPh3)}][BF4] (1) to [Au(PPh3)]+ indicated sufficient Lewis basicity of the µ3-oxo ligand in 1 to form [{(Ph3P)Au}(µ3-O){Rh(cod)}3(µ4-O){Au(PPh3)}][BF4] (2). In contrast, the addition of Li+ to 1 induced elimination of the originally coordinated [Au(PPh3)]+ due to the weak Lewis basicity of the µ3-oxo ligand for (µ3-O){Rh(cod)}3(µ4-O)Li(THF)3, in which a pentanuclear species, [{(Ph3P)Au}(µ3-O){Rh(cod)}3(µ4-O){Li(THF)3}][BF4] (3), was assumed to be generated in situ before the dissociation of [Au(PPh3)]+.

Validity and Reliability of Criteria for Plantar Sensation Assessment Using Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament as a Clinically Usable Index.

There is no standard clinically adaptable criterion for assessing plantar sensation for pre- and post-intervention comparisons. Studies using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWMs) to investigate intervention effects on plantar sensation vary in procedure and do not consider measurement errors. This study aimed to develop a simple criterion using SWMs to assess plantar sensation, determine the measurement error range, and identify areas of low error. Six examiners assessed 87 healthy young adults in Experiment 1, while two examiners assessed 10 participants in Experiment 2. Filaments were graded from 1 to 20 based on increasing diameter. The smallest grade that could be perceived for three sequential stimuli was used as the criterion (smallest perceivable grade, SPG). The SPG was significantly smaller at the hallux and larger at the heel than at other sites. There were no significant differences between the SPG of the repeated tests performed by the same versus different examiners. The interquartile range of the differences was <±3 at all sites. Thus, our criteria were reliable in evaluating the effects of plantar sensation interventions, especially at the heel and the middle of the metatarsal heads and could contribute to the development of more effective treatments for plantar sensations.

Seated Virtual Reality-Guided Exercise Improved Gait in a Postoperative Hallux Valgus Case.

Virtual reality (VR)-guided exercise therapy using mediVR KAGURA has been reported to improve gait function by extending the arm to spatial targets while sitting. We aimed to investigate toe and trunk-pelvic function and plantar sensation during gait in a postoperative patient with hallux valgus. A 60-year-old woman, whose foot deformities had improved 6 months earlier, participated in the study. The exercise therapy interventions were performed twice weekly for 15 min. This study used an A-B-A design: 1-week pre-phase, 3-week intervention phase, and 2-week post-phase. The plantar pressure distribution and thoracic and pelvic displacements during gait were recorded at the end of each phase. The tactile pressure thresholds of the foot were determined before and after each exercise. The maximum force and impulse under the hallux increased after the intervention. The sensory threshold of the hallux was reduced. The amplitude of the thoracic and pelvic displacement was shortened in lateral and extended in the vertical and progressional directions after the intervention. We found that a 3-week VR-guided exercise improved toe function, plantar sensation, and postural adjustment of the trunk and pelvis during gait in a patient who had undergone surgery for hallux valgus, and the effects continued for 2 weeks.

Changes in Cell Adhesiveness and Physicochemical Properties of Cross-Linked Albumin Films after Ultraviolet Irradiation.

We discovered the unique cell adhesive properties of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated albumin films. Albumin films prepared using a cross-linking reagent with epoxy groups maintained native albumin properties, such as resistance to cell adhesion. Interestingly, the cell adhesive properties of films varied depending upon the UV irradiation time; specifically, cell adhesiveness increased until 2 h of UV irradiation, when the cell number attached to the film was similar to that of culture dishes, and then cell adhesiveness decreased until 20 h of UV irradiation, after which the surface returned to the initial non-adhesive state. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we examined the effect of UV irradiation on albumin film properties. The following changes occurred in response to UV irradiation: decreased α-helical structure, cleavage of albumin peptide bonds, and increased hydrophilicity and oxygen content of the albumin film surface. In addition, we found a positive correlation between the degree of cell adhesion and the amount of fibronectin adsorbed on the film. Taken together, UV-induced changes in films highly affect the amount of cell adhesion proteins adsorbed on the films depending upon the irradiation time, which determines cell adhesion behavior.

"ON-OFF" switching of europium complex luminescence coupled with a ligand redox process.

A triarylamine-functionalized terpyridine ligand formed a highly coordinated complex with europium tris(ß-diketonate), which displayed reversible ''ON-OFF'' luminescence switching coupled with a ligand redox process of triarylamine/triarylaminium cations.

The detection of glycosphingolipids in brain tissue sections by imaging mass spectrometry using gold nanoparticles.

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic carbohydrate chain and a hydrophobic ceramide moiety. They appear to be involved primarily in biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and signaling. To investigate the mechanism of brain function in more detail, a more highly sensitive method that would reveal the GSL distribution in the brain is required. In this report, we describe a simple and efficient method for mapping the distribution and localization of GSLs present in mouse brain sections using nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). We have developed and tested gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a new matrix to maximize the detection of GSLs. A matrix of AuNPs modified with alkylamine was used to detect various GSLs, such as minor molecular species of sulfatides and gangliosides, in mouse brain sections; these GSLs were hardly detected using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), which is the conventional matrix for GSLs. We achieved approximately 20 times more sensitive detection of GSLs using AuNPs compared to a DHB matrix. We believe that our new approach using AuNPs in IMS could lead to a new strategy for analyzing basic biological mechanisms and several diseases through the distribution of minor GSLs.

Imaging mass spectrometry with silver nanoparticles reveals the distribution of fatty acids in mouse retinal sections.

A new approach to the visualization of fatty acids in mouse liver and retinal samples has been developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (nano-PALDI-IMS) in negative ion mode. So far, IMS analysis has concentrated on main cell components, such as cell membrane phospholipids and cytoskeletal peptides. AgNPs modified with alkylcarboxylate and alkylamine were used for nano-PALDI-IMS to identify fatty acids, such as stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids, as well as palmitic acid, in mouse liver sections; these fatty acids are not detected using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as a matrix. The limit of detection for the determination of palmitic acid was 50 pmol using nano-PALDI-IMS. The nano-PALDI-IMS method is successfully applied to the reconstruction of the ion images of fatty acids in mouse liver sections. We verified the detection of fatty acids in liver tissue sections of mice by analyzing standard lipid samples, which showed that fatty acids were from free fatty acids and dissociated fatty acids from lipids when irradiated with a laser. Additionally, we applied the proposed method to the identification of fatty acids in mouse retinal tissue sections, which enabled us to learn the six-zonal distribution of fatty acids in different layers of the retina. We believe that the current approach using AgNPs in nano-PALDI-IMS could lead to a new strategy to analyze basic biological mechanisms and several diseases through the distribution of fatty acids.

Colorimetric response to mercury-induced abstraction of triethylene glycol ligands from a gold nanoparticle surface.

A simple method for specific colorimetric sensing of aqueous mercury(II) has been developed by using a gold nanoparticle supported by triethylene glycol ligand (Au:S-EG(3)). The unusual kinetic behavior of the sensing process of Hg(2+) and the TEM images of the Au core, as well as the electrospray ionization mass spectroscopic analysis of the analyte solution, have led us to propose a new color changing mechanism that involves ligand abstraction from a gold surface by Hg(2+).

Size-controlled synthesis of monodispersed silver nanoparticles capped by long-chain alkyl carboxylates from silver carboxylate and tertiary amine.

Monodispersed silver nanoparticles capped by long-chain alkyl carboxylates were prepared by the reaction of silver carboxylate with tertiary amine at 80 degrees C for 2 h. This approach is a unique, size-controlled synthetic method for the large-scale preparation of silver nanoparticles. Long-chain alkyl carboxylate derived from a precursor acts as a stabilizer to avoid the aggregation of silver nanoparticles and to control particle size. In addition, amine plays an important role both as a reagent to form a thermally unstable, amine-coordinated intermediate, bis(amine)silver(I) carboxylate, and as a mild reducing agent for the intermediate to produce nanoparticles at a low temperature. The silver core and carboxylate-capping ligand of silver nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The diameter of the nanoparticles can be strongly influenced by the alkyl chain length and the structure of the carboxylate. The average diameters of the silver nanoparticles were controlled to less than 5 nm in the case of silver carboxylate with a single alkyl chain length of 13 or 17 carbon atoms. On the contrary, the average diameters of silver nanoparticles became large and polydisperse in the case of silver carboxylate with a chain length of 7 carbon atoms or a branched chain. In comparing triethylamine with trioctylamine, there was no obvious effect to regulate the size distribution of the nanoparticles because they could not function as a capping ligand of the nanoparticles due to their weak coordination to silver. In addition, the heat treatment of silver nanoparticles in solution rather than in the solid state was effective for the growth of particles while maintaining narrow size distributions.

Facile size-regulated synthesis of silver nanoparticles by controlled thermolysis of silver alkylcarboxylates in the presence of alkylamines with different chain lengths.

Controlled thermolysis of silver alkylcarboxylates with primary alkylamines was investigated as a facile synthetic method of silver nanoparticles. A series of silver alkylcarboxylates, C(7)H(15)COOAg, C(13)H(27)COOAg, and C(17)H(35)COOAg, have been prepared and the thermolysis of those silver alkylcarboxylates in the presence of various alkylamines, C(8)H(17)NH(2), C(12)H(25)NH(2), and C(18)H(37)NH(2), with no use of solvent was conducted at 120 or 180 degrees C for 5 h, providing spherical silver nanoparticles stabilized by alkylcarboxylates and alkylamines. The size and dispersibility of nanoparticles depend on the alkyl chain length of the precursors, alkylcarboxylates and alkylamines.

A new 19-metal-atom cluster [(Me2PhP)10Au12Ag7(NO3)9] with a nearly staggered-staggered M5 ring configuration.

New mixed metal clusters with M19 metal frameworks have been synthesized by NaBH4 reduction of Au(NO3)(PMe2Ph) together with AgNO3 in ethanol. Single crystal X-ray diffraction has revealed Au12Ag7 and Au17Ag2 metal skeletons for these clusters, which are best described in terms of bicapped pentagonal antiprismatic cages with a staggered-staggered M(5) ring configuration. These clusters connect the missing link between M13 icosahedral and M25 biicosahedral clusters providing a view of the cluster growth process. A TEM image of this cluster has been observed, which has clearly demonstrated single-sized nano-particles of less than 1.0 nm.

A quadrupole-quadrupole stacking synthon in (2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzenethiolato-kappaS)(triphenylphosphine-kappaP)gold(I).

The title compound, [Au(C6HF4S)(C18H15P)], with both aromatic and fluorinated aromatic rings in its molecular system, shows dimerization through a quadrupole-quadrupole stacking synthon. The dimer further aggregates through intermolecular pi-pi stacking and C-H...pi interactions, giving a supramolecular three-dimensional network.

Tetra-n-butylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorobenzenethiolato-kappaS)aurate(III).

The title compound, (C(16)H(36)N)[Au(C(6)F(5)S)(4)], is the first example of a structurally characterized gold(III) complex with monodentate benzenethiolate ligands. The Au atom lies on a fourfold axis and the AuS(4) group has square-planar geometry. The anion shows a two-dimensional linkage through pi-pi and C-F...pi intermolecular interactions.

Thermolysis of gold(I) thiolate complexes producing novel gold nanoparticles passivated by alkyl groups.

Thermolysis of gold(I) thiolate complex, [C14H29(CH3)3N][Au(SC12H25)2], at 180 degrees C for 5 h under an N2 atmosphere produces novel gold nanoparticles passivated by alkyl groups derived from the precursor complex, the TEM image of which shows spherical particles with average diameter 26 nm.