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1.
Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ ; 14(3): 767-781, 2024 Mar 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38534911

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Current reports suggest a positive association between spirituality and quality of life (QoL) in elders. While most studies are qualitative studies and there has been little validation in quantitative studies using scales to measure spirituality. Hence, we aimed to study the effect of spirituality on mental health and QoL in older people residing in Kumejima Town in Japan. METHODS: An interview-based survey was conducted between September 2010 and 2011 on residents of Kumejima Town aged 65 years or older. This survey-based study employed the Spirituality Health Scale for the Elderly (SP Health Scale) alongside assessments of basic attributes (e.g., age, sex); physical, mental, social health, spirituality, and QoL. We conducted a causal structure model to explore causal relationships between these factors. RESULTS: Our study included 338 participants, including 72.5% female with an average age and standard deviation of 77.2 ± 6.4 years. Our analysis revealed a significant association between spiritual health and QoL even after accounting for the impact of physical and mental health, which challenged the conventional belief that QoL inevitably diminishes with age and declining health. These results suggest that enhancing spirituality may offer a means to prevent declines in QoL, fostering a positive outlook on life as individuals age. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that improving spiritual health can enhance QoL, even in the presence of health challenges and aging. This novel perspective opens doors to redefining health as a state that coexists with illness, with spirituality serving as an integral component. A shift in our understanding of health that prioritizes spirituality, could benefit people of all ages, offering a more holistic approach to well-being that aligns with new medical technologies and evolving perceptions of health.

2.
Nutr Res ; 120: 72-87, 2023 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37948786

RESUMEN

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is fermented by intestinal microbes to generate intestinal microbe-derived hydrogen gas (IMDH). Oxidative stress increases during gestation, whereas hydrogen gas has antioxidant effects with therapeutic benefits. We have previously reported that the offspring from a pregnant, excessive folic acid mouse model (PEFAM) had abnormal glucose metabolism after growth. We hypothesized that IMDH by FOS feeding during gestation in PEFAM would suppress maternal and fetal oxidative stress. C57BL/6J mice on day 1 of gestation were divided into 3 groups and dissected at gestational day 18. The control (CONT) diet was AIN-93G containing folic acid 2 mg/kg diet; PEFAM was fed with an excessive folic acid (EFA) diet containing folic acid 40 mg/kg diet, and the EFA-FOS diet was replaced half of the sucrose in the EFA diet. Hydrogen gas concentrations in maternal livers and whole fetuses in EFA-FOS were significantly higher than those in CONT and EFA, respectively (P < .05). Maternal and fetal 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in EFA-FOS were not significantly different from those in the CONT group, whereas those in the EFA group were significantly increased compared with CONT and EFA-FOS (P < .05). In EFA-FOS, expression of protein and mRNA of superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase 1 in mothers and superoxide dismutase in fetuses were not significantly different from those in CONT, whereas those in EFA were significantly increased (P < .05). The protein expression of Nrf2 in mothers and fetuses were not significantly different between EFA-FOS and CONT. Therefore, FOS feeding to PEFAM during gestation decreases maternal and fetal oxidative stress through IMDH.


Asunto(s)
Ácido Fólico , Oligosacáridos , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Femenino , Ratones , Embarazo , Ácido Fólico/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Superóxido Dismutasa
3.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) ; 68(4): 294-302, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36047101

RESUMEN

Morus alba leaf extract (MLE), a strong inhibitor of sucrase, suppresses blood glucose elevation following sucrose ingestion. To investigate that sucrose inhibited from digestion using MLE is utilized through gut microbiota, [U-14C]-sucrose solutions with or without MLE were administered orally to conventional and antibiotic-treated rats, and the excretion of 14CO2 and H2 produced by gut microbiota was measured for 24 h. After an administration of [U-14C]-sucrose to conventional rats, the unit excreted 14CO2 peaked at 4 h, and the cumulative 14CO2 excreted over 24 h was approximately 60% of the radioactivity administered. No H2 was excreted. Following an administration of [U-14C]-sucrose and MLE in conventional rats, the unit excreted 14CO2 peaked later, at 8 h, and was significantly lower (p<0.05). The cumulative 14CO2 excreted over 24 h was equal in both groups, although there was a time lag of 2-3 h in rats given [U-14C]-sucrose and MLE. The amount of H2 excreted by these rats peaked 8 h after administration. Following the administration of [U-14C]-sucrose and MLE to antibiotic-treated rats, the unit excreted 14CO2 peaked lower, and the cumulative 14CO2 excretion over 24 h was approximately 40%. In this group, H2 was minimally excreted. H2 and 14CO2 produced by gut microbiota were excreted simultaneously. In conclusion, sucrose inhibited from digestion using MLE was fermented spontaneously by gut microbiota and was not excreted into feces. In addition, it confirmed that H2 excretion could be used directly to indicate the degree of fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates.


Asunto(s)
Morus , Animales , Antibacterianos , Dióxido de Carbono , Digestión , Motivación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Ratas , Sacarosa
4.
Food Sci Nutr ; 8(7): 3610-3616, 2020 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32724623

RESUMEN

Maltobionic acid (MA), formed by a gluconic acid and glucose linked by an α-1,4 bond, may have the properties of a nondigestible oligosaccharide. The objective of this study was to elucidate the bioavailability of MA in rats and humans by observing digestion of MA by small intestinal enzymes, the fermentation of MA by gut microbiota, and the effect of adaptation following prolonged ingestion of MA. MA digestion was assessed using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from rat small intestine. A within-subject repeated measures design was used for ingestion experiments in 10 healthy female participants. After MA ingestion, postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels, breath hydrogen excretion, and urinary MA were measured. The effect of adaptation following prolonged MA ingestion was investigated in rats. MA was minimally hydrolyzed by BBMV. Ingestion of 10 g of MA by healthy females did not elevate postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels. Breath hydrogen and urinary MA were negligibly excreted over 8 hr following ingestion. Adaptation to prolonged MA ingestion produced no significant difference in exhaled hydrogen levels over 8 hr following administration compared with controls. MA is a new food material that is highly resistant to digestion and fermentation. It expresses the characteristics of a nondigestible oligosaccharide, including being low energy, improving the flavor of food and juice, and mineral solubilization.

5.
Heliyon ; 6(4): e03597, 2020 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32322701

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Previous human and animal studies have shown that excessive maternal intake of folic acid (FA) predisposes to impaired glucose tolerance in the offspring. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether excessive supplementation with FA during pregnancy affects the glucose tolerance of mouse offspring. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were fed AIN93G diet containing either 2 mg [control group (CN)] or 40 mg [high FA group (HFA)] FA/kg diet throughout their pregnancies. On postnatal days (PD)22 and 50, fasting blood glucose was measured in the offspring of both groups, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on PD50. On PD53, tissues were collected, and the tissue masses, area of insulin expression in the pancreas, liver triglyceride content, and gene expression were determined. RESULTS: The blood glucose concentrations at 60 and 120 min of the OGTT were higher in female HFA than CN offspring. The serum fasting and non-fasting insulin concentrations and the area of insulin expression in the pancreas were lower in HFA than CN offspring. The liver triglyceride content was higher in female, and tended to be higher in male (P < 0.05), HFA offspring than CN offspring (P < 0.05). The liver mRNA expression of fat synthesis genes, such as Pparγ2 (male and female) and Cidec (male), was higher in HFA than CN offspring (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Excessive maternal supplementation of FA in mice leads to lower insulin synthesis and an impairment in hepatic fat metabolism in the offspring.

6.
Int J Food Sci Nutr ; 71(8): 1019-1031, 2020 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32347751

RESUMEN

The utilisation and fermentation of highly cross-linked phosphate starches made from two different origins, potato (HXL-P) and tapioca (HXL-T) were investigated in rats and humans. HXL-P and HXL-T were highly resistant to digestion by carbohydrate enzymes and were also resistant to fermentation by gut microbiota in rats. The postprandial blood glucose scarcely increased after administration of HXL-P or HXL-T in healthy humans. Incremental AUC of both HXL-P and HXL-T for 180 min was significantly lower than that of glucose (p < .05). Breath hydrogen excretion was very low after oral administration of HXL-P or HXL-T, and AUCs of breath hydrogen excretion for 13 h after administration were significantly lower than that of fructooligosaccharide as a reference of fermentation (p < .05). These results show that HXL-P and HXL-T were hardly digested and were highly resistant to fermentation. In conclusion, HXL-P and HXL-T could be good low-energy bulking ingredients to replace wheat flour.


Asunto(s)
Fermentación , Manihot/química , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/química , Almidón/química , Administración Oral , Adulto , Animales , Glucemia , Peso Corporal , Fibras de la Dieta , Digestión , Grano Comestible/química , Ácidos Grasos , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Harina , Glucosa , Humanos , Masculino , Oligosacáridos , Periodo Posprandial , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Triticum , Adulto Joven
7.
J Agric Food Chem ; 67(3): 867-874, 2019 Jan 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30632742

RESUMEN

Gut microbiota improved using prebiotics may delay the onset of senescence-related health problems. We hypothesized that prolonged intake of prebiotics delays senile osteoporosis. Forty-five male senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) aged four weeks were raised on 5% fructooligosaccharide (FOS), 5% glucomannan (GM), or a control diet for 31 weeks. Gut microbiota were identified using culture-dependent analytical methods. Mineral content in femoral bone was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bone metabolism and inflammatory markers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The numbers of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides in cecal contents were significantly higher in the FOS than in the control group ( p < 0.05); the number of Clostridium was significantly higher in the GM than in the control group ( p < 0.05). Calcium content was significantly higher in the femoral bones of the FOS group (30.5 ± 0.8 mg) than in the control group (27.5 ± 1.5 mg) ( p < 0.05). There was no difference between the GM (29.1 ± 2.0 mg) and control groups. During senescence, urinary deoxypyridinoline and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels significantly decreased in the FOS (1.2 ± 0.2 nmol/3 d and 80 ± 6.1 ng/100 mL) and GM groups (1.2 ± 0.2 nmol/3 d and 80 ± 6.1 ng/100 mL) compared with the control group (1.8 ± 0.5 nmol/3 d and 93 ± 7.4 ng/100 mL) ( p < 0.05). Thus, dietary FOS and GM modified gut microbiota and reduced bone resorption by reducing systemic inflammation in SAMP6.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Huesos/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Mananos/metabolismo , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Osteoporosis/microbiología , Animales , Bacteroides/genética , Bacteroides/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacteroides/aislamiento & purificación , Bacteroides/metabolismo , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Lactobacillus/genética , Lactobacillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lactobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Osteoporosis/metabolismo , Prebióticos/análisis
8.
Br J Nutr ; 118(2): 81-91, 2017 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28820081

RESUMEN

The inhibition by 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol (1,5-AG) was determined on disaccharidases of rats and humans. Then, the metabolism and fate of 1,5-AG was investigated in rats and humans. Although 1,5-AG inhibited about 50 % of sucrase activity in rat small intestine, the inhibition was less than half of d-sorbose. 1,5-AG strongly inhibited trehalase and lactase, whereas d-sorbose inhibited them very weakly. 1,5-AG noncompetitively inhibited sucrase. The inhibition of 1,5-AG on sucrase and maltase was similar between humans and rats. 1,5-AG in serum increased 30 min after oral administration of 1,5-AG (600 mg) in rats, and mostly 100 % of 1,5-AG was excreted into the urine 24 h after administration. 1,5-AG in serum showed a peak 30 min after ingestion of 1,5-AG (20 g) by healthy subjects, and decreased gradually over 180 min. About 60 % of 1,5-AG was excreted into the urine for 9 h following ingestion. Hydrogen was scarcely excreted in both rats and humans 24 h after administration of 1,5-AG. Furthermore, 1,5-AG significantly suppressed the blood glucose elevation, and hydrogen excretion was increased following the simultaneous ingestion of sucrose and 1,5-AG in healthy subjects. 1,5-AG also significantly suppressed the blood glucose elevation following the simultaneous ingestion of glucose and 1,5-AG; however, hydrogen excretion was negligible. The available energy of 1,5-AG, which is absorbed readily from the small intestine and excreted quickly into the urine, is 0 kJ/g (0 kcal/g). Furthermore, 1,5-AG might suppress the blood glucose elevation through the inhibition of sucrase, as well as intestinal glucose absorption.


Asunto(s)
Glucemia/análisis , Desoxiglucosa/farmacología , Insulina/sangre , Periodo Posprandial , Adulto , Animales , Desoxiglucosa/farmacocinética , Disacaridasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Femenino , Glucosa/administración & dosificación , Glucosa/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Humanos , Hidrógeno/orina , Absorción Intestinal , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Sacarasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sacarosa/administración & dosificación , alfa-Glucosidasas
9.
Nutr Metab (Lond) ; 13: 13, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26884803

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Resistant glucan (RG) and hydrogenated resistant glucan (HRG) are new dietary fiber materials developed to decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle-related diseases. We investigated the metabolism and bioavailability of RG and HRG using rats and humans. METHODS: Purified RG and HRG were used as test substances. After 25 Wistar male rats (270 g) were fed with an experimental diet (AIN93M diet with the cellulose replaced by ß-corn starch) ad libitum for 1 week, they were used for the experiment involving blood collection and circulating air collection. Ten participants (5 males, 22.5 y, BMI 20.4 kg/m(2); 5 females, 25.8 y, BMI 20.9 kg/m(2)) voluntarily participated in this study. The study was carried out using a within-subject, repeated measures design. Effects of RG and HRG on the response for blood glucose and insulin and hydrogen excretion were compared with those of glucose and a typical nondigestible and fermentable fructooligosaccharide (FOS) in rats and humans. Available energy was evaluated using the fermentability based on breath hydrogen excretion. RESULTS: When purified RG or HRG (400 mg) was administered orally to rats, blood glucose and insulin increased slightly, but less than when glucose was administration (P < 0.05). Hydrogen started to be excreted 120 min after administration of RG with negligibly small peak at 180 min, thereafter excreted scarcely until 1440 min. Hydrogen excretion after HRG administration showed a larger peak than RG at 180 min, but was markedly less than FOS. RG and HRG were excreted in feces, but not urine. When purified RG or HRG (30 g) were ingested by healthy humans, blood glucose and insulin levels increased scarcely. Breath hydrogen excretion increased slightly, but remarkably less than FOS. Ingestion of purified RG or HRG (5 g) to evaluate available energy, increased scarcely glucose and insulin levels and breath hydrogen excretion. Available energy was evaluated as 0 kcal/g for purified RG and 1 kcal/g for HRG. CONCLUSION: The bioavailability was very low in both humans and rats, because oligosaccharide of minor component in purified RG and HRG was metabolized via intestinal microbes but major components with higher molecular weight were metabolized scarcely. Moreover, the ingestion of 30 g of RG or HRG did not induce apparent acute side effects in healthy adults. RG and HRG might potentially be used as new dietary fiber materials with low energy.

10.
Diabetol Int ; 7(3): 244-251, 2016 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30603270

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The accuracy of estimating nutritional intake and balance from photos of meals has not been well documented. However, DialBetics (DB)-our diabetes self-management support system, which is based on information and communication technologies-relies on the photos that type 2 diabetes patients take of their meals with smartphones. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate this accuracy. METHODS: We prepared 61 dishes whose actual amount/value of total energy and each nutrient were known: protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber and salt. Their balance-the protein-fat-carbohydrate ratio-was also known, constituting the weighed food record (WFR). Smartphone photos of those dishes were taken, and three registered dietitians evaluated each dish from those photos, naming the dish and estimating the amount of each nutrient in it, plus the dish's balance. These estimated DB and WFR values were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs rank-sum test; intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. Agreement between the two values for each dish was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: There were significant ICCs-0.84 for fat (95 % confidence interval 0.75-0.90) and 0.93 for carbohydrates (0.88, 0.96)-but no statistically significant differences between DB and WRF for other nutrients or balance. Bland-Altman analysis showed that differences between the two values were random and not biased against nutrient intake; 95 % limits of agreement were acceptable although wide (energy -198 to 210 kcal/dish; carbohydrates -22.7 to 25.8 g/dish). CONCLUSION: DB's diet evaluation by photos is reliable with apparent potential for assessing diets.

11.
Br J Nutr ; 114(10): 1550-9, 2015 Nov 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26472475

RESUMEN

Resistant glucan (RG) and hydrogenated resistant glucan (HRG) are newly developed non-digestible carbohydrate materials that decrease lifestyle-related diseases. The bioavailability of RG and HRG was investigated by in vitro experiments using human and rat small intestinal enzymes and by in vivo experiments using rats in the present study. Oligosaccharides, which are minor components of RG and HRG, were hydrolysed slightly by small intestinal enzymes of humans and rats, and the hydrolysing activity was slightly higher in rats than in humans. The amount of glucose released from HRG was greater than that from RG. However, the high-molecular-weight carbohydrates of the main components were hardly hydrolysed. Furthermore, neither RG nor HRG inhibited disaccharidase activity. When rats were raised on a diet containing 5 % of RG, HRG, resistant maltodextrin or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) for 4 weeks, all rats developed loose stools and did not recover during the experiment, except for the FOS group. Body weight gain was normal in all groups and was not significantly different compared with the control group. Caecal tissue and content weights were significantly increased by feeding RG or HRG, although other organ and tissue weights were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, RG and HRG consist of small amounts of glucose and digestible and non-digestible oligosaccharides, and large amounts of glucose polymers, which were hardly hydrolysed by α-amylase and small intestinal enzymes. RG and HRG, which were developed newly as dietary fibre materials, had no harmful effects on the growth and development of rats.


Asunto(s)
Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Digestión , Glucanos/metabolismo , Animales , Ciego/anatomía & histología , Diarrea/inducido químicamente , Carbohidratos de la Dieta , Disacaridasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Disacaridasas/metabolismo , Glucanos/efectos adversos , Glucanos/química , Humanos , Hidrogenación , Hidrólisis , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Masculino , Estructura Molecular , Oligosacáridos/efectos adversos , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Tamaño de los Órganos , Polisacáridos/efectos adversos , Polisacáridos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Aumento de Peso , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismo
12.
J Agric Food Chem ; 63(24): 5747-52, 2015 Jun 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26027636

RESUMEN

We have previously shown that the Association of Official Analytical Chemists' (AOAC) methods 2001.03 and 2009.01 were not able to measure accurately nondigestible oligosaccharide because they are incapable of hydrolyzing digestible oligosaccharide, leading to overestimation of nondigestible oligosaccharide. Subsequently, we have proposed improved AOAC methods 2001.03 and 2009.01 using porcine small intestinal disaccharidases instead of amyloglucosidase. In the present study, we tried to determine nondigestible oligosaccharide in marketed processed foods using the improved AOAC method (improved method), and the results were compared with those by AOAC method 2009.01. In the improved method, the percentages of recovery of fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, and raffinose to the label of processed food were 103.0, 89.9, and 102.1%, respectively. However, the AOAC method 2009.01 overestimated >30% of the quantity of nondigestible oligosaccharide in processed foods, because the margin of error was accepted ±20% on the contents of nondigestible oligosaccharides in processed foods for Japanese nutrition labeling, the improved method thus provided accurate quantification of nondigestible oligosaccharides in processed food and allows a comprehensive determination of nondigestible oligosaccharides.


Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Disacaridasas/química , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Oligosacáridos/química , Animales , Técnicas de Química Analítica/normas , Digestión , Disacaridasas/metabolismo , Hidrólisis , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Porcinos
13.
Nutr Res ; 34(11): 961-7, 2014 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25311612

RESUMEN

In an attempt to develop D-sorbose as a new sweetener that could help in preventing lifestyle-related diseases, we investigated the inhibitory effect of D-sorbose on disaccharidase activity, using the brush border membrane vesicles of rat small intestines. The inhibitory effect was compared with that of L-sorbose and other rare sugars, and the small intestinal disaccharidases in rats was compared with that of humans as well. In humans and the small intestines of rats, d-sorbose strongly inhibited sucrase activity and weakly inhibited maltase activity. Inhibition by D-sorbose of sucrase activity was similar to that of L-arabinose, and the K(i) of D-sorbose was 7.5 mM. Inhibition by D-sorbose was very strong in comparison with that of L-sorbose (K(i), 60.8 mM), whereas inhibition of d-tagatose was between that of D-sorbose and L-sorbose. The inhibitory mode of D-sorbose for sucrose and maltase was uncompetitive, and that of L-sorbose was competitive. To determine a suppressive effect on postprandial blood levels of glucose and insulin via inhibition of sucrase activity, sucrose solution with or without D-sorbose was administered to rats. Increments in the blood levels of glucose and insulin were suppressed significantly after administration of sucrose solution with D-sorbose to rats, in comparison to administration of sucrose solution without D-sorbose. In contrast, the suppressive effect of L-sorbose on postprandial blood levels of glucose and insulin was very weak. These results suggest that D-sorbose may have an inhibitory effect on disaccharidase activity and could be used as a sweetener to suppress the postprandial elevation of blood levels of glucose and insulin. The use of D-sorbose as a sweetener may contribute to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Asunto(s)
Glucemia/metabolismo , Disacaridasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Insulina/sangre , Intestino Delgado/efectos de los fármacos , Sorbosa/farmacología , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/prevención & control , Disacaridasas/metabolismo , Hexosas/farmacología , Humanos , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Masculino , Obesidad/prevención & control , Periodo Posprandial , Ratas , Ratas Wistar
14.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) ; 60(4): 246-54, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25297613

RESUMEN

A standardized simple, indirect method for assessing the relative energy of dietary fiber carbohydrates is not yet established. There is a need for a standardized in vivo assay. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relative available energy (RAE) for 9 major dietary fiber materials (DFMs) based on fermentability from breath hydrogen excretion (BHE) in subjects. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) was used as a reference. The study was conducted using a within-subject, repeated measures design and approved by the Ethical Committee of University of Nagasaki. After DFM ingestion, end-expiratory gas (750-mL) was collected at 1-h intervals for 8 h, as well as at 2-h intervals between 8 h and 14 h, and 30 min after waking up and 24 h after DFM ingestion. Breath hydrogen concentration was assessed with a gas chromatograph. The RAE of DFMs tested was evaluated based on the area under the curve (AUC) of BHE of FOS. Based on the ratio of AUC for 8 h, the RAE of polydextrose, partially hydrolysed guar gum, resistant maltodextrin and partially hydrolysed alginate was 1 kcal/g, and that of glucomannan, heat-moisture treatment and high-amylose cornstarch and cellulose was 0 kcal/g, while the RAE of all tested DEMs including cellulose and glucomannan was 1 kcal/g in the calculation based on AUCs for 14 h and 24 h in subjects. We suggest that a breath hydrogen collection period of 14 h or more could be used to measure RAE for a range of fiber preparations in vivo.


Asunto(s)
Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Ingestión de Energía , Fermentación , Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/metabolismo , Adulto , Alginatos/metabolismo , Amilosa/metabolismo , Área Bajo la Curva , Pruebas Respiratorias , Celulosa/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Gases , Femenino , Galactanos/metabolismo , Glucanos/metabolismo , Ácido Glucurónico/metabolismo , Ácidos Hexurónicos/metabolismo , Humanos , Mananos/metabolismo , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Gomas de Plantas/metabolismo , Valores de Referencia , Almidón/metabolismo , Adulto Joven
15.
Gastroenterol Res Pract ; 2014: 303184, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24987410

RESUMEN

We hypothesized that daily intake of nondigestible saccharides delays senescence onset through the improvement of intestinal microflora. Here, we raised senescence accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8) on the AIN93 diet (CONT), with sucrose being substituted for 5% of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or 5% of glucomannan (GM), 15 mice per group. Ten SAMR1 were raised as reference of normal aging with control diet. Grading of senescence was conducted using the method developed by Hosokawa, and body weight, dietary intake, and drinking water intake were measured on alternate days. Following 38 weeks of these diets we evaluated learning and memory abilities using a passive avoidance apparatus and investigated effects on the intestinal microflora, measured oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines. Continuous intake of FOS and GM significantly enhanced learning and memory ability and decelerated senescence development when compared with the CONT group. Bifidobacterium levels were significantly increased in FOS and GM-fed mice. Urinary 8OHdG, 15-isoprostane, serum TNF- α , and IL-6 were also lower in FOS-fed mice, while IL-10 in FOS and GM groups was higher than in CONT group. These findings suggest that daily intake of nondigestible saccharides delays the onset of senescence via improvement of intestinal microflora.

16.
Int J Food Sci Nutr ; 65(6): 754-60, 2014 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24725210

RESUMEN

The digestibility of Megalosaccharide® (newly developed carbohydrate comprising α-1,4-glucosaccharide) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Isomaltosyl-megalosaccharide® (IMS) and nigerosyl-megalosaccharide® (NMS) contain 20% and 50% of the megalosaccharide fraction (degree of polymerization (DP) 10-35), respectively. IMS was hydrolyzed readily by α-amylase to oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 7), and a small amount of glucose was produced from oligosaccharides by small intestinal enzymes (SIEs). NMS was partially hydrolyzed by α-amylase to oligosaccharides, and a small amount of glucose produced by SIEs. When IMS and NMS were treated by SIEs after treatment with human saliva α-amylase for a few minutes, IMS and NMS were hydrolyzed readily to glucose. Plasma levels of glucose and insulin upon ingestion of 50 g of IMS or NMS were elevated the same as those for 50 g of glucose, and breath hydrogen was not excreted. These results suggest that IMS and NMS are digestible carbohydrates.


Asunto(s)
Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Digestión , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Polisacáridos/metabolismo , alfa-Amilasas Salivales/metabolismo , Adulto , Disponibilidad Biológica , Glucemia/metabolismo , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Masculino , Polisacáridos/farmacocinética , Adulto Joven
17.
Food Chem ; 151: 539-46, 2014 May 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24423568

RESUMEN

We wished to clarify the inaccuracy of AOAC method 2009.01 for the measurement of non-digestible oligosaccharides and to propose an improved method using porcine intestinal enzymes. Amyloglucosidase used in AOAC method 2009.01 scarcely hydrolyses sucrose, palatinose and panose (which are readily digested by intestinal enzymes). Hence, oligosaccharides could not be measured accurately by AOAC method 2009.01. To confirm the inaccuracy of the method, we used porcine intestinal enzymes instead of amyloglucosidase. Using the improved method, fructooligosaccharide and galactooligosaccharide were measured accurately as non-digestible oligosaccharides, but sucrose, palatinose, panose and isomaltooligosaccharide were not. The improved method hydrolysed digestible oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. These results demonstrate that the inaccuracy of AOAC method 2009.01 for oligosaccharide measurement is due to incomplete hydrolysis by amyloglucosidase. We propose that amyloglucosidase should be replaced with porcine intestinal enzymes for such measurements.


Asunto(s)
Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Glucano 1,4-alfa-Glucosidasa/análisis , Oligosacáridos/análisis , Trisacáridos/análisis , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Glucanos/análisis , Hidrólisis , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Isomaltosa/análogos & derivados , Isomaltosa/análisis , Sacarosa/análisis , Porcinos
18.
Nutr Res ; 31(11): 848-54, 2011 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22118756

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that repeated ingestion of diet containing the leaf extract from a Morus alba (LEM) maintains the postprandial hypoglycemic response and suppresses the progression of insulin resistance in high-sucrose diet-fed KK-Ay mice with spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This hypothesis is based on our previous studies where LEM competitively inhibited intestinal disaccharidases and suppressed the elevation of postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels. Ten KK-Ay mice in each group were raised on 0%, 3%, or 6% LEM powder-containing high-sucrose diets for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected to measure fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels at weeks 2, 4, and 7 after the start of feeding. Urinary glucose excretion was monitored as a parameter of insulin resistance in 3-day intervals. Fasting plasma glucose level and urinary glucose excretion were significantly lower in both 3% and 6% LEM groups compared with the control group throughout the experiment. The plasma insulin of the 6% LEM group was significantly lower compared with the 3% LEM and control groups. Maintenance of low blood glucose and insulin delayed the onset time of urinary glucose excretion and were reflected by the ratio of additional LEM to sucrose in the diet. We observed the suppressive effects on the progression of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in the repeated ingestion of the LEM-containing diet. Namely, repeated ingestion of the LEM-containing diet reduces insulin resistance and may delay the appearance of DM, especially type 2 DM. Therefore, daily intake of LEM may be suitable for the prevention of obesity and DM.


Asunto(s)
Dieta , Resistencia a la Insulina , Morus , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Sacarosa en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ayuno , Glucosuria , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Ratones , Obesidad/prevención & control
19.
Clin Exp Gastroenterol ; 4: 155-61, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21904461

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to clarify whether it is possible to extrapolate results from studies of the hydrolyzing activity of disaccharidases from rats to humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured disaccharidase activity in humans and rats using identical preparation and assay methods, and investigated the similarity in hydrolyzing activity. Small intestinal samples without malignancy were donated by five patients who had undergone bladder tumor surgery, and homogenates were prepared to measure disaccharidase activity. Adult rat homogenates were prepared using small intestine. RESULTS: Maltase activity was the highest among the five disaccharidases, followed by sucrase and then palatinase in humans and rats. Trehalase activity was slightly lower than that of palatinase in humans and was similar to that of sucrase in rats. Lactase activity was the lowest in humans, but was similar to that of palatinase in rats. Thus, the hydrolyzing activity of five disaccharidases was generally similar in humans and rats. The relative activity of sucrose and palatinase versus maltase was generally similar between humans and rats. The ratio of rat to human hydrolyzing activity of maltase, sucrase, and palatinase was 1.9-3.1, but this was not a significant difference. Leaf extract from Morus alba strongly inhibited the activity of maltase, sucrase, and palatinase, but not trehalase and lactase, and the degree of inhibition was similar in humans and rats. L-arabinose mildly inhibited sucrase activity, but hardly inhibited the activity of maltase, palatinase, trehalase and lactase in humans and rats. The digestibility of 1-kestose, galactosylsucrose, and panose by small intestinal enzymes was very similar between humans and rats. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the digestibility of newly developed saccharide materials evaluated by rat small intestinal enzymes can substitute for evaluation using human enzymes.

20.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) ; 56(6): 387-95, 2010.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21422708

RESUMEN

To investigate the available energy of orally administered [(14)C]mannitol via intestinal microbes, [(14)C]mannitol (222 kBq, 105 mg) or [(14)C]glucose (222 kBq, 105 mg) was administered to conventional rats and antibiotics-treated rats whose intestinal microbes were depleted by drinking water containing antibiotics, respectively. The exhausted CO(2), feces and urine were then separately collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h after administration of the test solution. In the conventional rats, 45% of administered radioactivity was recovered as (14)CO(2) in the administration of [(14)C]mannitol, while 57% of administered radioactivity was recovered as (14)CO(2) following the administration of [(14)C]glucose for 24 h. The time sequence for the (14)CO(2) excretion from [(14)C]mannitol was delayed as compared to [(14)C]glucose by about 4-6 h (p<0.05). However, when [(14)C]mannitol was orally administered to antibiotics-treated rats, only 3% of administered radioactivity was excreted as (14)CO(2) for 24 h. The total radioactivity of the gastrointestinal contents and feces for 24 h after administration was over 70%, much higher than those of the conventional rats (p<0.05). When a half dose (222 kBq, 52.5 mg) of [(14)C]mannitol was administered to conventional rats, the recovery as (14)CO(2) for 24 h (%) was significantly higher than that of a regular dose of [(14)C]mannitol (105 mg). When cold mannitol (105 mg) was orally administered to the antibiotics-treated rats, about 9% of intact mannitol was excreted in feces within 48 h after administration. However, no intact mannitol was detected in the conventional rats. These results demonstrate that more than 95% of mannitol administered orally is utilized via fermentation by intestinal microbes.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Fermentación , Intestinos/microbiología , Manitol/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Animales , Antibacterianos , Disponibilidad Biológica , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Radioisótopos de Carbono/metabolismo , Heces/química , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar
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