Does increasing community and liquor licensees' awareness, police activity, and feedback reduce alcohol-related violent crime? A benefit-cost analysis.

Approximately half of all alcohol-related crime is violent crime associated with heavy episodic drinking. Multi-component interventions are highly acceptable to communities and may be effective in reducing alcohol-related crime generally, but their impact on alcohol-related violent crime has not been examined. This study evaluated the impact and benefit-cost of a multi-component intervention (increasing community and liquor licensees' awareness, police activity, and feedback) on crimes typically associated with alcohol-related violence. The intervention was tailored to weekends identified as historically problematic in 10 experimental communities in NSW, Australia, relative to 10 control ones. There was no effect on alcohol-related assaults and a small, but statistically significant and cost-beneficial, effect on alcohol-related sexual assaults: a 64% reduction in in the experimental relative to control communities, equivalent to five fewer alcohol-related sexual assaults, with a net social benefit estimated as AUD$3,938,218. The positive benefit-cost ratio was primarily a function of the value that communities placed on reducing alcohol-related harm: the intervention would need to be more than twice as effective for its economic benefits to be comparable to its costs. It is most likely that greater reductions in crimes associated with alcohol-related violence would be achieved by a combination of complementary legislative and community-based interventions.

The cost-effectiveness of tailored, postal feedback on general practitioners' prescribing of pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to conduct a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of tailored, postal feedback on general practitioners' (GPs) prescribing of acamprosate and naltrexone for alcohol dependence relative to current practice and its impact on alcohol dependence morbidity. METHODS: Rural communities in New South Wales, Australia, were randomised into experimental (N=10) and control (N=10) communities. Tailored feedback on their prescribing of alcohol pharmacotherapies was mailed to GPs from the experimental communities (N=115). Segmented regression analysis was used to examine within and between group changes in prescribing and alcohol dependence hospitalisation rates compared to the control communities. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated per additional prescription of pharmacotherapies and per alcohol dependence hospitalisation(s) averted. RESULTS: Post-intervention changes, relative to the control communities, in GPs' prescribing rate trends in the experimental communities significantly increased for acamprosate (ß=0.24, 95% CI: 0.13-0.35, p<0.001), and significantly decreased for naltrexone (ß = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.17 to -0.06) per quarter. Quarterly hospitalisation trend rates for alcohol dependence, as principal diagnosis, significantly decreased (ß=-0.07, 95% CI: -0.13 to -0.01, p<0.05), compared to control communities. The median ICER per quarterly hospitalisation(s) averted due to intervention was dominant (dominant--$12,750). CONCLUSION: Postal, tailored feedback to GPs on their prescribing of acamprosate and naltrexone for alcohol dependence was a cost-effective intervention, in rural communities of NSW, to increase the overall prescribing of pharmacotherapies with a plausible effect on incidence reduction of hospitalisations for alcohol dependence as principal diagnosis.

The potential cost-effectiveness of general practitioner delivered brief intervention for alcohol misuse: evidence from rural Australia.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to model General Practitioner (GP) delivered screening and brief intervention (BI), and to identify the costs per additional risky drinker who reduces alcohol consumption to low-risk levels, relative to current practice. METHOD: A decision model and nine different scenarios were developed to assess outcomes and costs of GP-delivered screening and BI on the potential number of risky drinkers who reduce their alcohol consumption to low-risk levels in 10 rural communities in New South Wales, Australia. FINDINGS: Based on evidence from current practice, approximately 19% of all risky drinkers visiting GPs annually would reduce alcohol consumption to low-risk levels, of which 0.7% would do so because of GP-delivered screening and BI. If rates of screening and BI are increased to 100%, 36% of these risky drinkers would reduce their drinking to low risk-levels. Alternatively, increments of 10% and 20% in GP-delivered screening and BI would reduce the proportion of risky drinkers by 2.1% and 4.2% respectively. The most cost-effective outcome per additional risky drinker reducing their drinking relative to current practice would be if all of these risky drinkers are screened alone with an ICER of AUD$197. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that increments in rates of screening and BI delivered by GPs can result in cost-effective reductions per additional risky drinkers reducing their drinking to low-risk levels, relative to current practice. They also imply that achieving substantial reductions in the prevalence of risky drinking in a community will require strategies other than opportunistic screening and BIs by GPs.

Measuring costs of alcohol harm to others: a review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: People other than the drinker experience harmful consequences from alcohol misuse, accounting for part of the economic burden to society. Little has been done on costing harm to others. METHOD: A literature review was undertaken of various databases, government publications, dissertations, conference papers and reference materials. Publications were included for analysis if they reported costs on alcohol harm to others. Methodological adequacy of costing studies was assessed using a checklist modified from the Drummond 10-point checklist. RESULTS: In total, 25 publications including costs on alcohol harm to others were reviewed. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) was the harm to others most frequently cost. The cost-of-illness (COI) framework was used in 24 of the publications, while 1 employed a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) serving as starting point for further studies estimating intangible costs (e.g. victim's quality-of-life (QoL) loss). Indirect costs (e.g. victim's lost productivity) were quantified most frequently with the human capital approach. The majority of publications critically assessed on costing received an average quality score (17/25). CONCLUSION: Few studies have reported costs on the magnitude from harm to people other than the drinker, therefore the overall economic burden of risky alcohol consumption across countries is underestimated. This review may be considered a starting point for future research on costing alcohol harm to others.