Impact of Pretransplant C-Reactive Protein, Neutrophiles, Platelets, and Albumin Levels on Recipient Survival After Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Long-lasting diabetes mellitus type 1 and end-stage renal disease induce severe metabolic and immunologic deterioration. Pretransplant C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin (ALB) levels impact kidney transplantation. We evaluated the effects of preoperative CRP, ALB, neutrophils (NEU), and platelet (PLT) counts on 1- and 5-year recipient survival after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK). METHODS: Among 103 SPK recipients, the parameters were as follows: CRP (mean: 4.5 ± 4.97 mg/L); NEU (mean: 5.12 ± 2.13 × 103/mm3); PLT (mean: 244 ± 84 × 103/mm3); ALB (mean 4.5 ± 0.75 g/dL) were obtained before transplantation. Cox regression, uni-, multivariate analysis for 1- and 5-year survivals were performed with 95% CIs, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was assessed. RESULTS: In Cox regression, ALB <3.65 g/dL significantly affected 1- and 5-year survivors with hazard ratios of 8 (95% CI, 1.5-38.28; P < .05) and 3.13 (95% CI, 1.45-6.73; P < .05), respectively. In univariate analysis, we found significantly decreased 1-year survival when PLT <180×103/mm3, ALB <3.65 g/dL, NEU >5.8×103/mm3 and CRP >2.25 mg/L with odds ratios (OR) of 6.75 (95% CI, 2.12-21.15); 4.05 (95% CI, 1.3-12.09); 2.97 (95% CI, 1.02-8.64) and 5.51 (95% CI, 1.67-18.19), respectively. Independent factors for 5-year survival were CRP, ALB, and PLT with OR of 4.72 (95% CI, 1.67-13.29), 3.31 (95% CI, 1.18-9.25), and 4.2 (95% CI, 1.39-12.68), respectively. In multivariate analysis, we built 2 models for 1-year survival. Model 1 (ALB+PLT) with ORs of 3.12 (95% CI, 0.97-10.07) and 5.55 (95% CI, 1.67-18.4); and model 2 (CRP+PLT) with ORs of 5.51 (95% CI, 1.5-17.3) and 4.3 (95% CI, 1.2-15.06), respectively. The AUC for models 1 and 2 were 0.74 and 0.759, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: NEU, PLT, ALB, and CRP levels assessed before transplantation are independent factors for 1- and 5-year SPK recipient survival.

Anemia in Patients After Stem Cell Transplantation and in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the treatment of choice in various hematologic diseases, and kidney transplantation (KTx) is the best therapy for end-stage kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs relatively often after both types of transplantations. Anemia after both HSCT and KTx may be due to CKD and other reasons. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia to CKD in 156 prevalent patients after HSCT and 80 after KTx. According to the World Health Organization's definition (hemoglobin <13 g/dL for men and <12 g/dL for women), the prevalence of anemia in the studied cohort after HSCT was 13% in women and 35% in men and for those after KTx, it was29% in men and 11%. Anemia in KTx was found in 46% of patients, whereas CKD was present in 53%. After HSCT, anemia was associated with CKD in 56% of women and 17% of men. In KTx, anemia and CKD was diagnosed in 21% of patients. Patients with anemia after KTx had significantly lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hemoglobin, and significantly higher creatinine levels. Age was related to the estimated GFR (eGFR; r = -0.39, P < .001) in patients who underwent HSCT and had anemia. In patients without anemia, age was negatively related to eGFR (r = -0.56, P < .001) and the hemoglobin-to-platelet count (r = 0.62, P < .001). In KTx, hemoglobin was related to eGFR (r = 0.35, P < .001), and age was related to eGFR (r = -0.20, P < .05). The type of induction therapy immunosuppressive regimen (anti-thymocyte globulin vs basiliximab vs no induction) did not affect the prevalence of anemia in the KTx population studied. Anemia is relatively common in CKD after HSCT. In both CKD and coexistent anemia, nephrology referral is to be considered to optimize therapy, including nephroprotection.

Left-Sided Pneumothorax in a Potential Kidney Transplant Recipient-A Surprise in the Surgical Ward: Case Report.

BACKGROUND: The risk of morbidity and mortality in the group of people qualified for kidney transplantation is high. Although currently, the qualification for kidney transplantation is very extensive and detailed, the final examination and assessment at the transplant center is crucial for the success of the transplantation. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old woman with end-stage kidney disease was admitted to the Department of General, Vascular, and Transplant Surgery on July 21, 2023, for kidney transplantation. A month earlier, she had undergone surgery to create an arteriovenous fistula on the left forearm. The regional anesthesia was performed. Apart from temporary pain and cough, the postoperative course was uncomplicated. Upon admission to the Department, the patient was in good general condition, and only a dry cough was noted during the physical examination. Chest X-ray revealed pneumothorax on the left side with partial lung atelectasis. The patient was temporarily disqualified from kidney transplantation and the pneumothorax was cured. She is currently on the active list waiting for a kidney transplant. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the above case emphasizes the importance of a physical examination and final qualification at the transplant center. Detailed examination and evaluation at the above center can improve patients' quality of life and survival.

Outcomes of Combined Liver-Kidney Transplantation - Single Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: There is continuous growth of combined liver-kidney transplantation (CLKTx) numbers with remarkable outcomes, especially among patient with liver cirrhosis and end-stage renal disease. The aim was to present a single center experience. METHODS: Twenty patients (9 males) with a mean age of 48 (range: 20-62) years underwent CLKTx from 2005 to 2022. Indications were polycystic liver and kidney diseases (ADPKD) in 12 cases, cirrhosis due to hepatitis (4 patients), and 1 case of amyloidosis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic steatosis, and congenital hepatic fibrosis with concomitant glomerulonephritis. After hepatectomy, half of the patients had orthotopic liver transplantation with piggy-back technique, and the other had conventional technique. All but 1 recipient had biliary end-to-end anastomosis. 3 patients had preemptive kidney graft transplantation. 4 underwent simultaneous right-side nephrectomy due to volume of the right kidney. Kidney was transplanted from the separate incision after abdominal closure with typical anastomoses. Tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetile, basiliximab, and steroids were applied for all recipients. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 57.7 ± 54 months. No primary non-function of the grafts occurred. Delayed kidney graft function (DGF) occurred in 8 patients. Three-month, 1-year, and 5-year cumulative survival rates were: 90%, 80%, and 72% respectively. None of the patients required retransplantation, and 1 recipient returned to hemodialysis 19 months after transplantation. Preemptive kidney transplantation and simultaneous right-side nephrectomy were not significant for DGF and recipient survival. No deaths within the first year occurred in piggy-back technique. CONCLUSIONS: CLKTx is safe and effective in the treatment of both liver and kidney failure.

Effect of Pretransplant Dialysis Method and Vintage on Early Clinical Outcomes of Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Pre-transplantation dialysis duration and modality may affect patients' long-term (mortality and graft failure) and short-term (delayed graft function) outcomes after kidney transplantation. We aimed to assess the impact of the method and duration of dialysis therapy on the graft function in the first 6 months post-transplant. METHODS: The analysis included 122 kidney transplant patients (109 from a deceased donor and 13 from a living donor). Before transplantation, 91 were on hemodialysis (HD), 19 were on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 9 received preemptive transplants. The incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) and creatinine levels at discharge and 6 months after transplantation were assessed. RESULTS: PD and HD patients did not differ in age, number of mismatches, and cold ischemia time (CIT), but they had a significantly shorter dialysis vintage (18.3 ± 25.7 vs 39.6 ± 34.3 months, P = .01) and a lower incidence of DGF (5% vs 37%, P = .006). The duration of hospitalization and creatinine concentration at discharge and after 6 months were similar. Preemptively transplanted patients had a significantly shorter CIT (ND vs DO - 576 ± 362 vs 1113 ± 574, P = .01; ND vs HD - 576 ± 362 vs 1025 ± 585 minutes, P = .01). DGF did not occur in any of the patients transplanted preemptively. They had slightly shorter hospitalization times and, compared to HD, better graft function at discharge. After 6 months, creatinine levels were comparable to HD and PD. Patients dialyzed for less than 12 months, regardless of the method, had a lower incidence of DGF. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal dialysis and a short duration of pre-transplant dialysis may improve the early results of kidney transplantation.

Recurrence of Glomerulonephritis After Kidney Transplantation - Experience of One Center from 2020 to 2023.

BACKGROUND: Glomerulonephritis (GN) after kidney transplantation is a common problem. Many of them are recurrences of the primary disease in the transplanted kidney. The course and prognosis of individual types of glomerulonephritis (GN) are very different and their appearance may worsen the graft survival. World statistics show significant discrepancies regarding the incidence of GN recurrence depending on the adopted protocol (protocolar biopsy or due to symptoms). We analyzed the transplanted kidney biopsy results that are performed only in symptomatic patients. METHODS: A group of 125 patients transplanted and treated in one medical center were observed. In this group, in 32 patients, the primary kidney disease was GN, confirmed by kidney biopsy before transplantation. Twenty three kidney biopsies were performed; in 8, cases the primary disease was GN. The indication for biopsy were hematuria and/or proteinuria and/or graft failure. RESULTS: We diagnosed 5 cases of GN, including 4 cases of GN recurrence (12.5% in whole GN group, 50% in symptomatic GN group). In the relapse group, there was 1 case of IgA nephropathy (the earliest recurrence 1 month after transplantation), 1 case of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 1 case of membranous nephropathy, and 1 case of lupus nephritis (the latest recurrence 1 year and 4 months after transplantation). CONCLUSIONS: Our observation showed a high percentage of GN recurrences in symptomatic patients. This indicates the need to specify data regarding the diagnosis of recurrence depending on the adopted research method (protocolar or due to symptoms biopsy) to know which patients should be treated.

Impact of Blood Pressure on Risk of Graft Failure or Death Among Patients After Kidney Transplantation in a 10-Year Observational Period: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND Hypertension is a risk factor for graft failure and mortality among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The aim of the study was to examine blood pressure (BP) as a factor that contributes to graft failure or death during a 10-year observation period. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group comprised 70 KTRs who were treated according to their clinical state. Data were collected at 1 month and 1 year after transplantation and included office and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) BP values, eGFR, proteinuria, and BMI. During the observation period, 6 patients died, and 10 lost the graft, but not during the first year. RESULTS Office and ABPM BP values were within normal ranges and did not differ from each other. eGRF and BMI were higher at 1 year compared to 1 month after transplantation, and proteinuria decreased. Among those who died, DBP was lower compared to those of survivors with graft failure. Proteinuria and donor age were positively correlated with BP. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring of BP and adequate treatment of hypertension resulting in BP values within normal values among KTRs contribute to longer survival of the graft and recipient. Older donor age and proteinuria could predict post-transplant hypertension. Low diastolic BP of the recipient could increase the risk of death among KTRs. Despite the fact that ABPM is the blood pressure measurement method of choice, appropriate standard office measurement could also be used for BP monitoring.

Evaluation of selected parameters of inflammation, coagulation system, and formation of extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs) in the perioperative period in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of thoracoabdominal aneurysm with a branched device (t-Branch).

Extracellular Neutrophils Traps (NETs) and their formation, known as NETosis, have become pivotal in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm development. This study investigates the NETosis markers with the assessment of selected parameters of inflammation and coagulation system in patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in the pre-and postop period undergoing t-Branch stent-graft implantation. The study included 20 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Three markers double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and citrullinated H3 histones (Cit-H3) were tested at three-time points from patients' blood. The parameters of NETosis, inflammation, and coagulation system were examined in the preoperative period (within 24 h before surgery) and in the postoperative period (on the 3rd and 5th postoperative day). Free-circulating DNA (cfDNA) was isolated from the blood using the MagMAXTM Cell-Free DNA Extraction Kit. Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) were then quantified using the Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit and the Qubit ssDNA Assay Kit. Cit-H3 concentration was determined by enzyme immunoassay ELISA (Cayman). The results revealed the significance of NETs secretion in response to the complex processes after stent-graft implantation. All NET markers increased shortly after surgery, with histones being the first to return to preoperative levels. The lack of normalization of dsDNA and ssDNA levels to preoperative levels by the last postoperative blood collection demonstrates NETs reorganization. The increase in the number of neutrophils was not related to the expansion of postoperative NETosis. The study reveals a new marker of NETosis, ssDNA, that has not been studied so far. The implantation of a stent graft in a patient with TAAA triggers an inflammatory response manifested by an increase in inflammatory parameters. One of the hallmarks of inflammation is the activation of neutrophil extracellular traps.

Free-Circulating Nucleic Acids as Biomarkers in Patients After Solid Organ Transplantation.

A number types of extracellular DNA (eg, cell-free, cfDNA) circulate in human blood, including mitochondrial, transcriptome, and regulatory DNA, usually at low concentrations. Larger amounts of cfDNA appear in any inflammatory condition, including organ damage due to a variety of reasons. The role of cfDNA in solid organ transplantation is discussed in this review as a valuable additional tool in the standard of care of transplant patients. Post-transplant monitoring requires the use of high-quality biomarkers for early detection of graft damage or rejection to be able to apply early therapeutic intervention. CfDNA complements the traditional monitoring strategies, being a risk stratification tool and an important prognostic marker. However, improving the sensitivity and specificity of cfDNA detection is necessary to facilitate personalized patient management, warranting further research in terms of measurement, test standardization, and storage, processing, and shipping. A diagnostic test (Allosure, CareDx, Inc., Brisbane, CA) for kidney, heart and lung transplant patients is now commercially available, and validation for other organs (eg, liver) is pending. To date, donor-derived cfDNA in combination with other biomarkers appears to be a promising tool in graft rejection as it is minimally invasive, time-sensitive, and cost-effective. However, improvement of sensitivity and specificity is required to facilitate personalized patient management. Whether it could be an alternate to graft biopsy remains unclear.

Kidney Function, Male Gender, and Aneurysm Diameter Are Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Treated Endovascularly.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative disease of the aortic wall with potentially fatal complications. The widespread adoption of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), which is less invasive and equally (if not more) effective for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), is due to the obvious advantages of the procedure compared to the traditional open repair. As the popularity of endovascular procedures grows, related complications become more evident, with kidney damage being one of them. Although acute kidney injury following EVAR is relatively common, its true incidence is still uncertain. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of acute kidney injury among patients treated with endovascular repair of ruptured AAA. In addition, we aimed to determine the predictors of PC-AKI in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with EVAR. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective registry of abdominal aortic aneurysm of 247 patients operated endovascularly at a single center between 2015 and 2021. Due to a lack of clinical data, data of 192 patients were reviewed for postcontrast acute kidney injury. Additional comorbidities were included in this study: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, chronic coronary syndrome, COPD, and chronic kidney disease. Follow-up examinations were performed before the procedure and 48 h after contrast administration. RESULTS: The group of 36 patients developed PC-AKI, which is 19% of the entire study population. Hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, male gender, and incidence of PC-AKI were more prevalent in patients with higher aortic aneurysm diameter ≥67 mm. In multiple regression analyses, independent predictors of PC-AKI were serum creatinine, chronic kidney disease, male gender, and aortic aneurysm diameter ≥67 mm. CONCLUSIONS: One of the major complications after EVAR is acute kidney injury, which is linked to higher death and morbidity rates. Independent risk factors for postcontrast acute kidney injury were chronic kidney disease, male gender, and aortic diameter. Only aortic diameter could be modifiable risk factor, and earlier surgery could be considered to yield better outcomes. More research is critically needed to determine how AKI affects long-term outcomes and to look at preventive options.

How COVID-19 Outbreak Influenced Transplantation in Poland.

Announced by the World Health Organization in early 2020, the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections has had a huge impact on healthcare systems around the world. Local and international authorities focused on implementing procedures to safeguard the health of the population. All regular daily activities were disrupted. Similar factors related to the global fight against the COVID-19 epidemic also had a large impact on transplantation activity. In this article, the authors present the number of patients qualified for transplantation, transplanted and waiting on the waiting list in Poland during the 2-year period of the pandemic. In the first year of the epidemic (2020), all transplantation figures dropped drastically, by as much as 20-30% compared with 2019. The most disturbing fact is that the number of transplants performed in 2022 is still lower than before the outbreak of the epidemic (2019 and earlier).

Should Thorax Thin-Section Computed Tomography Be a Standard Diagnostic Procedure in the Evaluation of Potential Kidney Transplant Recipients? Lessons Learned From the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplant is the preferred treatment for most patients with end-stage renal disease. Because dialyzed patients often have significant comorbidities or multimorbidities, they should be carefully evaluated before being waitlisted for transplant. The COVID-19 pandemic presents a major challenge for surgery, including transplant surgery. Owing to a fear of COVID-19 symptoms occurring in lungs, thin-section computed tomography (TSCT) became a standard evaluation technique in potential kidney transplant recipients before surgery. METHODS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the rationale and usefulness of TSCT in deceased donor kidney transplant during the COVID-19 pandemic. All adult patients who underwent deceased donor kidney transplant between May 1, 2020, and December 15, 2021, were included in the study. Potential kidney transplant recipients who were admitted to the Department of General, Vascular, and Transplant Surgery at the Medical University of Warsaw in Warsaw, Poland, were tested for COVID-19 (CovGenX rapid test); blood chemistries were performed; dialysis was performed (if needed); and, on a negative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test, HRCT was performed. RESULTS: From May 2020 until the end of December 2021, 54 patients were transplanted; however, 7 patients were disqualified after TSCT and consulted with a pulmonary specialist. Disqualification from kidney transplant accounted for 13% of the potential kidney allograft recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the possibility of overdiagnosis by TSCT, TSCT should be considered a standard evaluation technique in potential kidney transplant recipients. Potential kidney transplant recipients must be periodically reassessed given the prolonged wait time for a donor kidney and the significant number of comorbid conditions in this patient population. However, more data with longer follow-ups are needed to prove or disprove the rationale to use TSCT in transplant surgery.

Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis: Underrecognized, Not So Rare, but Curable Complication.

Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) constitutes 75% of all vascular complications in kidney transplant recipients, being a significant source of graft dysfunction and loss. TRAS is a heterogeneous disease with different risk factors and causes. The incidence differs greatly, and it is likely it will increase because of the aging population of potential recipients and donors of renal grafts and the expanding use of extended-criteria donors. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of TRAS can prevent irreversible allograft dysfunction and loss. Current evidence of risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic options are presented in this short review.

High-Volume Center Experience with Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy over Two Decades.

Background: Study aims to demonstrate single-institution two decades experience with lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomies. Methods: Retrospective study involved 991 operations grouped into 4 cohorts. Data was collected on the patients' age, sex, side and size of the lesion, histopathological type, hormonal activity, conversion to open adrenalectomy, operating time, length of hospital stay, perioperative complications. Results: The operations were right-sided (n = 550), left-sided (n = 422), bilateral (n = 19). Mean tumor size was 41.9 mm. Histopathological examination revealed 442 adenomas, 191 nodular hyperplasias, 218 pheochromocytomas, 33 malignancies and 126 other lesions. 541 patients had hormonally active tumors. Mean operating time for unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy was 141 min. Mean length of hospital stay was 5.27 days. Intraoperative complications rate was 2.3%. Conversion rate was 1.5%. 54 of patients had 70 postoperative complications. Reoperation rate was 1%. Mortality rate was 0.1%. Statistically significant differences were found in all factors, apart from age, sex, side and size of the lesion, reoperations rate (p > 0.05). Conversions rate, complications rates, length of hospital stay were highest in the first group (p < 0.05). Operating time shortened in the first decade. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe procedure with negligible mortality. Conversions rate, perioperative complications rate, and length of hospital stay, significantly decreased over time.

Comparison of Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder Risk and Prognostic Factors between Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients.

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a life-threatening complication of solid organ transplantation (SOT). Its development risk varies among organ graft recipients. In this study, retrospective data were analyzed to compare PTLD's risk and prognostic factors between adult kidney and liver transplant recipients (KTRs and LTRs, respectively). Over 15 years, 2598 KTRs and 1378 LTRs were under observation at our center. Sixteen KTRs (0.62%) and twenty-three LTRs (1.67%) were diagnosed with PTLD. PTLD developed earlier in LTRs (p < 0.001), SOT patients > 45 years old (p = 0.002), and patients receiving tacrolimus (p < 0.001) or not receiving cyclosporin (p = 0.03) at diagnosis. Tacrolimus use, male sex, and age > 45 years old significantly affected the time of PTLD onset in KTRs (hazard ratio (HR) = 18.6, 7.9 and 5.2, respectively). Survival was longer in LTRs < 45 years old (p < 0.009). LTRs were more likely than KTRs to achieve complete remission (p = 0.039). Factors affecting PTLD development and outcome differ between KTRs and LTRs; thus, these populations should be separately evaluated in future studies.

A Retrospective Study of 881 Lateral Transabdominal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies Performed Between 1997 and 2017 at a Single Center in Poland to Determine Factors Associated with Surgery Time.

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is acknowledged as a standard procedure in adrenal lesions management. This retrospective study of lateral transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy performed between 1997 and 2017 in a single center in Poland aimed to determine the factors associated with surgery time. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study involved 881 patients. The factors identified as potentially affecting surgery time were age, sex, side of the lesion, histopathological type, hormonal activity, size of the lesion, history of previous abdominal operations, presence of intra-abdominal adhesions, and obesity. The following statistical tests were conducted: t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Pearson correlation test, and multivariate regression modeling. RESULTS The mean surgery time for all operations was 139 min (55-320 min). We observed statistically significant differences for surgery time in the following groups: sex, side of the lesion, presence of intra-abdominal adhesions, obesity, histopathological type, and hormonal activity (P<0.05). The multivariate regression model showed factors affecting surgery time were: sex, side of the lesion, size of the lesion, obesity, histopathological type (nodular hyperplasia and adenoma), and hormonal activity (non-functioning and aldosterone-secreting tumors) (P<0.05). There was no correlation between surgery time and patient age and tumor size (P<0.05). Mean tumor size was 42 mm (6-130 mm). CONCLUSIONS The 20-year experience of laparoscopic adrenalectomy performed at a single center showed that surgery duration was significantly longer in male patients, obese patients, left-sided adrenal tumors, tumors >6 cm in diameter, patients with a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, and when intra-abdominal adhesions were present.

Malignancy Prevalence in the Dialyzed Population and in Waitlisted Potential Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Malignancy is the second cause of death in the dialyzed population. However, data on the prevalence of cancer are very scarce. Kidney transplantation improves quality of life, prolongs survival, and is cost-effective but bears some serious complications including malignancy. Therefore, active screening for cancer is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malignancy in dialyzed patients in relation to status on the on the waiting list and type of dialysis. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 108 hemodialyzed patients (mean age 65 years, 47 women) and 47 peritoneally dialyzed patients (mean age 51 years, 25 women). Among the population studied, 20 patients were actively waitlisted, including 14 peritoneal dialysis patients. Patients who had been active on the cadaver kidney waiting list and not listed did not differ in regard to sex, dialysis vintage, and causes of end-stage renal failure, but were significantly younger. Among hemodialysis patients, 24 of them had a history of malignancy and 10 in the peritoneal dialysis population. The most common were renal cell carcinoma in 6, breast cancer in 4, lung cancer in 3, prostate cancer in 3, hepatocellular cancer in 2, colorectal cancer in 2, esophageal cancer in 2, and others 14. In waitlisted patients, only 2 hemodialysis patients had a history of malignancy. Waitlisted patients represent a very selected and healthier dialyzed population. Malignancy has become a more common comorbidity in dialyzed patients, which may have important clinical implication regarding therapy. Guidelines for cancer screening in potential transplant recipients should be developed, as nowadays there are scarcity of data in this matter.

Organization of Post-Transplant Care and the 5-Year Outcomes of Kidney Transplantation.

The outcomes of kidney transplantation depend on numerous factors and vary between transplant centers. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between selected organizational factors, comorbidities, and patient and graft survival. This is a retrospective analysis of 438 renal transplant recipients (RTR) followed for 5 years. Patient and graft survival were evaluated in relation to hospitalization length, distance from the patient's residence to the transplant center, the frequency of outpatient transplant visits, and the number and type of comorbidities. Five-year patient and graft survival rates were 93% and 90%, respectively. We found significant associations of patient survival with the prevalence of pre-transplant diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, the number of comorbidities, and the first post-transplant hospitalization length. The incidence of infections, cardiovascular diseases, and transplanted kidney diseases was 60%, 40%, and 33%, respectively. As many as 41% of RTR had unknown etiology of primary kidney disease. In conclusion, the organization of post-transplant care needs to be adapted to the multi-morbidity of contemporary RTR and include multi-specialist care, especially in the context of current problems related to the COVID-19pandemic. The high proportion of patients with undetermined etiology of their primary renal disease carry the risk for additional complications during their long-term follow-up.

CONTRAST INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IS NOT A SITUATION TO BE AFRAID OF.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly called acute renal failure (ARF), is clinically manifested as a reversible acute increase in nitrogen waste products, as measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Contrast induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is a potentially fatal complication of angiographic procedures caused by the use of contrast media (CM). It is the third most prevalent cause of hospital acquired acute renal damage, accounting for around up to 30% of cases. Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is defined as a greater than 25% or 0.5 mg/dl (44 µmol/l) increase in serum creatinine (Scr) from baseline within 3 days. More sensitive indicators of renal damage are sought, hence numerous tubular injury biomarkers are being studied. Multiple risk factors may lead to the development of CIN; these risk factors are classified as patient-related and procedure-related. Treatment of CIN Is primarily symptomatic and consist firstly of careful fluid and electrolyte management, although dialysis may be necessary in some cases. With available treatment options, prevention is the cornerstone of management.