Sunflower cake associated with crude glycerin in white laying hens diets: Performance and quality, antioxidant activity and lipid oxidation of eggs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sunflower cake inclusion and its association with crude glycerin in the diet of laying hens. A total of 320 laying hens with 39 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with 5 replications of 8 birds. The studied factors were 4 inclusion levels of sunflower cake and 2 levels of crude glycerin. The inclusion of 210 g/kg of sunflower cake reduced egg mass and worsened feed conversion, and after the level 70 g/kg there was reduction in yolk coloration and specific density of eggs with or without the addition of glycerin in the diet. The addition of 70 g/kg of crude glycerin reduced the specific density of eggs in all levels of sunflower cake. There was increase in phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant activity in eggs and reduction in lipid oxidation of yolks from fresh and stored eggs, with the inclusion of sunflower cake. The addition of crude glycerin increased the lipid oxidation of egg yolks. Therefore, it is possible to include up to 140 g/kg sunflower cake in the diet of laying hens, with or without crude glycerin, without impairing performance and egg quality, obtaining higher antioxidant capacity of eggs and lower lipid oxidation in yolks from fresh and stored eggs. The inclusion of 70 g/kg crude glycerin does not affect laying hens performance, however, it worsens shell quality and increases lipid oxidation in the liver and egg yolks.

Calcium anacardate and its association with citric acid in diets for meat-type breeding quails.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of using calcium anacardate (CaA) as a source of anacardic acid and its association with citric acid (CA) in diets for breeding quails on the performance, the egg quality, incubation parameters, and progeny performance. Were used 540 quails European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) that were 21 weeks old, housed in laying cages based on a completely randomized design, with nine treatments and six replications of 10 quails per parcel, with each experimental unit having eight females and two males. The following additions to the diet were evaluated: 1, no addition (control diet); 2, 0.25% CaA; 3, 0.25% CaA and 0.25% CA; 4, 0.50% CaA; 5, 0.50% CaA and 0.25% CA; 6, 0.50% CaA and 0.50% CA; 7, 0.75% CaA; 8, 0.75% CaA and 0.25% CA; and 9, 0.75% CaA and 0.50% CA. The treatments had no significant effects on the performance of the breeding quails, incubation parameters, and progeny performance. For egg quality, there was only an effect on yolk lipid oxidation, which was lower for eggs from quails fed the diets containing 0.50% CaA and 0.25% CA, 0.50% CaA and 0.50% CA, or 0.75% CaA alone, when compared with the control group. Considering that including CaA with or without CA in diets for breeding quails only affected yolk lipid oxidation, it can be recommend including 0.50% CaA and 0.25% CA or 0.75% CaA alone to mitigate oxidative damage in the yolk of fertile eggs.

Evidence Linking PPARG Genetic Variants with Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Brazilian Population.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene encodes a transcription factor involved in the regulation of complex metabolic and inflammatory diseases. We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the PPARG gene could contribute with susceptibility to develop periodontitis alone or together with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Moreover, we evaluated the gene-phenotype association by assessing the subjects' biochemical and periodontal parameters, and the expression of PPARG and other immune response-related genes. We examined 345 subjects with a healthy periodontium and without T2DM, 349 subjects with moderate or severe periodontitis but without T2DM, and 202 subjects with moderate or severe periodontitis and T2DM. PPARG SNPs rs12495364, rs1801282, rs1373640, and rs1151999 were investigated. Multiple logistic regressions adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status showed that individuals carrying rs1151999-GG had a 64% lower chance of developing periodontitis together with T2DM. The CCGT haplotype increased the risk of developing periodontitis together with T2DM. The rs1151999-GG and rs12495364-TC were associated with reduced risk of obesity, periodontitis, elevated triglycerides, and elevated glycated hemoglobin, but there was no association with gene expression. Polymorphisms of the PPARG gene were associated with developing periodontitis together with T2DM, and with obesity, lipid, glycemic, and periodontal characteristics.

Effects of mango peel ethanolic extract as antioxidant in quail diets on performance, carcass traits, and meat lipid stability.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of mango peel ethanolic extract (MPEE) as antioxidant in quail diets containing two lipid sources, on performance, carcass characteristics, and lipid stability of in natura and frozen meat. A total of 432 meat quails were used, males and females, from 7 to 42 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 levels of MPEE (0, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) and 2 lipid sources (soybean and sunflower oil), totaling 6 treatments with 6 replications of 12 birds. In order to evaluate the meat lipid stability, carcass samples were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with 2 levels of MPEE (0 and 1000 mg/kg), 2 lipid sources (soybean and sunflower oil), 2 types of packaging (conventional and vacuum), and 3 storage times (0, 60, and 120 days), totaling 16 treatments with 6 replications. There was no effect of interaction (P > 0.05) between the factors on the performance variables and carcass characteristics. Oil types and MPEE levels did not influence (P > 0.05) performance. For carcass characteristics, it was found to be increased (P < 0.05) in breast meat yield due to the inclusion of MPEE. For the meat lipid stability, there was only an effect of interaction (P < 0.05) between type of packaging and storage time. The inclusion of 1000 mg/kg of MPEE provided greater meat lipid stability, enabling the use of common packaging for the storage of quail meat for up to 120 days.

Cardanol in the feeding of meat-type quail breeders.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of cardanol in the diet of quails on productive performance, egg quality, reproductive performance, and progeny performance. A total of three hundred European quail breeders of 32 weeks of age, with average body weights of 305.98 g, were housed in laying cages in groups (4 females and 1 male), following a distribution in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replications of 10 quails, being the experimental unit constituted by the set of two cages. The treatments consisted of diets with 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00% of cardanol. There was reduction in the performance of the quail with the inclusion of 1.00% of cardanol in the diet when compared to the control treatment, while egg weight and egg mass were lower in the treatments with 0.75 and 1.00% of cardanol, respectively. It was observed that there was decrease in the specific gravity, and increase in color and TBARS value of the yolk in all treatments with cardanol. The inclusion of 0.50% of cardanol decreased the percentage of albumen, and increased the percentage of yolk, while the shell thickness decreased with 0.75%. The weight of the incubated eggs and the chick weight at hatching were lower in the treatments with 0.75 and 1.00% of cardanol. In the evaluation of the progeny performance, it was found that the weight at 7 days of age of chicks from breeders fed the diet containing 1.00% of cardanol was decreased when compared to the chicks from breeders fed the control diet. It was concluded that the inclusion of cardanol did not present benefits to the quail breeders.

Polymorphisms in risk genes of type 2 diabetes mellitus could be also markers of susceptibility to periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate polymorphisms in genes considered molecular biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to assess whether they are associated with periodontitis, and relating them to the periodontal status, glycemic and lipid profile of the subjects. DESIGN: We investigated individuals who underwent complete periodontal examination and biochemical evaluation. We categorized them into three groups: (i) periodontitis with T2DM (Periodontitis+T2DM group, n = 206); (ii) periodontitis without T2DM (Periodontitis group, n = 346); and (iii) healthy individuals without Periodontitis or T2DM (Healthy group, n = 345). We investigated three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for AGER, RBMS1 and VEGFA genes. We applied multivariate logistic and multiple linear regression models for all groups and stratified the subjects by sex and smoking habits. RESULTS: Compared with RBMS1-rs7593730-CC+CT genotype carriers, RBMS1-rs7593730-TT carriers were more susceptible to periodontitis [odds ratio (OR) = 2.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-5.01; P-value = 0.033]. Among AGER-rs184003-CC carriers, never smokers had reduced risks of periodontitis and Periodontitis+T2DM than ever smokers. For either RBMS1-rs7593730-CC or VEGFA-rs9472138-CC carriers, never smokers had less susceptibility to develop periodontitis than ever smokers. Compared with AGER-rs184003-CC carriers, AGER-rs184003-AA carriers presented fewer remaining teeth. VEGFA-rs9472138-TT carriers showed a lower percentage of sites with characteristics of active periodontal disease (bleeding on pocket probing and interproximal clinical attachment level) compared with VEGFA-rs9472138-CC carriers. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population, AGER rs184003, RBMS1 rs7593730, and VEGFA rs9472138, which are considered genetic markers for T2DM, were associated with periodontitis without T2DM or periodontitis together with T2DM.

The use of Enzymes in Meat Quail Diets Containing Sunflower Seed Cake.

We examined the effects of including sunflower cake (SC) associated with an enzyme complex (EC) in the diet of meat quails on nutrient metabolism, performance, carcass characteristics, bone parameters and economic viability. In total, 432 meat quails (7 to 42 days old) were assigned to six treatments in a completely randomised design with 6 replicates with 12 birds each. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was adopted (two levels of SC: 10 and 20%; three diet formulation strategies: normal, reduction in the nutrient and energy matrix considering the enzymatic contribution and reduced diet with EC). No interaction effect was observed. The increased levels of SC from 10% to 20% promoted in decrease in the metabolisability coefficients of dry matter and gross energy and in the value of AMEn and increased relative weight of gizzard. The addition of EC in diets containing SC allows a better metabolization of nitrogen and energy, equalize to the normal diet. The best breast yield was obtained in the birds fed the reduced diet with EC, in relation to normal diet. The reduced diet and the reduced diet with EC provided the lowest cost of food and the best economic efficiency index. Up to 20% of the sunflower cake can be included in the diet of cut quail, with or without enzyme supplementation. However, the use of the enzyme complex composed of carbohydrases, proteases and phytase can favor the metabolization of nitrogen and energy from the diet containing sunflower cake.

Calcium anacardate as source of anacardic acid in laying Japanese quail diet.

Anacardic acid is naturally found in various parts of the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) and marketed as calcium anacardate. This product has antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity, and has been used in humans in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and tumors. In meat and egg production systems, anacardic acid is used as a substitute for growth-promoting antibiotics. The study objective was to evaluate effects of adding calcium anacardate as source of anacardic acid in laying Japanese quail diet on bird performance and eggs quality. A total of 252 Japanese quail with 22 week-old were studied, using a completely randomized design composed of six treatments with six replicates and seven quails per experimental unit. Treatments applied were: diet without growth promoter; diet with 0,1% growth promoter; and four diets without growth promoter and addition of 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.0% calcium anacardate (CA), respectively. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and treatment means compared with a SNK test (5%). The data from treatments containing CA were submitted to regression analysis. Treatments did not influence feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg volume, feed conversion ratio and eggs quality parameters. The addition up to 1% of calcium anacardate in laying Japanese quail diet, does not influence their performance and egg quality.

Passion fruit seed cake in the feeding of meat quails: effects on performance, carcass characteristics, lipid stability of the meat, litter quality, and economic viability.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and energy value of passion fruit seed cake (PFSC) and to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of PFSC in the diets for quails on growth performance, carcass quality, litter quality, lipid stability of the meat, and economic viability. In the metabolism assay, 108 European quails of 21 days of age were used, being distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (one reference ration and two test rations with substitution of 20% and 40% of the reference ration by PFSC) and 6 replications of 6 birds each. It was observed that the apparent metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance (AMEn) determined in the ration with 20% PFSC (3876.17 kcal/kg DM) was higher than in the 40% (3469.00 kcal/kg DM). In the performance assay, 432 European quails from 7 to 42 days of age were used, being distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, consisting of a control diet and the others with increasing levels of inclusion of passion fruit seed (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%), and 6 replications of 12 birds. It was observed that the inclusion of PFSC starting from 10% promoted increase FI and FC values, and increasing linear effect of these variables starting from 5% of inclusion. The PFSC did not affect the carcass characteristics and lipid oxidation of the meat. Regarding the litter quality, there was a linear increase in the pH values and worse economic indexes starting from the inclusion of 10% of PFSC. In conclusion, PFSC can be used up to the level of 5% in diets for meat quails from 7 to 42 days of age.

Organic zinc and manganese and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol improves eggshell thickness in late-phase laying hens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic micromineral zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation in late-phase laying hens' diets on performance, egg quality, lipid stability of fresh and stored eggs, and bone quality. The treatments were a basal diet and diets supplemented with 32 mg Zn-Met/kg diet; 26 mg Mn-Met/kg diet; 32 mg Zn-Met/kg diet and 26 mg Mn-Met/kg diet; 1500 IU 25-hydroxycholecalciferol/kg diet; 32 mg Zn-Met/kg diet; 26 mg Mn-Met/kg diet; and 1500 IU 25-hydroxycholecalciferol/kg diet. On performance, the birds supplemented with organic manganese had the lowest feed intake. Regarding egg quality, the birds supplemented with Zn-Met and Mn-Met, with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol alone, and with Zn-Met, Mn-Met and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol presented a greater eggshell thickness than those receiving the basal diet. Lipid stability of the yolk varied only according to storage time. No effect of supplementation was observed on bone quality. Supplementation with Zn-Met and Mn-Met, or associated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol alone, improved eggshell thickness in aged white layers. However, the associated or isolated supplementation with these nutrients did not influence performance, lipid stability of fresh and stored egg yolk or bone quality.

Polymorphisms in Genes of Lipid Metabolism Are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis, as Comorbidities, and with the Subjects' Periodontal, Glycemic, and Lipid Profiles.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis (P) commonly occur as comorbidities, but the commonalities in the genetic makeup of affected individuals is largely unknown. Since dyslipidemia is a frequent condition in these individuals, we investigate the association of genomic variations in genes involved in lipid metabolism with periodontal, glycemic, lipid profiles, and the association with periodontitis and T2DM (as comorbidities). METHODS: Based on clinical periodontal examination and biochemical evaluation, 893 subjects were divided into T2DM+P (T2DM subjects also affected by periodontitis, n = 205), periodontitis (n = 345), and healthy (n = 343). Fourteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated: LDLR gene (rs5925 and rs688), APOB (rs676210, rs1042031, and rs693), ABCC8 (rs6544718 and 6544713), LPL (rs28524, rs3735964, and rs1370225), HNF1A (rs2650000), APOE (rs429358 and rs7412), and HNF4A (rs1800961). Multiple linear and logistic regressions (adjusted for covariates) were made for all populations and stratified by sex and smoking habits. RESULTS: Individuals carrying APOB-rs1042031-CT (mainly women and never smokers) had a lower risk of developing periodontitis and T2DM (T2DM+P); altogether, this genotype was related with healthier glycemic, lipid, and periodontal parameters. Significant disease-phenotype associations with gene-sex interaction were also found for carriers of APOB-rs1676210-AG, HNF4A-rs1800961-CT, ABCC8-rs6544718-CT, LPL-rs13702-CC, and LPL-rs285-CT. CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in lipid metabolism genes are associated with susceptibility to T2DM-periodontitis comorbidities, demonstrating gene-sex interaction. The APOB-rs1042031 was the most relevant gene marker related to glucose and lipid metabolism profiles, as well as with obesity and periodontitis.

Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the Interleukin 17 Alfa gene: potential effect of smoking habits in the association with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Few studies evaluate interrelationships between periodontitis (P) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic susceptibility to periodontitis alone, or concomitant with T2DM (as comorbidities), analyzing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Interleukin 17 alpha (IL17A) gene, considering the biochemical profile and smoking habits on the subjects' periodontal status. We investigated 879 individuals divided into: T2DM subjects also affected by severe or moderate periodontitis (T2DM-P, n = 199); non-diabetics with severe or moderate periodontitis (PERIODONTITIS, n = 342); and healthy subjects (HEALTHY, n = 338). Subjects underwent complete periodontal examination, history of smoking habits, glycemic and lipid biochemical evaluation. DNA from buccal cells was utilized to genotype the SNPs rs2275913, rs3819024 and rs10484879. The impact of the subjects' biochemical profile was analyzed in their periodontal status. Each SNP was analyzed independently, and as haplotypes, by multiple logistic regressions, adjusted for covariates, and also stratifying the groups by age, sex and smoking habits. Independently of the periodontitis degree, poorly-controlled T2DM subjects showed worse glycemic and lipid profile. Multiple logistic regressions demonstrated that smokers and former-smokers carrying the GG genotype of rs3819024 seemed to have higher risk for T2DM-Periodontitis (OR = 6.33; 95% CI = 1.26-31.77, p = 0.02), and mainly for T2DM alone (OR = 5.11; 95% CI = 1.37-19.06, p = 0.01), than never smokers. We found the potential effect of smoking habits in the association of IL17A-rs3819024-GG with diseased phenotypes. Because the observed wide confidence intervals, further studies enrolling larger populations, and SNPs' functional evaluations are needed to better understand our findings.

Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease susceptibility with genome-wide association-identified risk variants in a Southeastern Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVE: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and literature have identified polymorphisms in the KCNJ11, HNF1A, IRS1, TCF7L2, CDKAL1, CDKN2B, RPSAP52, GPR45 HHEX, IL18, and RUNX2 genes associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or periodontitis (P) in diverse populations, and we sought to evaluate them as genetic risk variants for these diseases in the Brazilian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Periodontal, glycemic, and lipid data were obtained from 931 individuals divided into: control (n = 334), periodontitis (P; n = 358), and periodontitis associated with T2DM (P + T2DM; n = 239). After genotyping, associations between polymorphisms and pathologies were tested by multiple logistic and linear regressions, adjusting for age, sex, and smoking habits. RESULTS: Considering the studied subjects, the increased risk to develop periodontitis in the periodontitis P + T2DM group was found for HNF1A-rs7957197-TA, CDKAL1-rs7754840-CG, RPSAP52-rs1531343-GC, TCF7L2-rs7903146-TT, and CDKN2B-rs7018475-GG. The association of these genetic variants for TCF7L2 and CDKN2B was confirmed for female, never smokers, and poorly controlled P + T2DM. CDKN2B-rs7018475 was associated with worse glycemic condition and periodontal parameters. CONCLUSION: These five reported genetic variants were associated in the studied Southeastern Brazilian population as genetic risk variants of periodontitis and T2DM associated to periodontitis as comorbidity. Gene-phenotype associations with sex and smoking habits and the CDKN2B-rs7018475 with the poor glycemic control and more severe periodontal conditions should be further investigated. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Polymorphisms in the CDKAL1-rs7754840, HNF1A-rs7957197, RPSAP52-rs1531343, TCF7L2-rs7903146, and CDKN2B-rs7018475 might predispose to periodontitis and T2DM associated with periodontitis. These findings may be useful in public health genomics and future advanced clinical practice, since genetic carriage can be measured before disease onset, being of potential great benefit for treatment planning and prognosis in early disease stages.

Validation in a Brazilian population of gene markers of periodontitis previously investigated by GWAS and bioinformatic studies.

BACKGROUND: Bioinformatic tools and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have led to comprehensive identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with periodontitis in diverse populations. Here we aimed to detect and validate the association of seven SNPs as genetic markers of susceptibility to periodontitis in a Brazilian population. METHODS: This case-control study assessed complete periodontal parameters of 714 subjects with periodontal status classified as healthy/mild periodontitis (n = 356) and moderate/severe periodontitis (n = 358). Genotyping for rs187238, rs352140, rs1360573, rs2521634, rs3811046, rs3826782, and rs7762544 SNPs were evaluated. Genetic-phenotype associations, and sex or smoking effects of SNPs on periodontitis were tested using multiple logistic regressions adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: The rs2521634-AA (close to NPY gene) presented increased risk for severe periodontitis (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.19-4.59). The rs3811046-GG (IL37 gene) demonstrated increased risk for moderate periodontitis (OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.28-5.18). Higher risk for moderate periodontitis was found in male with rs7762544-AG close to NCR2 gene. The rs352140-TT in the TLR9 gene proved to be associated with lower risk to severe periodontitis in men. The rs2521634-AA was associated with higher percentage of interproximal probing pocket depth (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first evidence of validation in a Brazilian population of genetic markers of periodontitis previously investigated by GWAS and bioinformatics studies. SNPs in the NPY, IL37, and NCR2 genes were associated with susceptibility to moderate or severe periodontitis; whereas the TLR9 marker was associated with lower chance to develop severe periodontitis. Those SNPs had sex- and smoking-habit-specific effects on periodontitis; reinforcing the genetic profile predisposing to periodontitis.

Functional haplotype in the Interleukin8 (CXCL8) gene is associated with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis in Brazilian population.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Periodontitis (P) are prevalent multifactorial disorders worldwide, sharing a bidirectional relationship influenced by the genetic susceptibility of the host immune system. We investigated whether SNPs in the Interleukin 8 (IL8, alias CXCL8) gene could be associated with T2DM and Periodontitis. METHODS: Genomic DNA was obtained from 874 Brazilian individuals divided into: Healthy group (n = 307), Periodontitis group (n = 334), and individuals affected by both T2DM and Periodontitis (T2DM_P) group (n = 233). The SNPs -251(T>A) rs4073, +396(T>G) rs2227307 and +781(C>T) rs2227306 were genotyped by TaqMan®. Multiple logistic regressions were used to determine the degree of association between polymorphisms (and haplotypes) with periodontitis and T2DM adjusted for known confounders. RESULTS: The additive model revealed that the heterozygous AT(-251), GT(+396) and CT(+781) genotypes showed a lower risk for the diseased phenotypes, and carriers of the TTC/TTC haplotype were significantly susceptible to T2DM and Periodontitis concomitantly, as well to isolated Periodontitis (mainly the severe form). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded, for the first time, that these functional CXCL8 SNPs, and the homozygous TTC haplotype are relevant genetic factors for T2DM and Periodontitis as comorbidities, as well as for severe Periodontitis susceptibility in Brazilian population.

Genetic polymorphisms in the Interleukins IL1B, IL4, and IL6 are associated with concomitant periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazilian patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL10, IL1A, IL1B, IL4, TNFA, IL6, OPG, RANK, and RANKL genes, "classically" related with periodontitis, could be associated with susceptibility to T2DM, and also with both diseases concomitantly. BACKGROUND: There are common pathogenic mechanisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis, but the knowledge of the genetic aspect of this is limited. In patients affected by concomitant T2DM and periodontitis, whose incidence is increasing, there is scarce information regarding the gene-phenotype association, including whether there are genes able to influence both diseases as comorbidities. METHODS: Periodontal clinical parameters and biochemical profile (Insulin, Fasting Glycemia, HbA1c, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) data were obtained from 894 individuals divided into following three groups: Healthy (H; n = 347), Periodontitis (P; n = 348), and Periodontitis + T2DM (P + T2DM; n = 199). DNA from oral epithelial cells was collected for genotyping. Associations between SNPs and pathologies were tested by multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, and smoking habits. We also investigated whether there are sex or smoking effects of each SNP in these phenotypes. RESULTS: The rs1143634-GA (IL1B) SNP showed significantly less likely to develop P + T2DM for all population and mainly for women (adjusted OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.16-0.88), while women carrying the rs224320 CT (IL4) were more susceptible to develop P + T2DM (adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.04-3.15). Men carrying the rs1800795-CC (IL6) genotype were less likely to develop T2DM (adjusted OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.70, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Some SNPs in the IL1B, IL4, and IL6 genes demonstrated sex-influenced association with concomitant periodontitis and T2DM, increasing the evidence of a common genetic component between these diseases and contributing with the understanding of their common pathogenic mechanisms.

Systemic expression of genes related to inflammation and lipid metabolism in patients with dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis.

Inflammatory diseases, as periodontal disease (PD), has been associated with disturbance of lipid and glycemic metabolisms, as demonstrated by the increasing of PD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and/or dyslipidemia comorbidities. We aimed to investigate the expression of inflammation and lipid metabolism genes, and correlations among clinical and biochemical characteristics in normoglycemic or T2D patients with dyslipidemia and PD, in comparison with healthy individuals. Five groups of 30 individuals each (150 patients) were formed based upon T2D, dyslipidemic and periodontal status. Blood analyses of lipid and glycemic profiles were carried out, and the gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. The systemic expression of IL6, TNFA and LEP genes were significantly higher in T2D, dyslipidemia and PD patients, while the PECAM1 gene showed the opposite. Higher RETN levels were found in patients with T2D independently of their glycemic control status. There were positive correlations between: TNFA, LEP and RETN with worse periodontal parameters; IL6, TNFA, ADIPOR1, LEP and RETN with waist-to-hip ratio; glycemic parameters with RETN; total cholesterol and triglycerides with LEP expression. We conclude that pro-inflammatory cytokines were related with worse lipid, glycemic and periodontal parameters, reinforcing that a hyper-inflammatory status connects systemic and oral inflammatory diseases.

Targeting epigenetic mechanisms in periodontal diseases.

Epigenetic factors are heritable genome modifications that potentially impact gene transcription, contributing to disease states. Epigenetic marks play an important role in chronic inflammatory conditions, as observed in periodontal diseases, by allowing microbial persistence or by permitting microbial insult to play a role in the so-called 'hit-and-run' infectious mechanism, leading to lasting pathogen interference with the host genome. Epigenetics also affects the health sciences by providing a dynamic mechanistic framework to explain the way in which environmental and behavioral factors interact with the genome to alter disease risk. In this article we review current knowledge of epigenome regulation in light of the multifactorial nature of periodontal diseases. We discuss epigenetic tagging in identified genes, and consider the potential implications of epigenetic changes on host-microbiome dynamics in chronic inflammatory states and in response to environmental stressors. The most recent advances in genomic technologies have placed us in a position to analyze interaction effects (eg, between periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus), which can be investigated through epigenome-wide association analysis. Finally, because of the individualized traits of epigenetic biomarkers, pharmacoepigenomic perspectives are also considered as potentially novel therapeutic approaches for improving periodontal disease status.

Neutral detergent fibre in piglet diets: digestibility, performance, and deposition of body nutrients

ABSTRACT A total 120 piglets with an average live weight of 7.00 kg, weaned at 21 days, were used to evaluate the effect of neutral detergent fibre levels on the digestibility of nutrients and energy from the diets, productive performance, and the composition and rate of deposition of nutrients and energy in the bodies of piglets in the nursery phase. The animals were distributed according to a randomized-block design into five treatments, which consisted of neutral detergent fibre levels, with six replicates and four animals per plot. A quadratic effect was detected for the digestibility coefficients of nutrients and energy, feed intake and weight gain. The increase in fibre level promoted a linear increase in fat content in the carcass, blood, and body, whereas the energy in the carcass, organs, and body showed an inverse response. The results showed a quadratic effect on the nutrient deposition rate in the carcass, organs and body. In conclusion, the best digestibility of nutrients and energy from the diet is obtained with 10-11.5% neutral detergent fibre, as higher weight gain and greater protein deposition in the body are achieved at neutral detergent fibre levels of 10.6% and 10.3%, respectively.

Neutral detergent fibre in piglet diets: digestibility, performance, and deposition of body nutrients.

A total 120 piglets with an average live weight of 7.00 kg, weaned at 21 days, were used to evaluate the effect of neutral detergent fibre levels on the digestibility of nutrients and energy from the diets, productive performance, and the composition and rate of deposition of nutrients and energy in the bodies of piglets in the nursery phase. The animals were distributed according to a randomized-block design into five treatments, which consisted of neutral detergent fibre levels, with six replicates and four animals per plot. A quadratic effect was detected for the digestibility coefficients of nutrients and energy, feed intake and weight gain. The increase in fibre level promoted a linear increase in fat content in the carcass, blood, and body, whereas the energy in the carcass, organs, and body showed an inverse response. The results showed a quadratic effect on the nutrient deposition rate in the carcass, organs and body. In conclusion, the best digestibility of nutrients and energy from the diet is obtained with 10-11.5% neutral detergent fibre, as higher weight gain and greater protein deposition in the body are achieved at neutral detergent fibre levels of 10.6% and 10.3%, respectively.