Distinct cell death pathways induced by granzymes collectively protect against intestinal Salmonella infection.

Intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IEL) constitutively express high amounts of the cytotoxic proteases Granzymes (Gzm) A and B and are therefore thought to protect the intestinal epithelium against infection by killing infected epithelial cells. However, the role of IEL granzymes in a protective immune response has yet to be demonstrated. We show that GzmA and GzmB are required to protect mice against oral, but not intravenous, infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, consistent with an intestine-specific role. IEL-intrinsic granzymes mediate the protective effects by controlling intracellular bacterial growth and aiding in cell-intrinsic pyroptotic cell death of epithelial cells. Surprisingly, we found that both granzymes play non-redundant roles. GzmB-/- mice carried significantly lower burdens of Salmonella, as predominant GzmA-mediated cell death effectively reduced bacterial translocation across the intestinal barrier. Conversely, in GzmA-/- mice, GzmB-driven apoptosis favored luminal Salmonella growth by providing nutrients, while still reducing translocation across the epithelial barrier. Together, the concerted actions of both GzmA and GzmB balance cell death mechanisms at the intestinal epithelium to provide optimal control that Salmonella cannot subvert.

An Inflection Point in High-Throughput Proteomics with Orbitrap Astral: Analysis of Biofluids, Cells, and Tissues.

This Technical Note presents a comprehensive proteomics workflow for the new combination of Orbitrap and Astral mass analyzers across biofluids, cells, and tissues. Central to our workflow is the integration of Adaptive Focused Acoustics (AFA) technology for cells and tissue lysis to ensure robust and reproducible sample preparation in a high-throughput manner. Furthermore, we automated the detergent-compatible single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced sample Preparation (SP3) method for protein digestion. The synergy of these advanced methodologies facilitates a robust and high-throughput approach for cell and tissue analysis, an important consideration in translational research. This work disseminates our platform workflow, analyzes the effectiveness, demonstrates the reproducibility of the results, and highlights the potential of these technologies in biomarker discovery and disease pathology. For cells and tissues (heart, liver, lung, and intestine) proteomics analysis by data-independent acquisition mode, identifications exceeding 10,000 proteins can be achieved with a 24 min active gradient. In 200 ng injections of HeLa digest across multiple gradients, an average of more than 80% of proteins have a CV less than 20%, and a 45 min run covers ∼90% of the expressed proteome. This complete workflow allows for large swaths of the proteome to be identified and is compatible with diverse sample types.

Endovascular Thrombectomy Alone for Large Vessel Occlusion: A Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation Based on Meta-Analyses.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase before endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion remains debated. In this study, we analyzed the cost-effectiveness of EVT alone versus intravenous alteplase before EVT in patients directly admitted to EVT-capable stroke centers from the Dutch health care payer perspective. METHODS: A decision analysis was performed using a Markov model with 15-year simulated follow-up to estimate total costs, quality-adjusted life years, and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of intravenous alteplase before EVT compared with EVT alone. A hypothetical cohort of 10 000 patients with large vessel occlusion aged 70 years was run in Monte Carlo simulation. Functional outcome of each treatment was derived from pooled results of 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Uncertainty was assessed by probabilistic analyses, scenario analyses, and 1-way sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: Using functional outcomes obtained from 6 RCTs (intention-to-treat population), intravenous alteplase before EVT resulted in 0.05 quality-adjusted life years gained at an additional $2817 compared with EVT alone, resulting in the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $62 287. Probabilistic analyses showed that intravenous alteplase before EVT had a probability of 45% and 54%, respectively, of being cost-effective at the $52 500 and $84 000 thresholds. Restricting functional outcomes from our post hoc modified as-treated analysis of 6 RCTs (scenario 1), European RCTs (scenario 2), or a Dutch RCT (scenario 3), intravenous alteplase before EVT was cost-effective in 64%, 81%, and 50% of simulations at the $52 500 threshold, and 79%, 91%, and 67% of simulations at the $84 000 threshold. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous alteplase before EVT was not cost-effective in patients with large vessel occlusion in the Netherlands at the $52 500 threshold but possibly cost-effective at the $84 000 threshold. Variable functional outcomes at 3 months based on different trial populations affected the cost-effectiveness of intravenous alteplase before EVT.

Soft Fibrous Syringe Architecture for Electricity-Free and Motorless Control of Flexible Robotic Systems.

Flexible robotic systems (FRSs) and wearable user interfaces (WUIs) have been widely used in medical fields, offering lower infection risk and shorter recovery, and supporting amiable human-machine interactions (HMIs). Recently, soft electric, thermal, magnetic, and fluidic actuators with enhanced safety and compliance have innovatively boosted the use of FRSs and WUIs across many sectors. Among them, soft hydraulic actuators offer great speed, low noise, and high force density. However, they currently require bulky electric motors/pumps, pistons, valves, rigid accessories, and complex controllers, which inherently result in high cost, low adaptation, and complex setups. This paper introduces a novel soft fibrous syringe architecture (SFSA) consisting of two or more hydraulically connected soft artificial muscles that enable electricity-free actuation, motorless control, and built-in sensing ability for use in FRSs and WUIs. Its capabilities are experimentally demonstrated with various robotic applications including teleoperated flexible catheters, cable-driven continuum robotic arms, and WUIs. In addition, its sensing abilities to detect passive and active touch, surface texture, and object stiffness are also proven. These excellent results demonstrate a high feasibility of using a current-free and motor-less control approach for the FRSs and WUIs, enabling new methods of sensing and actuation across the robotic field.

Correlation of resin composite translucency and IOS accuracy: An in-vitro study.

Background: Different restoration materials have different optical characteristics that influence the intraoral scanner's (IOS) image accuracy. The purpose of this in-vitro investigation was to investigate how composite translucency affected the accuracy of IOS. Material and Methods: GC G-aenial Universal Injectable JE composite plates were used for the study at 3 thicknesses (1-2-3mm). A lab scanner (3Shape E1) obtained 1 reference scan, whereas IOS (Trios3) was used to conduct 10 experimental scans per group. After 3D superimposition, deviation values were used to assess the accuracy (trueness and precision) outcomes for the corresponding groups. Using an LS170 V2.0 colorimeter, the translucency parameter (TP) of the plates was determined from L*a*b* values of CIELAB color space. Results: The composite translucency resulted in a decrease in the scale of digital impressions. The 1mm group had the largest scale reduction (0.02mm) significantly, followed by the 2mm and 3mm groups (0.01mm). No difference was found in mean precision. The colorimeter detects the L*a*b* values and showed that 1mm composite plate expressed the highest TP value, then 2mm and 3mm groups (28.90, 14.26 and 6.49 respectively). The thinner composite, the higher translucency and TP were highly positively correlated to IOS trueness of composite plates. Conclusions: Composite translucency has an impact on optical impression accuracy. In correlation, the optical impression becomes less accurate the more translucent the composite is. This implies that in the digital process, the dentist should specify the appropriate optical properties of composite materials concerning both their mechanical and aesthetic qualities. Key words:Accuracy, translucency, resin composite, digital dentistry, intraoral-scanner.

Therapists' perspective on acceptance of robot-assisted physical rehabilitation in a middle-income country: a study from Vietnam.

Robot-assisted physical rehabilitation offers promising benefits for patients, yet its adoption among therapists remains a complex challenge. This study investigates the acceptance of robot-assisted physical rehabilitation technology among therapists in Vietnam, a middle-income country with a growing demand for rehabilitation services. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM2) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), an online survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore therapists' attitudes and intentions towards using this technology. The results show that Vietnamese therapists recognised its potential benefits and expressed a willingness to use it. Although having similar acceptance patterns compared to developed regions, they demonstrated significantly higher levels of agreement across acceptance constructs. This may be attributed to factors such as the novelty effect, cultural perceptions of robots, and the high workload of therapists in Vietnam. Gender and location were found to influence two acceptance constructs-subjective norms and image, respectively-highlighting the need for tailored strategies in technology implementation. The study underscores the importance of considering socio-cultural factors in the adoption of technology and provides insights for enhancing the acceptance and effectiveness of robot-assisted physical rehabilitation in Vietnam. This contributes to the global understanding of therapist acceptance of technology in this field.

While robot-assisted physical rehabilitation offers promising benefits, there is limited understanding of therapist acceptance on a global scale, highlighting the need for more research in this area.This study in a middle-income country, Vietnam, reveals a generally positive view among therapists, but specific issues such as the novelty effect, cultural perceptions of robots, and high therapist workload impact acceptance levels, indicating the need for tailored strategies.Strategies for implementing robot-assisted physical rehabilitation should include addressing training needs, providing technological support, and considering sociocultural factors to enhance acceptance and effectiveness.

Correction: Time-varying causality relationships between trade openness, technological innovation, industrialization, financial development, and carbon emissions in Thailand.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304830.].

The Association of Oxygen Delivery and Transfusion on Cardiopulmonary Bypass with Acute Kidney Injury.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate whether the association of transfusion and acute kidney injury (AKI) has a threshold of oxygen delivery below which transfusion is beneficial but above which it is harmful. DESIGN: Retrospective study SETTING: Cardiovascular operating room and intensive care unit PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with continuous oxygen delivery monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass INTERVENTIONS: None MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between oxygen delivery (mean, cumulative deficit, and bands of oxygen delivery), transfusion, and their interaction and AKI. A subgroup analysis of transfused and nontransfused patients with exact matching on cumulative oxygen deficit and time on bypass with adjustment for propensity to receive a transfusion using logistic regression. Nine hundred ninety-one of 4,203 patients developed AKI within 7 days. After adjustment for confounders, lower mean oxygen delivery (odds ratio [OR], 0.968; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.949-0.988; p = 0.002) and transfusions (OR, 1.442; 95% CI, 1.077, 1.932; p = 0.014) were associated with increased odds of AKI by 7 days. As oxygen delivery decreased, the risk of AKI increased, with the slope of the OR steeper at <160 mL/m2/min. In the subgroup analysis, matched transfused patients were more likely than matched nontransfused patients to develop AKI (45% [n = 145] v 31% [n = 101]; p < 0.001). However, after propensity score adjustment, the difference was nonsignificant (OR, 1.181; 95% CI, 0.796-1.752; p = 0.406). CONCLUSIONS: We found a nonlinear relationship between oxygen delivery and AKI. We found no level of oxygen delivery at which transfusion was associated with a decreased risk of AKI.

The Incidence of Herpes Zoster Complications: A Systematic Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this work was to summarize the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) complications in different populations. METHODS: Systematic literature review of PubMed, Embase, and Virtual Health Library records between January 1, 2002 and October 20, 2022 using search strings for HZ, complications, and frequency measurements. RESULTS: The review included 124 studies, most conducted in the general population (n = 93) and on individuals with comorbidities (n = 41) ≥ 18 years of age. Most studies were conducted in Europe (n = 44), Asia (n = 40), and North America (n = 36). Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) was the most studied neurological complication. Variable relative PHN incidence was found in the general population (2.6-46.7%) or based on diagnosis: immunocompromised (3.9-33.8%), depression (0-50%), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (6.1-40.2%). High incidence rates were observed in hematological malignancies (HM) and solid organ malignancies (132.5 and 93.7 per 1000 person-years, respectively). Ocular complications were frequently reported with herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). The relative incidence (incidence rate) of HZO in the general population was reported as 1.4-15.9% (0.31-0.35 per 1000 person-years). High relative incidence was observed in HIV (up to 10.1%) and HM (3.2-11.3%). Disseminated HZ was the most frequently reported cutaneous complication. The relative incidence of disseminated HZ was 0.3-8.2% in the general population, 0-0.5% in the immunocompetent, and 0-20.6% in patients with comorbidities. High relative incidence was reported in HM and solid organ transplant (up to 19.3% and 14.8%, respectively). DISCUSSION: Most reported complications were neurological (n = 110), ocular (n = 48), and cutaneous (n = 38). Few studies stratified complications by age or gender (or both). Incidence appeared higher in select immunocompromised populations. Higher incidence was associated with older age in several studies; the general association with gender was unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Variable incidence of HZ complications was reported by population subgroup. Further research is required to quantitatively analyze incidence by age, gender, and location.

Astrocyte diversity in the ferret cerebrum revealed with astrocyte-specific genetic manipulation.

Astrocytes in the cerebrum play important roles such as the regulation of synaptic functions, homeostasis, water transport, and the blood-brain barrier. It has been proposed that astrocytes in the cerebrum acquired diversity and developed functionally during evolution. Here, we show that like human astrocytes, ferret astrocytes in the cerebrum exhibit various morphological subtypes which mice do not have. We found that layer 1 of the ferret cerebrum contained not only protoplasmic astrocytes but also pial interlaminar astrocytes and subpial interlaminar astrocytes. Morphologically polarized astrocytes, which have a long unbranched process, were found in layer 6. Like human white matter, ferret white matter exhibited four subtypes of astrocytes. Furthermore, our quantification showed that ferret astrocytes had a larger territory size and a longer radius length than mouse astrocytes. Thus, our results indicate that, similar to the human cerebrum, the ferret cerebrum has a well-developed diversity of astrocytes. Ferrets should be useful for investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to astrocyte diversity, the functions of each astrocyte subtype and the involvement of different astrocyte subtypes in various neurological diseases.

Risk of mortality among patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis in the US from 2007 to 2021.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) mortality and risk factors have not been carefully studied in real-world settings. We examined the rate, temporal trend, and risk factors of mortality in AH. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of individuals with AH diagnoses using medical claims data from Optum's Clinformatics® Data Mart (CDM). Participants were individuals covered by Medicare Advantage and commercial insurance policies. Cases were identified using diagnostic codes. Cox regressions were used to estimate 90 and 180-day mortality rates by hospitalization status. RESULTS: The cohort included 32,001 patients (72% men) who had at least one year of continuous insurance coverage prior to AH diagnoses. Of these, 20,912 were hospitalized within seven days of diagnosis. Ninety and 180-day mortality rates were 12.0% (95% CI [11.6%, 12.5%]) and 16.0% (95% CI [15.4%, 16.5%]), respectively, for the hospitalized patients and 3.1% (95% CI [2.8%, 3.4%]) and 5.1% (95% CI [4.6%, 5.5%]) for the non-hospitalized patients. Pre-existing liver disease, even in a mild form, was associated with an increased risk of death. In hospitalized patients, a history of mild liver disease was associated with a 24% increase in 180-day mortality risk (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: [1.14, 1.36]). Moderate-to-severe liver disease was associated with a more than doubled risk (HR = 2.33, 95% CI: [2.12, 2.56]). CONCLUSIONS: History of liver disease was associated with significantly increased AH mortality. The finding highlights the chronic disease context of AH and suggests that prior diagnosis of liver disease should be considered for prognosis and targeted prevention.

Facile Preparation Method of TiO2/Activated Carbon for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue.

The development of nanocomposite photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity, cost-effectiveness, a simple preparation process, and scalability for practical applications is of great interest. In this study, nanocomposites of TiO2 Degussa P25 nanoparticles/activated carbon (TiO2/AC) were prepared at various mass ratios of (4:1), (3:2), (2:3), and (1:4) by a facile process involving manual mechanical pounding, ultrasonic-assisted mixing in an ethanol solution, paper filtration, and mild thermal annealing. The characterization methods included XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman, FTIR, XPS, and UV-Vis spectroscopies. The effects of TiO2/AC mass ratios on the structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties were systematically studied in comparison with bare TiO2 and bare AC. TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited dominant anatase and minor rutile phases and a crystallite size of approximately 21 nm, while AC had XRD peaks of graphite and carbon and a crystallite size of 49 nm. The composites exhibited tight decoration of TiO2 nanoparticles on micron-/submicron AC particles, and uniform TiO2/AC composites were obtained, as evidenced by the uniform distribution of Ti, O, and C in an EDS mapping. Moreover, Raman spectra show the typical vibration modes of anatase TiO2 (e.g., E1g(1), B1g(1), Eg(3)) and carbon materials with D and G bands. The TiO2/AC with (4:1), (3:2), and (2:3) possessed higher reaction rate constants (k) in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) than that of either TiO2 or AC. Among the investigated materials, TiO2/AC = 4:1 achieved the highest photocatalytic activity with a high k of 55.2 × 10-3 min-1 and an MB removal efficiency of 96.6% after 30 min of treatment under UV-Vis irradiation (120 mW/cm2). The enhanced photocatalytic activity for TiO2/AC is due to the synergistic effect of the high adsorption capability of AC and the high photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Furthermore, TiO2/AC promotes the separation of photoexcited electron/hole (e-/h+) pairs to reduce their recombination rate and thus enhance photocatalytic activity. The optimal TiO2/AC composite with a mass ratio of 4/1 is suggested for treating industrial or household wastewater with organic pollutants.

Antioxidant potentials of extracts from different parts of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau.

The research aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of extracts from different parts of Clinacanthus nutans growing in Vietnam, a member of the Acanthaceae family. The plant's roots, stem and leaves were extracted using 96% ethanol. The antioxidant actions of these extracts were evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay on thin-layer plates and 96 well plates. The extract with the most potent activity was applied for distribution extraction with solvents with different polarities, including dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water. Dry column vacuum chromatography was utilized to obtain the most antioxidant-potent extract fractions. The stem extract had the lowest IC50 value of 6.85µg/mL, showing the most potent antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate fraction from the stem extract expressed the lowest IC50 value of 9.67µg/mL. Meanwhile, fraction 5, separated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem extract, had the lowest IC50 value of 9.89µg/mL. In conclusion, the extracts from different parts of Clinacanthus nutans all expressed antioxidant action at different levels, in which the stem extract, the ethyl acetate fraction and fraction 5 from the ethyl acetate fraction displayed the most effective actions. These findings highlight the promising potential of Clinacanthus nutans in treating oxidative stress-associated diseases, inspiring further research and exploration in this area.

Cryogenic focus measurement system for a wide-field infrared space telescope.

We describe a technique for measuring focus errors in a cryogenic, wide-field, near-infrared space telescope. The measurements are made with a collimator looking through a large vacuum window, with a reflective cold filter to reduce the background thermal infrared loading on the detectors and optics. The vacuum window and cold filter introduce a wavefront error that we characterize using an autocollimating microscope. For the 200 mm diameter aperture f/3 space telescope SPHEREx, we achieve a focus position measurement with a ∼15µm systematic and a ∼5µm statistical error.

An inflection point in high-throughput proteomics with Orbitrap Astral: analysis of biofluids, cells, and tissues.

This technical note presents a comprehensive proteomics workflow for the new combination of Orbitrap and Astral mass analyzers across biofluids, cells, and tissues. Central to our workflow is the integration of Adaptive Focused Acoustics (AFA) technology for cells and tissue lysis, to ensure robust and reproducible sample preparation in a high-throughput manner. Furthermore, we automated the detergent-compatible single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced sample Preparation (SP3) method for protein digestion, a technique that streamlines the process by combining purification and digestion steps, thereby reducing sample loss and improving efficiency. The synergy of these advanced methodologies facilitates a robust and high-throughput approach for cells and tissue analysis, an important consideration in translational research. This work disseminates our platform workflow, analyzes the effectiveness, demonstrates reproducibility of the results, and highlights the potential of these technologies in biomarker discovery and disease pathology. For cells and tissues (heart, liver, lung, and intestine) proteomics analysis by data-independent acquisition mode, identifications exceeding 10,000 proteins can be achieved with a 24-minute active gradient. In 200ng injections of HeLa digest across multiple gradients, an average of more than 80% of proteins have a CV less than 20%, and a 45-minute run covers ~90% of the expressed proteome. In plasma samples including naive, depleted, perchloric acid precipitated, and Seer nanoparticle captured, all with a 24-minute gradient length, we identified 87, 108, 96 and 137 out of 216 FDA approved circulating protein biomarkers, respectively. This complete workflow allows for large swaths of the proteome to be identified and is compatible across diverse sample types.

Impact of Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease on Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs in Patients With COVID-19.

Background: The economic burden associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and concurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with COVID-19 is unclear. Objective: We compared healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs in patients with COVID-19 and T2DM and CVD (T2DM + CVD), T2DM only, or neither T2DM nor CVD (T2DM/CVD). Methods: A retrospective observational study in COVID-19 patients using data from the Healthcare Integrated Research Database (HIRD®) was conducted. Patients with COVID-19 were identified between March 1, 2020, and May 31, 2021, and followed from first diagnosis or positive lab test to the end of health plan enrollment, end of study period, or death. Patients were assigned one of 3 cohorts: pre-existing T2DM+CVD, T2DM only, or neither T2DM/CVD. Propensity score matching and multivariable analyses were performed to control for differences in baseline characteristics. Study outcomes included all-cause and COVID-19-related HCRU and costs. Results: In all, 321 232 COVID-19 patients were identified (21 651 with T2DM + CVD, 28 184 with T2DM only, and 271 397 with neither T2DM/CVD). After matching, 6967 patients were in each group. Before matching, 46.0% of patients in the T2DM + CVD cohort were hospitalized for any cause, compared with 18.0% in the T2DM-only cohort and 6.3% in the neither T2DM/CVD cohort; the corresponding values after matching were 34.2%, 26.0%, and 21.2%. The proportion of patients with emergency department visits, telehealth visits, or use of skilled nursing facilities was higher in patients with COVID-19 and T2DM + CVD compared with the other cohorts. Average all-cause costs during follow-up were 12 324,7882, and $7277 per-patient-per-month after matching for patients with T2DM + CVD, T2DM-only, and neither T2DM/CVD, respectively. COVID-19-related costs contributed to 78%, 75%, and 64% of the overall costs, respectively. The multivariable model showed that per-patient-per-month all-cause costs for T2DM + CVD and T2DM-only were 54% and 21% higher, respectively, than those with neither T2DM/CVD after adjusting for residual confounding. Conclusion: HCRU and costs in patients were incrementally higher with COVID-19 and pre-existing T2DM + CVD compared with those with T2DM-only and neither T2DM/CVD, even after accounting for baseline differences between groups, confirming that pre-existing T2DM + CVD is associated with increased HCRU and costs in COVID-19 patients, highlighting the importance of proactive management.

Time-varying causality relationships between trade openness, technological innovation, industrialization, financial development, and carbon emissions in Thailand.

Over the last twenty years, there has been swift growth in industrialization and technological advancements, driving economic progress. Nevertheless, it is inevitable that these sectors will bring about environmental shifts. Thus far, endeavors have been undertaken to assess the influence of industrialization and technological advancements on environmental deterioration. Additionally, the extensive discussion surrounding the impact of financial development, trade openness, and technological innovation on the environment has not yielded conclusive empirical findings. Studies often operate under the assumption of symmetric relationships, potentially leading to biased results. Adding to the discussion on the drivers of carbon neutrality, the time-dependent effects of critical aspects such as financial development and technological innovation should inform meaningful policies for environmental management. This article explores the time-varying causal association between trade openness, industrialization, financial development, technological innovation, and CO2 emissions in Thailand using novel time-varying Granger causality tests. The time-varying causality outcomes demonstrate that the associations change significantly over time, in contrast to the results of Toda-Yamamoto causality. Overall, there exists a bidirectional relationship between industrialization, financial development, trade openness, technological innovation, and CO2 emissions over different time sequences. These outcomes have implications for both policy and research.

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and chloramphenicol adsorption performance of NH2-MIL-53(Al)-derived amine-functionalized porous carbons.

Several activities such as aquaculture, human and feedstock therapies can directly release antibiotics into water. Due to high stability, low hydrolysis and non-biodegradation, they can accumulate in the aqueous environment and transport to aquatic species. Here, we synthesized amine-functionalized porous carbons (ANC) by a direct-pyrolysis process of NH2-MIL-53(Al) as a sacrificial template at between 600 and 900 °C and utilized them to eliminate chloramphenicol antibiotic from water. The NH2-MIL-53(Al)-derived porous carbons obtained high surface areas (304.7-1600 m2 g-1) and chloramphenicol adsorption capacities (148.3-261.5 mg g-1). Several factors such as hydrogen bonding, Yoshida hydrogen bonding, and π-π interaction, hydrophobic interaction possibly controlled adsorption mechanisms. The ANC800 could be reused four cycles along with high stability in structure. As a result, NH2-MIL-53(Al)-derived porous carbons are recommended as recyclable and efficient adsorbents to the treatment of antibiotics in water.