RESUMEN
Sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality are significant societal challenges that negatively impact individuals' health. The interaction between subjective sleep quality, objective sleep measures, physical and cognitive performance, and their day-to-day variations remains poorly understood. Our year-long study of 20 healthy individuals, using subcutaneous electroencephalography, aimed to elucidate these interactions, assessing data stability and participant satisfaction, usability, well-being and adherence. In the study, 25 participants were fitted with a minimally invasive subcutaneous electroencephalography lead, with 20 completing the year of subcutaneous electroencephalography recording. Signal stability was measured using covariance of variation. Participant satisfaction, usability and well-being were measured with questionnaires: Perceived Ease of Use questionnaire, System Usability Scale, Headache questionnaire, Major Depression Inventory, World Health Organization 5-item Well-Being Index, and interviews. The subcutaneous electroencephalography signals remained stable for the entire year, with an average participant adherence rate of 91%. Participants rated their satisfaction with the subcutaneous electroencephalography device as easy to use with minimal or no discomfort. The System Usability Scale score was high at 86.3 ± 10.1, and interviews highlighted that participants understood how to use the subcutaneous electroencephalography device and described a period of acclimatization to sleeping with the device. This study provides compelling evidence for the feasibility of longitudinal sleep monitoring during everyday life utilizing subcutaneous electroencephalography in healthy subjects, showcasing excellent signal stability, adherence and user experience. The amassed subcutaneous electroencephalography data constitutes the largest dataset of its kind, and is poised to significantly advance our understanding of day-to-day variations in normal sleep and provide key insights into subjective and objective sleep quality.
RESUMEN
Increased expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in several tissues is associated with inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMP2 and BMP4 mRNA expression is increased in pancreatic islets from db/db mice and ß-cell proliferation and function are inhibited by BMP4. The effect of BMPs on α-cells is currently unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of BMP4 on mouse and human α-cells in vitro. The effects of BMP4 on α-cell proliferation and function were investigated in islets isolated from male mice and from human donors, and in α-TC1-6 cells. The effects of BMP4 on α-cell function were assessed by determination of glucagon secretion and gene expression. Treatment with BMP4 for 24-96 hours inhibited glucagon secretion in a time-dependent manner in mouse and human islets. Glucagon content, preproglucagon and aristaless related homeobox mRNA expression were reduced after incubation with BMP4 in mouse islets, but not in human islets. The percentage of proliferating α-cells was reduced from 7.3 % to 0.2 % in mouse islets incubated with BMP4. α-cell proliferation in human islets ranged from 0 to 11.8 %, and BMP4 was found to inhibit proliferation of α-cells from all donors when proliferation was present. In agreement with the observations in primary islets, BMP4 decreased glucagon content, preproglucagon, and aristaless related homeobox mRNA expression in α-TC1-6 cells. Our findings suggest that BMP4 has an inhibitory role on glucagon secretion, α-cell growth, and expression of genes maintaining α-cell identity.
