Effects of mechanical stress and deficiency of dihydrotestosterone or 17ß-estradiol on Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis in mice.

OBJECTIVE: To observe and analyze the interaction between excessive mechanical stress (MS) and decreased sex hormones on Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA), and to discover TMJ-OA disease susceptibility genes by molecular biological analysis to elucidate part of the mechanism of TMJ-OA onset. DESIGN: For experimental groups, orchiectomy (ORX) or ovariectomy (OVX) was performed on sexually mature 8-week-old mice. A metal plate was attached to the posterior surface of the maxillary incisors to apply excessive MS on mandibular condyles. Male mice were divided into control, ORX, MS, and ORX + MS groups, while female mice were divided into control, OVX, MS, and OVX + MS groups. Mandibular condyles were evaluated by histology and molecular biology. RESULTS: Histomorphometric analysis of the TMJ in ORX + MS and OVX + MS groups revealed the thinnest chondrocyte layers, highest modified Mankin scores, and significant increases in the number of osteoclasts. Gene expression analysis indicated upregulation of Angptl7 and Car1 genes in the mandibular condyles of mice subjected to the combined effects of excessive MS and reduced sex hormones. In vitro analysis suggested that cartilage-like cells overexpressing Angptl7 enhanced calcification, and osteoblast-like cells overexpression Car1 suppressed cell proliferation and calcification. CONCLUSIONS: A severe TMJ-OA mouse model was successfully developed by applying excessive MS on the mandibular condyle of male and female mice with reduced sex hormones. Disease-susceptibility genes Angptl7 and Car1 were newly discovered in the experimental groups, suggesting their involvement in the onset mechanism of TMJ-OA.

Whole-body vibration can attenuate the deterioration of bone mass and trabecular bone microstructure in rats with spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, controlled study. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone mass and trabecular bone microstructure (TBMS) during the early stage in juvenile rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Studied at the Kio University in Japan. METHODS: Thirty-four 8-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: the SCI group, the sham-operation group (SHAM) and the SCI+WBV group. WBV started on the 8th day after SCI. After 1 or 2 weeks of WBV treatment, measurements of tissue mineral density, trabecular bone mineral content (BMC) and parameters of TBMS were obtained by scanning the proximal tibias with x-ray micro-computed tomography. Serum levels of osteocalcin (OC) and of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) were measured with ELISA. RESULTS: BMC, volume bone mineral density, bone volume (BV), BV fraction (BV/tissue volume) and connectivity density (Conn.D) of TBMS parameters were significantly higher in SCI+WBV rats than in SCI rats after 2-week WBV. The BMC and BV/TV of bone mass index correlated well with Conn.D, suggesting the preservation of Conn.D. induced by WBV. SCI+WBV rats showed a decrease in serum OC after 1-week WBV, but a quick recovery from that after 2-week WBV. There was no difference in serum TRACP 5b among the 3 groups throughout the experimental period. CONCLUSION: WBV treatment could attenuate the bone deterioration that occurs during the early stage in juvenile rats with SCI. In a clinic, this early WBV intervention may be an effective rehabilitation modality for preventing bone fragility in SCI patients.

Aminophylline increases parasternal intercostal muscle activity during hypoxia in humans.

To clarify the mechanism of action of aminophylline on the hypoxic ventilatory response in humans, we analyzed the effects of aminophylline on respiratory neural output. To evaluate the respiratory neural output, we analyzed the electromyogram (EMG) of the parasternal intercostal muscle, one of the major inspiratory muscles, in eight healthy subjects. Both before and during aminophylline administration, measurements of ventilatory parameters with EMG recordings were conducted in room air, mild hypoxia (F(I)(o)(2) 0.15), and severe hypoxia (F(I)(o)(2) 0.11). Before administering aminophylline, hypoxic stimulation elicited ventilatory augmentation in a hypoxia-intensity dependent manner. Administration of aminophylline caused significant increases in ventilation (V (I)), tidal volume (V(T)), respiratory frequency (f(R)), and the respiration-related phasic moving averaged EMG amplitude (tidal EMG), at corresponding levels of hypoxia compared to before aminophylline. Augmentation patterns of hypoxia-induced increases in V(T) and tidal EMG showed close similarity. These results indicate that augmentation of hypoxic ventilatory response by aminophylline is mainly mediated by an increase in the respiratory neural drive in healthy humans.

Protective role of protein C inhibitor in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Protein C inhibitor (PCI) plays a role in multiple biological processes including fertilization, coagulation, fibrinolysis and kinin systems. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that PCI participates in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. To demonstrate this, we compared the development of pulmonary hypertension in mice overexpressing PCI in the lung with wild-type (WT) mice. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by s.c. injection of 600 mg kg-1 of monocrotaline weekly for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Right ventricular arterial pressure was significantly increased in monocrotaline-treated WT mice compared with that in monocrotaline-treated transgenic mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and platelet-derived growth factor, and the plasma level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly increased in monocrotaline-treated WT mice as compared with monocrotaline-treated PCI transgenic mice. Increased level of PCI-thrombin complex was detected in BALF from monocrotaline-treated PCI transgenic mice as compared with saline-treated PCI transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that increased expression of PCI in the lung is protective against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension, suggesting a potential beneficial effect of PCI for the therapy of this disease.

[Recurrent lung cancer with interstitial pneumonia treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation].

We performed computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for postoperative recurrent pulmonary metastases developed in a 77-year-old man with interstitial pneumonia. He had received left upper segmentectomy with ND 2a nodal dissection. RFA was safely performed for pulmonary metastases in right S6 and left S6. There was no evidence to suggest any deterioration on interstitial pneumonia, including KL 6 and CT findings. Autopsy revealed residual cancer cells in peripheral lesion in 1 of 2 tumors treated by RFA. Although RFA is palliative, it is a promising treatment for local control of pulmonary malignancy in high-risk patients.

History of the development of new vitamin D analogs: studies on 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) and 2beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)calcitriol (ED-71).

In 1981 Suda and his colleagues first reported the new activity of calcitriol namely its ability to differentiate the myeloid leukemia cells into normal monocytes-macrophages. However, the possibility of using calcitriol as an antileukemic drug was not feasible because of its potent calcemic effects. Based on these observations, several pharmaceutical companies initiated the synthesis of vitamin D analogs with the aim to separate the calcemic actions of calcitriol from its actions on regulating the cell growth and differentiation. As a result, numerous noncalcemic analogs with a potential for the treatment of leukemia and other cancers were synthesized. The group at Chugai introduced two characteristic analogs of opposite type namely, 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) and 2beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)calcitriol (ED-71) which have been shown to have therapeutic value and are already being used clinically. The work on OCT and ED-71 together with the work on calcipotriol and KH-1060 by Leo Laboratories, and 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-16-ene-23-yne-D(3) by Hoffmann-La Roche, vigorously stimulated research world-wide in the development of vitamin D analogs into pharmaceutical products. More recently new impressive vitamin D analogs such as 3-epi analogs, 19-nor analogs, 18-nor analogs, 2-methyl-20-epi-calcitriol, non-steroidal vitamin D analogs are being developed. The authors are convinced that various vitamin D analogs will become highly effective therapeutic agents at the clinical level in the new century, and also that a new theory on the mechanism of vitamin D action will be generated.

Synthesis and stereostructure-activity relationship of three asymmetric center pyrethroids: 2-methyl-3-phenylcyclopropylmethyl 3-phenoxybenzyl ether and cyanohydrin ester.

2-Methyl-3-phenylcyclopropylmethyl 3-phenoxybenzyl ether 2 and cyanohydrin ester 3, a couple of pyrethroids with three asymmetric centers, were synthesized. Of each of the four diastereomers of 2 and 3, only the (1R*,2R*,3R*)-2a and 3a showed significant insecticidal activities. Dual sets of enantiomers [(1R,2R,3R)-(-)-2a and (1S,2S,3S)-(+)-2a] and [(1R,2R,3R)-(-)-3a and (1S,2S,3S)-(+)-3a] were synthesized through the asymmetric cyclopropanation using the Aratani catalyst. Significant separations of insecticidal activities were observed between both the enantiomers against the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) and the common mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens); (1S,2S,3S)-(+)-2a and (+)-3a showed higher activities than their antipodes (1R,2R,3R)(-)-2a and (-)-3a. This result is the second example of such synthetic pyrethroids with three asymmetric centers.

Biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene and its derivatives through the selective cleavage of carbon-sulfur bonds by a moderately thermophilic bacterium Bacillus subtilis WU-S2B.

Heterocyclic organosulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) in petroleum cannot be completely removed by hydrodesulfurization using chemical catalysts. A moderately thermophilic bacterium Bacillus subtilis WU-S2B, which could desulfurize DBT at 50 degrees C through the selective cleavage of carbon-sulfur (CS) bonds, was newly isolated. At 50 degrees C, growing cells of WU-S2B could degrade 0.54 mM DBT within 120 h to produce 2-hydroxybiphenyl, and the resting cells could also degrade 0.81 mM DBT within 12 h. The DBT-desulfurizing ability of WU-S2B is high over a wide temperature range from 30 to 50 degrees C, and highest at 50 degrees C for both the growing and resting cells, and this is an extremely advantageous property for the practical biodesulfurization. In addition, WU-S2B could also desulfurize DBT derivatives such as 2,8-dimethylDBT, 4,6-dimethylDBT and 3,4-benzoDBT. Therefore, B. subtilis WU-S2B is considered to have more beneficial properties than other desulfurizing bacteria such as Rhodococcus strains previously reported, particularly from the viewpoint of its capacity for thermophilic desulfurization through the CS bond cleavage.

Synthesis and pharmacokinetics of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 tritiated at 22 and 23 positions showing high specific radioactivity.

A novel synthesis of a radioactive compound of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha OHD3) (1) and its pharmacokinetics are described. Radioactive 1 alpha OHD3 tritiated at 22 and 23 positions ([22,23-(3)H4]1 alpha OHD3) (5) was prepared via key reactions of the reduction of acetylenic side chain in the ketone (12) with tritium gas in the presence of palladium-charcoal and the subsequent Wittig reaction with the A-ring synthon (16). [22,23-(3)H4]1 alpha OHD3 (5) showed high specific radioactivity (111.5 Ci/mmol) and was used successfully in pharmacokinetics studies with rats. In the pharmacokinetics studies, the plasma concentration level of the active form of vitamin D3, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3], after oral or intravenous administration of [22,23-(3)H4]1 alpha OHD3 (5), showed longer half-life, lower maximum concentration, and lower area under the curve than those after treatment of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 tritiated at 26 and 27 positions (4). These results might suggest a beneficial therapeutic utility of 1 alpha OHD3 (1) over the treatment of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 (2).

CROP/Luc7A, a novel serine/arginine-rich nuclear protein, isolated from cisplatin-resistant cell line.

A novel putative SR protein, designated cisplatin resistance-associated overexpressed protein (CROP), has been cloned from cisplatin-resistant cell lines by differential display. The N-half of the deduced amino acid sequence of 432 amino acids of CROP contains cysteine/histidine motifs and leucine zipper-like repeats. The C-half consists mostly of charged and polar amino acids: arginine (58 residues or 25%), glutamate (36 residues or 16%), serine (35 residues or 15%), lysine (30 residues, 13%), and aspartate (20 residues or 9%). The C-half is extremely hydrophilic and comprises domains rich in lysine and glutamate residues, rich in alternating arginine and glutamate residues, and rich in arginine and serine residues. The arginine/serine-rich domain is dominated by a series of 8 amino acid imperfect repetitive motif (consensus sequence, Ser-Arg-Ser-Arg-Asp/Glu-Arg-Arg-Arg), which has been found in RNA splicing factors. The RNase protection assay and Western blotting analysis indicate that the expression of CROP is about 2-3-fold higher in mRNA and protein levels in cisplatin-resistant ACHN/CDDP cells than in host ACHN cells. CROP is the human homologue of yeast Luc7p, which is supposed to be involved in 5'-splice site recognition and is essential for vegetative growth.

Three cases of pustulotic arthro-osteitis associated with episcleritis.

Three cases of pustulotic arthro-osteitis (PAO) associated with episcleritis were described. In each patient, the episcleritis developed more than 10 years after the onset of PAO. These episcleritis were treated with topical corticosteroids. PAO is classified as a member of the seronegative spondylarthritis group of diseases. Though complications of seronegative spondylarthritis include uveitis and episcleritis. PAO associated with episcleritis was not reported. Episcleritis should be considered as a complication of PAO.

Sustained osteoblast nuclear receptor binding of converted 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 after administration of 3H-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3: a combined receptor autoradiography and radioassay time course study with comparison to 3H-1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

The present study was undertaken to clarify the receptor distribution and the pharmacokinetics of 3H-1alpha(OH)D3, and 3H-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 for comparison. Receptor autoradiography was used after intravenous injection to 3-day-old neonatal rats and radioassay-HPLC after oral application to young adult rats. Corresponding results were obtained from both receptor autoradiography and radioassay. After 3H-1alpha(OH)D3 administration, uptake was delayed but sustained over a long period of time and the concentration of silver grains (autoradiography) or recovered 3H-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 (radioassay) peaked at a lower level. After 3H-1alpha,25(OH)2D3 administration, osteoblast nuclear, whole bone uptake and retention of radiolabeled compound were relatively rapid and short in duration. Nuclear uptake in osteoblasts after administration of 3H-1alpha(OH)D3 was abolished in competition studies with 10-fold unlabeled 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. These results indicate that 1alpha(OH)D3 continuously supplies osteoblasts with converted 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and would not spread to the cells because of the low binding affinity of the receptor. Accordingly, 1alpha(OH)D3 appears to have some therapeutic properties different from 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 because of a relatively slow and sustained accumulation of the receptor and less Cmax (pharmacokinetics) compared with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3.

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with widespread metastases to liver and bones in a kidney transplant recipient.

A case of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with widespread metastases to liver and bones in a cadaver renal transplant recipient is reported in this article. The patient underwent a kidney transplant at the age of 43 and was treated with various immunosuppressive agents after surgery. Twelve months after the transplantation, multiple tumors were found in the liver, and the patient died 8 months later. Pathological examination at autopsy revealed renal cell carcinoma with a sarcomatoid component in the right native kidney and metastases to liver and bones. It is unusual for renal cell carcinoma to undergo sarcomatous transformation and to metastasize to the liver before reaching other organs. We speculate that immunosuppressants may have altered malignant cell proliferation, invasion, and the form of metastasis in this case.

Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator signaling pathways by thyroid hormone receptor. Competitive binding to the response element.

Peroxisome proliferators (e.g. clofibric acid) and thyroid hormone play an important role in the metabolism of lipids. These effectors display their action through their own nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and thyroid hormone receptor (TR). PPAR and TR are ligand-dependent, DNA binding, trans-acting transcriptional factors belonging to the erbA-related nuclear receptor superfamily. The present study focused on the convergence of the effectors on the peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE). Transcriptional activation induced by PPAR through a PPRE was significantly suppressed by cotransfection of TR in transient transfection assays. The inhibition, however, was not affected by adding 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Furthermore, the inhibition was not observed in cells cotransfected with retinoic acid receptor or vitamin D3 receptor. The inhibitory action by TR was lost by introducing a mutation in the DNA binding domain of TR, indicating that competition for DNA binding is involved in the molecular basis of this functional interaction. Gel shift assays revealed that TRs, expressed in insect cells, specifically bound to the 32P-labeled PPRE as heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Both PPAR and TR bind to PPRE, although only PPAR mediates transcriptional activation via PPRE. TR.RXR heterodimers are potential competitors with PPAR.RXR for binding to PPREs. It is concluded that PPAR-mediated gene expression is negatively controlled by TR at the level of PPAR binding to PPRE. We report here the novel action of thyroid hormone receptor in controlling gene expression through PPREs.

Elevation of serum creatine kinase during treatment with antithyroid drugs in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves disease. A novel side effect of antithyroid drugs.

We describe 4 patients with Graves disease who had abnormal increases of serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations during treatment with antithyroid medications. Three of the patients experienced myalgia and muscle cramps. All of the patients manifested an increase in serum CK levels 1 to 3 months after the administration of antithyroid drugs. Thyrotropin concentrations and cardiac systolic time indexes during the elevation of serum CK concentrations were not consistent with hypothyroidism. The mechanisms are not obvious, but it is likely that the rapid decrease of thyroid hormones in tissues may temporarily cause hypothyroid states, resulting in alterations in CK concentrations. It is suggested that hasty correction of thyrotoxicosis should be avoided in susceptible patients, unless the thyrotoxic conditions are critical.

History of vitamin D treatment of renal osteodystrophy.

Vitamin D treatment was tried when renal osteodystrophy was first recognized in the early 20th century, using vitamin D2, D3, or dihydrotachysterol. Large doses of vitamin D2 or D3 (150,000-500,000 IU) were prescribed by monitoring serum calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase. After the discovery of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, this compound or 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol was applied to the treatment of renal osteodystrophy. In a preclinical study, especially of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, nephritogenoside nephritis was the most responsive condition. These active vitamin D preparations are now widely used in patients with chronic renal failure under hemodialysis. Other active vitamin D compounds, such as hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 22-oxacalcitriol, are also under investigation.

Acromegaly associated with Chiari-I malformation and polycystic ovary syndrome.

We report a 19-year-old female case of acromegaly associated with Chiari-I malformation and polycystic ovary syndrome. She also had syringomyelia and thoracic scoliosis. Although the association of acromegaly and Chiari-I malformation was by chance, exaggerated secretion of growth hormone may have aggravated the scoliosis. The incidence of polycystic ovary in acromegalic patients remains to be elucidated. However, elevation of plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor, that is usually observed in patients with acromegaly, could stimulate androgen production in the ovaries. The patient was successfully treated with transsphenoidal adenomectomy for pituitary tumor and correction surgery for thoracic scoliosis.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 22-oxacalcitriol prevent the decrease in vitamin D receptor content in the parathyroid glands of uremic rats.

Decreased content of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) in parathyroid glands from patients and animals with chronic renal failure has been implicated in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In these studies, we examined the regulation of VDR by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) and 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) in parathyroid glands of uremic rats. After eight weeks of renal failure, VDR content in parathyroid glands of uremic rats was decreased (400 +/- 42 vs. 729 +/- 47 fmol/mg protein in normal control rats, P < 0.05) and strongly correlated with serum 1,25-D3 levels (r = 0.829, P = 0.0001). Treatment with either 1,25-D3 or OCT prevented the decrease in VDR. We conclude that low serum 1,25-D3 levels, at least in part, account for the decrease in VDR content in parathyroid glands of uremic rats and that treatment with 1,25-D3 or OCT prevents this decrease ameliorating the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Molecular cloning and expression of human caldecrin.

Earlier we reported the primary structure of serum calcium-decreasing factor (caldecrin) from rat pancreas, a protein which is considered to be a member of the elastase family. In this report, we describe the isolation of the two homologous cDNA clones encoding caldecrin from human pancreas, the structures of which are identical except for one base and the corresponding amino acid residue. These human caldecrin isoforms are composed of a signal peptide of 16 amino acids, a propeptide of 13 amino acids, and a mature form of 239 amino acids. Both recombinant caldecrins showed the same chymotrypsin-type protease activity and hypocalcemic activity. The hypocalcemic activity of both remained intact even after treatment with PMSF to abolish their protease activity. These results suggest that human caldecrin possesses hypocalcemic activity that has no connection with its protease activity.