Effects of heat treatment on rumen degradability and protein intestinal digestibility of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) in goat.

The black soldier fly larvae (BSF) are used as a substitute for soybean meal due to their high crude protein content. This experiment aims to assess the impact of heat treatment on the rumen degradability of BSF and protein digestion in the small intestine using the in situ nylon bag method and the three-step in vitro method. This study comprises a total of 8 groups (n = 6). The negative control group includes only full-fat soybeans (FFS) and BSF (FF group and BS group). The positive control groups consist of a 95% BSF or 95% FFS mixed with 5% cassava (FFC and BSC groups). The treatment groups involve adding 75% water to the positive control mixture, followed by vigorous kneading to achieve uniform mixing. The resulting mixture was then pressed to a thickness of approximately 5 cm, placed in an oven, and dried for 120 min at temperatures of 120 °C and 140 °C (12FFC, 14FFC, 12BSC, and 14BSC groups). Nylon bags will be incubated in the rumen for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h, and the small intestine protein digestion rate will be analyzed at 16 h. Compared to the BS group, heat-treated BSF showed increased (P < 0.05) rumen DM degradability and effective degradability. The 14BSC group increased (P < 0.05) rumen CP degradability and degradation kinetic parameters, while the 12BSC group decreased (P < 0.05) these parameters. The CP degradability of BSF was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of full-fat soybeans. The Idg and IDCP of heat-treated full-fat soybeans were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of other treatment groups. At the same time, heat treatment was beneficial for increasing (P < 0.05) the Idg and IDCP of BSF, and the 14BSC treatment effect was significantly better (P < 0.05) than that of the 12BSC group. Therefore, based on the results of this experiment, it is recommended to supplement BSF with cassava and subject them to heat treatment at 140 °C.

The effects of shared, depression-specific, and anxiety-specific internalizing symptoms on negative and neutral episodic memories following post-learning sleep.

Emotional memory bias is a common characteristic of internalizing symptomatology and is enhanced during sleep. The current study employs bifactor S-1 modeling to disentangle depression-specific anhedonia, anxiety-specific anxious arousal, and the common internalizing factor, general distress, and test whether these internalizing symptoms interact with sleep to influence memory for emotional and neutral information. Healthy adults (N = 281) encoded scenes featuring either negative objects (e.g., a vicious looking snake) or neutral objects (e.g., a chipmunk) placed on neutral backgrounds (e.g., an outdoor scene). After a 12-hour period of daytime wakefulness (n = 140) or nocturnal sleep (n = 141), participants judged whether objects and backgrounds were the same, similar, or new compared with what they viewed during encoding. Participants also completed the mini version of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Higher anxious arousal predicted worse memory across all stimuli features, but only after a day spent being awake-not following a night of sleep. No significant effects were found for general distress and anhedonia in either the sleep or wake condition. In this study, internalizing symptoms were not associated with enhanced emotional memory. Instead, memory performance specifically in individuals with higher anxious arousal was impaired overall, regardless of emotional valence, but this was only the case when the retention interval spanned wakefulness (i.e., not when it spanned sleep). This suggests that sleep may confer a protective effect on general memory impairments associated with anxiety.

Effects of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) as feed supplements on muscle nutrient composition, meat quality, and antioxidant capacity in Qianbei goat.

OBJECTIVE: Black soldier fly (BSF) as an animal protein feed source is currently becoming a hot research topic. This study investigated the effects of the BSF as a protein feed source for goats on slaughter performance, muscle nutrient composition, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and antioxidant levels. METHODS: Thirty Qianbei Ma goats (20.30±1.09 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (GRPC) supplemented with 10% full-fat soybean, treatment 1 (GRPU) supplemented with 10% untreated BSF, and treatment 2 (GRPT) supplemented with 10% heat-treated BSF. One-way analysis of variance among groups (with Fisher's least significant difference post hoc comparison) was used in this study. RESULTS: The nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and antioxidants in muscle were analyzed. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the moisture, dry matter, crude protein, ash, amino acids, and mineral content of the muscles among the three feeding groups. The slaughter rate and carcass weight of the GRPU and GRPT groups were significantly lower (p<0.05). The overall meat quality of the GRPU and GRPT groups decreased (p<0.05). The individual unsaturated fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids in the GRPU group were higher (p<0.05) than those in the GRPC and GRPT groups. Both GRPU and GRPT decreased (p<0.05) the antioxidant capacity of the meat. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the heat-treated BSF had a better effect on meat quality compared to untreated BSF, but there were greater negative effects on the meat quality of GRPU and GRPT than GRPC.

Physicochemical properties, mechanism of action of lycopene and its application in poultry and ruminant production.

Lycopene is a kind of natural carotenoid that could achieve antioxidant, anti-cancer, lipid-lowering and immune-improving effects by up-regulating or down-regulating genes related to antioxidant, anti-cancer, lipid-lowering and immunity. Furthermore, lycopene is natural, pollution-free, and has no toxic side effects. The application of lycopene in animal production has shown that it could improve livestock production performance, slaughter performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health, and meat quality. Therefore, lycopene as a new type of feed additive, has broader application prospects in many antibiotic-forbidden environments. This article serves as a reference for the use of lycopene as a health feed additive in animal production by going over its physical and chemical characteristics, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, anti-cancer, and application in animal production.

Copy number variations within fibroblast growth factor 13 gene influence growth traits and alternative splicing in cattle.

Previous researches revealed a copy number variation (CNV) region in the bovine fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13) gene. However, its effects remain unknown. This study detected the various copy number types in seven Chinese cattle breeds and analysed their population genetic characteristics and effects on growth traits and transcription levels. Copy number Loss was more frequent in Caoyuan Red cattle and Xianan cattle than in the other breeds. Association analysis between CNV and growth traits of Qinchuan indicated that the CNV was significantly related to chest depth, hip width and hucklebone width (P < 0.05). Additionally, the growth traits of individuals with copy number Loss were significantly inferior to those with copy number Gain or Median (P < 0.05). Besides, we found two splicing isoforms, AS1 and AS2, in FGF13 gene, which resulted from alternative 5' splicing sites of intron 1. These isoforms showed varied expression levels in various tissues. Moreover, CNV was significantly and negatively associated with the mRNA expression of AS1 (r = -0.525, P < 0.05). The CNVs in bovine FGF13 gene negatively regulated growth traits and gene transcription. These observations provide new insights into bovine FGF13 gene, delivering potentially useful information for future Chinese cattle breeding programs.

Age-related positivity effect in emotional memory consolidation from middle age to late adulthood.

Background: While younger adults are more likely to attend to, process, and remember negative relative to positive information, healthy older adults show the opposite pattern. The current study evaluates when, exactly, this positivity shift begins, and how it influences memory performance for positive, negative, and neutral information. Methods: A total of 274 healthy early middle-aged (35-47), late middle-aged (48-59), and older adults (>59) viewed scenes consisting of a negative, positive, or a neutral object placed on a plausible neutral background, and rated each scene for its valence and arousal. After 12 h spanning a night of sleep (n = 137) or a day of wakefulness (n = 137), participants completed an unexpected memory test during which they were shown objects and backgrounds separately and indicated whether the scene component was the "same," "similar," or "new" to what they viewed during the study session. Results and conclusions: We found that both late middle-aged and older adults rated positive and neutral scenes more positively compared to early middle-aged adults. However, only older adults showed better memory for positive objects relative to negative objects, and a greater positive memory trade-off magnitude (i.e., remembering positive objects at the cost of their associated neutral backgrounds) than negative memory trade-off magnitude (i.e., remembering negative objects at the cost of their associated neutral backgrounds). Our findings suggest that while the positivity bias may not emerge in memory until older adulthood, a shift toward positivity in terms of processing may begin in middle age.

Longitudinal Relations Between Emotion Regulation and Internalizing Symptoms in Emerging Adults During the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Background: Maladaptive and adaptive emotion regulation are putative risk and protective factors for depression and anxiety, but most prior research does not differentiate within-person effects from between-person individual differences. The current study does so during the early part of the Covid-19 pandemic when internalizing symptoms were high. Methods: A sample of emerging adult undergraduate students (N = 154) completed online questionnaires bi-weekly on depression, anxiety, and emotion regulation across eight weeks during the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic (April 2nd to June 27th, 2020). Results: Depression demonstrated significantly positive between-person correlations with overall maladaptive emotion regulation, catastrophizing, and self-blame, and negative correlations with overall adaptive emotion regulation and reappraisal. Anxiety demonstrated significantly positive between-person correlations with overall maladaptive emotion regulation, rumination, and catastrophizing, and a negative correlation with reappraisal. After controlling for these between-person associations, however, there were generally no within-person associations between emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms. Conclusions: Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms might be temporally stable individual differences that cooccur with one another as opposed to having a more dynamic relation. Alternatively, these dynamic mechanisms might operate over much shorter or longer periods compared to the two-week time lag in the current study. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-023-10366-9.

Research Note: Combined analysis of BSA-seq based mapping and RNA-seq reveals candidate genes associated with sub-Columbian plumage in H line chickens.

Columbian coloration patterns in plumage are widespread phenomena in several standard breeds of poultry, such as the Columbian Plymouth Rock chicken. H line chicken plumage is generally a pure white except in the hackle, wing, and tail plumage, which coloration is very similar to the Columbian plumage pattern, but with the barring substituting for the black vertical striping. Thus, we refer to this plumage coloration as "sub-Columbian" pattern. However, the genetic basis of this phenotype remains unknown. Here, a F3 cross population between yellow plumage roosters and sub-Columbian plumage hens was constructed, for verifying sub-Columbian plumage was sex-linked dominant inheritance. To identify the candidate regions, F2 generation sub-Columbian plumage hens and yellow plumage hens with their parental lines were used for BSA-seq, and sub-Columbian plumage genes were mapped to a 10.46 Mb interval on chromosome Z. Remarkably, by transcriptome analysis of the neck and wing tip follicle tissues of the 2 plumage colors, we demonstrated that within the interval, only 1 gene, SLC45A2 expressed significant differently (P < 0.05). Through KASP, we identified L347M and A10331272T in solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2), and B2 haplotype of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), showed near complete association with the phenotype. Eventually, we designed a hybridization experiment for verifying the locus of sub-Columbian plumage, which is inherited through Z-linked dominant inheritance and is controlled by SLC45A2 and CDKN2A.

Molecular Characterization, Expression Profile, and A 21-bp Indel within the ASB9 Gene and Its Associations with Chicken Production Traits.

A growing number of studies have shown that members of the ankyrin repeat and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) box-containing protein (ASB) family are extensively involved in biological processes such as cell growth, tissue development, insulin signaling, ubiquitination, protein degradation, and skeletal muscle membrane protein formation, while the specific biological role of ankyrin-repeat and SOCS box protein 9 (ASB9) remains unclear. In this study, a 21 bp indel in the intron of ASB9 was identified for the first time in 2641 individuals from 11 different breeds and an F2 resource population, and differences were observed among individuals with different genotypes (II, ID, and DD). An association study of a cross-designed F2 resource population revealed that the 21-bp indel was significantly related to growth and carcass traits. The significantly associated growth traits were body weight (BW) at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age; sternal length (SL) at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age; body slope length (BSL) at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age; shank girth (SG) at 4 and 12 weeks of age; tibia length (TL) at 12 weeks of age; and pelvic width (PW) at 4 weeks of age (p < 0.05). This indel was also significantly correlated with carcass traits including semievisceration weight (SEW), evisceration weight (EW), claw weight (CLW), breast muscle weight (BMW), leg weight (LeW), leg muscle weight (LMW), claw rate (CLR), and shedding weight (ShW) (p < 0.05). In commercial broilers, the II genotype was the dominant genotype and underwent extensive selection. Interestingly, the ASB9 gene was expressed at significantly higher levels in the leg muscles of Arbor Acres broilers than those of Lushi chickens, while the opposite was true for the breast muscles. In summary, the 21-bp indel in the ASB9 gene significantly influenced the expression of the ASB9 gene in muscle tissue and was associated with multiple growth and carcass traits in the F2 resource population. These findings suggested that the 21-bp indel within the ASB9 gene could be used in marker-assisted selection breeding for traits related to chicken growth.

The role of maladaptive emotion regulation in the bidirectional relation between sleep and depression in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Emotion regulation deficits are an outcome and risk factor for both insomnia and depression, suggesting that maladaptive emotion regulation might in part explain the bi-directional links between sleep and depression. The current study tests this hypothesis during the COVID-19 pandemic in emerging adult undergraduate students, a high-risk population for both depression and sleep disturbance.Methods: A sample of 154 undergraduate students completed a series of online questionnaires bi-weekly on sleep, depression, and emotion regulation strategies across eight weeks during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2nd to June 27th, 2020).Results: Sleep disturbance and depression prospectively predicted one another across eight weeks, and both directions were mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation. However, sleep and depression failed to predict change in one another controlling for baseline measures, directly or via emotion regulation.Conclusions: The results suggest that maladaptive emotion regulation is a potential mechanism through which sleep disturbance and depression help maintain high levels of one another in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, emotion regulation deficits are potentially an important target for interventions to interrupt the sleep disturbance-depression cycle.

Genome-wide identification evolution and expression of vestigial-like gene family in chicken.

Vestigial-like (Vgll) genes are widespread in vertebrates and play an important role in muscle development. In this study, we used bioinformatics methods to systematically identify the chicken VGLL family in the whole genome and investigated its evolutionary history and gene structure features. Tissue expression spectra combined with real-time PCR data were used to analyze the organizational expression pattern of the genes. Based on the maximum likelihood method, a phylogenetic tree of the VGLL family was constructed, and 94 VGLL genes were identified in 24 breeds, among which four VGLL family genes were identified in the chicken genome. Ten motifs were detected in the VGLL genes, and the analysis of introns combined with gene structure revealed that the family was conserved during evolution. Tissue expression analysis suggested that the expression profiles of the VGLL family genes in 16 tissues differed between LU Shi and AA broilers. In addition, a single gene (VGLL2) showed increased expression in chickens at embryonic days 10-16 and was involved in the growth and development of skeletal muscle in chickens in the embryonic stage. In summary, VGLL genes are involved in chicken muscle growth and development, which provides useful information for subsequent functional studies of VGLL genes.

A 104-bp Structural Variation of the ADPRHL1 Gene Is Associated With Growth Traits in Chickens.

Analyzing marker-assisted breeding is an important method utilized in modern molecular breeding. Recent studies have determined that a large number of molecular markers appear to explain the impact of "lost heritability" on human height. Therefore, it is necessary to locate molecular marker sites in poultry and investigate the possible molecular mechanisms governing their effects. In this study, we found a 104-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5'UTR of the ADPRHL1 gene through resequencing. In cross-designed F2 resource groups, the indel was significantly associated with weight at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks and a number of other traits [carcass weight (CW), semi-evisceration weight (SEW), evisceration weight (EW), claw weight (CLW), wings weight (DWW), gizzard weight (GW), pancreas weight (PW), chest muscle weight (CMW), leg weight (LW), leg muscle weight (LMW), shedding Weight (SW), liver rate (LR), and leg muscle rate (LMR)] (P < 0.05). In brief, the insertion-insertion (II) genotype was significantly associated with the greatest growth traits and meat quality traits, whereas the values associated with the insertion-deletion (ID) genotype were the lowest in the F2 reciprocal cross chickens. The mutation sites were genotyped in 4,526 individuals from 12 different chicken breeds and cross-designed F2 resource groups. The II genotype is the most important genotype in commercial broilers, and the I allele frequency observed in these breeds is relatively high. Deletion mutations tend to be fixed in commercial broilers. However, there is still considerable great potential for breeding in dual-purpose chickens and commercial laying hens. A luciferase reporter assay showed that the II genotype of the ADPRHL1 gene possessed 2.49-fold higher promoter activity than the DD genotype (P < 0.05). We hypothesized that this indel might affect the transcriptional activity of ADPRHL1, thereby affecting the growth traits of chickens. These findings may help to elucidate the function of the ADPRHL1 gene and facilitate enhanced reproduction in the chicken industry.

The feasibility of at-home sleep extension in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Insufficient sleep duration is detrimental to health and performance and is alarmingly common in adolescents and young adults. The aim of this pre-registered meta-analysis was to determine the feasibility of at-home sleep extension as a means to improve sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, and maintain or improve sleep quality and efficiency, in adolescents and young adults. Peer-reviewed journal articles and dissertations were screened to identify studies with at least five consecutive days of at-home sleep extension, pre- and post-extension measurement of sleep duration, and participants 13-30 years of age. Out of 2254 studies assessed for eligibility, 17 met review inclusion criteria - seven in adolescents and ten in young adults. At-home extension of sleep opportunity reliably increased sleep duration and sleep quality, and decreased daytime sleepiness when compared to unmanipulated sleep opportunity. These results indicate that at-home sleep extension is feasible in adolescents and young adults. However, the degree of improvement in sleep duration, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness varied by study population and sleep extension method, which will have downstream consequences for the effectiveness of sleep extension as an experimental manipulation and intervention to improve health and performance during adolescence and young adulthood.