RESUMEN
Recent articles have reported an association between fatty liver disease and systemic insulin resistance in humans, but the causal relationship remains unclear. The liver may contribute to muscle insulin resistance by releasing secretory proteins called hepatokines. Here we demonstrate that leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2), an energy-sensing hepatokine, is a link between obesity and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Circulating LECT2 positively correlated with the severity of both obesity and insulin resistance in humans. LECT2 expression was negatively regulated by starvation-sensing kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in H4IIEC hepatocytes. Genetic deletion of LECT2 in mice increased insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle. Treatment with recombinant LECT2 protein impaired insulin signaling via phosphorylation of Jun NH2-terminal kinase in C2C12 myocytes. These results demonstrate the involvement of LECT2 in glucose metabolism and suggest that LECT2 may be a therapeutic target for obesity-associated insulin resistance.
Asunto(s)
Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Animales , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/farmacología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Células Musculares/efectos de los fármacos , Células Musculares/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad/genética , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación/fisiología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Visceral adiposity in obesity causes excessive free fatty acid (FFA) flux into the liver via the portal vein and may cause fatty liver disease and hepatic insulin resistance. However, because animal models of insulin resistance induced by lipid infusion or a high fat diet are complex and may be accompanied by alterations not restricted to the liver, it is difficult to determine the contribution of FFAs to hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, we treated H4IIEC3 cells, a rat hepatocyte cell line, with a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleate) and a saturated fatty acid (palmitate) to investigate the direct and initial effects of FFAs on hepatocytes. We show that palmitate, but not oleate, inhibited insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 and serine phosphorylation of Akt, through c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Among the well established stimuli for JNK activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) played a causal role in palmitate-induced JNK activation. In addition, etomoxir, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, as well as inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (thenoyltrifluoroacetone and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) decreased palmitate-induced ROS production. Together, our findings in hepatocytes indicate that palmitate inhibited insulin signal transduction through JNK activation and that accelerated beta-oxidation of palmitate caused excess electron flux in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in increased ROS generation. Thus, mitochondria-derived ROS induced by palmitate may be major contributors to JNK activation and cellular insulin resistance.
Asunto(s)
Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Palmitatos/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Transporte de Electrón/efectos de los fármacos , Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacos , Retículo Endoplásmico/patología , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/enzimología , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/enzimología , Modelos Biológicos , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Ratas , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína 1 de Unión a los Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismoRESUMEN
The influence of chronic hepatic failure on the disposition kinetics of valproate (VPA) excretion via a phase II reaction was examined in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (1.0 mg/kg, s.c., 3 times a week) for 2 or 3 months. There was no significant difference in the plasma concentration-time courses of VPA among the control and two treated groups up to 120 min after i.v. administration of VPA (75 mg/kg), but subsequently the plasma concentrations of the treated groups declined significantly below the control levels. Expression of Mrp2 mRNA in the liver of the treated groups was significantly lower than in the control group; conversely that in the kidney was significantly higher. The enzyme activity of UGTs in the liver of the treated groups decreased significantly, but UGT1A8 mRNA expression in the duodenum was increased about 3-fold. Cumulative excretion of VPA glucuronide (VPA-G) in bile of the treated groups was reduced significantly, while that in urine was markedly increased. In conclusion, the area under the VPA plasma concentration-time curve was decreased significantly in rats with chronic hepatic failure owing to increased excretion of VPA-G via the kidney as a result of induction of Mrp2, and inhibition of enterohepatic circulation of VPA-G.
