[Analysis of the causes of repeat stenosis of the coronary arteries after elective stenting in patients with stable angina pectoris].

AIM: Coronary stenting is the evidence-based treatment approach of stable angina. The objective was to determine the incidence of restenosis or atherosclerosis progression which led to the need for coronary angiography according to a single center registry data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The procedure and clinical data of 3732 (2897 males) consecutive stable coronary artery disease patients undergoing coronary stenting, over five years between March 2010 and September 2014, were subject of this study. Over the next 4 years, 1487 (1173 males) patients were re-evaluated due to angina reoccurrence. 699 patients demonstrated the indications for coronary angiography. RESULTS: The restenosis of the previously stented segment was detected in 84 (12%) cases, the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in 306 (44%), the combination of restenosis and atherosclerosis progression in 63 (9%), and the absence of these complications in 245 (35%) cases. The progression of coronary atherosclerosis was the leading indication for the repeat angiography and revascularization (44 and 58%, respectively); p0.05. The basal level of hsCRP2 mg/l had a prognostic significance for the development of combined event (the restenosis and atherosclerosis progression): AUC 0.65 (0.500.75), OR 3.0 (1.17.9), p0.05. CONCLUSION: The progression of coronary atherosclerosis was the leading indication for the repeat angiography and repeat revascularization during 2 years after coronary stenting. The hsCRP level 2 mg/l at baseline had a prognostic significance for the development of restenosis in previously stented segment and coronary atherosclerosis progression.

[The prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein blood level after coronary stenting for the development of stent restenosis].

Aim      To analyze the relationship between serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in dynamics and development of restenosis at 12 months following elective coronary stent placement (CSP).Material and methods  The key role in atherogenesis, neointimal proliferation and restenosis belongs to inflammation. This study included 91 patients (median age, 60 [56; 66] years) with stable exertional angina after an elective CSP using second-generation stents. Follow-up coronarography was performed for 60 patients at 12 months. Concentration of hsCRP was measured immediately prior to CSP and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after CSP. Restenosis of the stented segment (50% or more narrowing of the stented segment or a 5-mm vessel segment proximally or distally adjacent to the stented segment) was observed in 8 patients.Results According to results of the ROC analysis, the increase in hsCRP concentration >0.9 mg/l (>25%) at one month after CSP had the highest predictive significance with respect of restenosis (area under the ROC curve, 0.89 at 95 % confidence interval (CI) from 0.79 to 0.99; sensitivity, 87.5 %; specificity, 82.8 %; р=0.0005), which was superior to the absolute value of hsCRP concentration >3.0 mg/l (area under the ROC curve, 0.82 at 95 % CI from 0.68 to 0.96; р=0.0007).Conclusion      Increased concentration of hsCRP ≥0.9 mg /l (≥25 %) at a month after CSP was associated with restenosis of the coronary artery stented segment.

The severity of internal carotid artery stenosis is associated with the circulating Th17 level.

AIM: Immune and inflammatory reactions contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. The walls of the different arteries and segments of the arteries have heterogeneous haemodynamic and histological features. We aimed to explore the relationship between the circulating T-cell subsets and the abundance of carotid atherosclerosis in different segments of carotid arteries. METHODS: 70 patients underwent ultrasound duplex scanning to determine the degree of stenosis of the common carotid artery (CCA), the CCA bifurcation or the internal carotid artery (ICA). The blood frequencies of T-, B-, NK-cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), activated T-helpers (Th), IL10-producing Th, Th1 and Th17, as well as blood levels of hsCRP, sCD25, IL10 and IL17a were assessed. RESULTS: The frequencies of Th17 were increased in patients with ICA stenosis >35% and >50% vs. patients with ICA stenosis <35%. Th17 blood level ≥0.55 % of lymphocytes was associated with more severe stenosis of ICA (OR 4.3 (1.0-17.6), p < 0.05 for ICA stenosis of 35-50% and 6.8 (1.3-35.0), p < 0.05 for ICA stenosis >50%). BMI positively correlated with the CCA bifurcation stenosis degree (r = 0.33, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The severity of ICA stenosis can be associated with the circulating Th17 level.

[The Incidence and Possible Predictors of Coronary Restenosis].

OBJECTIVE: Assess time and possible predictors of restenosis after the implantation of first- and second-generation coronary stents and bare metal stents (BMSs) in patients with stable coronary artery disease after elective coronary stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2010 to 2014, 3,732 (2,897 males, 60 [53; 68] years old) patients with stable exertional angina of functional class I-III underwent coronary stenting. From 2014 to 2017, 1,487 (1,173 males and 314 females) patients returned. Repeat coronary angiography was performed in 699 patients. RESULTS: A total of 644 first-generation stents, 5,321 second-generation stents, and 473 BMSs were implanted. During the control coronary angiography, contrasting was repeated for 193 first-generation stents, 899 second-generation stents, and 77 BMSs. Restenosis (stenosis of 50 % or more in the previously stented segment) was detected in 28 (14 % of angiographic control) first-generation drug-eluting stents, 94 (10 %) second-generation drug-eluting stents, and 21 (27 %) BMSs. Patients with BMS restenosis returned significantly earlier than patients with restenosis of the first- and second-generation drug-eluting stents (11 [6, 27] months vs. 32 [11; 48]) months and 24 [12; 42] months, respectively; p<0.05). The initial and repeat levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were higher in patients with restenosis (2.2 [1.2, 5.0] mg / L vs. 2.1 [1.0, 4.6] mg / L, respectively; p> 0.05) than in patients without restenosis (2.0 [0.9, 4.2] mg / L vs. 1.9 [0.7, 3.5] mg / L respectively, p>0.05). Blood levels of hs-CRP ≥2 mg / L according to receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis at return visit were used as a predictor to identify restenosis of stents with a diameter <3 mm and a length >25 mm - area under the curve (AUC) 0.67 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.84), p <0.05, odds ratio 3.7 (95 % CI 1.1-12.1), p<0.05. Stent type had a significant effect on the time to restenosis in the survival analysis (p<0.0005). CONCLUSION: The time from coronary stenting to the return visit of patients presenting with restenosis after the implantation of first- and second-generation drug-eluting stents is consistent; median time of the return visit of patients with restenosis of the first-generation stents was 2-3 years after coronary stenting. Blood levels of hs-CRP ≥2 mg / L at the return visit is a predictor of restenosis of stents with a diameter <3 mm and a length >25 mm.

Low Blood Content of IL-10-Producing CD4+ T Cells as a Risk Factor for Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis.

In a 2-year prospective study, prognostic significance of the blood content of IL-10-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes for progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis was assessed. Patients with verified stable angina (n=36) admitted for scheduled coronary angiography and coronary stenting were enrolled. The blood levels of CD4+FoxpP3+ Treg, CD4+IFNγ+ Th1, CD4+IL17+ Th17, CD4+IL10+ cells, sCD25, IL-10, IL-17, C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein (a) were assayed before endovascular interventions. The blood content of CD4+IL10+ T cells below 3.3% was associated with progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis (OR 12.0 (2.3, 61.0), sensitivity 77%, specificity 78%, p=0.003). No differences in other immunological parameters and common atherosclerosis risk factors in the groups were revealed. We hypothesize that the content of CD4+IL10+ T cells can be an important predictive marker for the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.

[Preprocedural high - sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) decrease during intensive atorvastatin therapy: the presumable impact on atherosclerosis progression after coronary stenting].

Proinflammatory status is the risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis progression after coronary stenting (CS). Intensive statin treatment is associated with hsCRP concentration decline. AIM: to evaluate prognostic significance of preprocedural hsCRP level reduction with intensive statin regimen for coronary atherosclerosis progression during one year after CS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 102 patients with stable angina who were on list for scheduled CS. Group I (n=37) patients received atorvastatin 80 mg for 7 days before and 3 months after CS with further dose adjustment according to LDL; group II (n=65) patients received atorvastatin 20-40 mg/day for LDL goal achievement. HsCRP level was assessed at baseline, before CS and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Coronary atherosclerosis progression was defined as new ≥50% stenosis or ≥30% increase of ≥20% pre - existing stenosis according to coronary angiography (CA) 1 year after CS. RESULTS: Baseline concentration of hsCRP was comparable: 0.21 (0.13; 0.38) vs. 0.20 (0.1; 0.44) mg/dl in groups I and II, respectively (p>0.05). In group I significant hsCRP level decrease to 0.14 (0.07; 0.32) mg/dl (p.

[Subpopulation Composition of CD4+ T-lymphocytes as Factor Contributing to the Progression of Atherosclerosis of Carotid Arteries].

AIM: to assess prognostic significance of blood content of regulatory and effector T-lymphocytes for progression of atherosclerosis (AS) of carotid arteries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled in this study 33 men with various severity of carotid AS. Carotid artery duplex scan was done at admission and in 1 year after enrollment. AS progression was defined as appearance of novel stenosis in common or internal carotid artery or more or equal 5% increase of preexisting stenosis. Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotyping was performed by direct immunofluorescence and flow cytometry at the enrollment. T-helpers (Th) 1 were identified as CD4+IFNgamma+ cells, Th2 - CD4+IL4+, activated T-cells (T-act) - D4+CD25lowCD127high, regulatory T-cells (T-reg) - D4+CD25highCD127 low and CD4+FoxP3+, Th17 - CD4+IL17a+ cells. RESULTS: Progression of carotid AS was observed in 18 patients. Basal values of Th17 were higher while ratio T-reg/Th17 was lower in patients with compared with those without AS progression. ROC-analysis showed high sensitivity and specificity of blood levels of Th17, T-act and T-reg/Th17 ratio for carotid AS progression during one year in patients with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLCH) level below 3.5 mmol/l. CONCLUSION: The imbalance between circulating levels of regulatory T-cells and T-helpers 17 with the prevalence of proinflammatory T-helpers 17 may reflect a predisposition for carotid AS progression, what also refers to patients with relatively low LDLCH.

[Effector and regulatory blood lymphocyte subpopulations in stable coronary artery disease].

AIM: To investigate a balance between circulating regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) exerting antiatherogenic activity and T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th1 7) cells having proatherogenic activity in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and different degrees of coronary atherosclerosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: According to coronary angiography findings, 80 patients were allocated to 4 groups: 1) 18 patients with intact coronary arteries; 2) 21 with no progressive coronary atherosclerosis; 3) 16 with progressive coronary atherosclerosis (more than 50% stenosis) in the native coronary arteries; 4) 25 patients with three-vessel lesions. Groups 2 and 3 patients had undergone coronary stenting 23.8 ± 8.4 and 22.4 ± 8.7 months before their enrollment, respectively. Lymphocytes were typed by direct immunocytofluorometry: Treg was defined as CD4+CD25highCD127low and CD4+FoxP3+ lymphocytes. For CD4+IL-17a+ Th17 and CD4+INFgamma Th1 analysis, mononuclear cells were preactivated by culture. The serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-10, sCD25, and IL-17a were determined by nephelometry, chemiluminescence (Immulite) and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: Group 4 was found to have lower Treg levels and higher Th17 levels than Group 1. The ratio of Th17/Treg proved to be higher in Groups 3 and 4 than in Group 1 and that of (Th1+Th17)/Treg was higher in Group 3 than in Group 2. The female patients had higher Tregs levels than the male ones. The Th17/Treg index turned out to be increased in patients with a history of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: The imbalance of pro- and anti-atherogenic lymphocyte subpopulations plays a role in the pathogenesis of CAD and is associated with progressive atherosclerosis.

Synthetic peptide fragment (65-76) of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) inhibits MCP-1 binding to heparin and possesses anti-inflammatory activity in stable angina patients after coronary stenting.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The peptide from C-terminal domain of MCP-1 (Ingramon) has been shown to inhibit monocyte migration and possess anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of inflammation and post-angioplasty restenosis. Here, we investigate the effect of Ingramon treatment on blood levels of acute-phase reactants and chemokines in patients after coronary stenting and the mechanisms of Ingramon anti-inflammatory activity. SUBJECTS: Eighty-seven patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) who faced the necessity of coronary angiography (CA) were enrolled. In 67 patients, one-stage coronary stenting was performed; 33 of them were treated with Ingramon in addition to standard therapy. Twenty patients underwent CA only. METHODS: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen blood levels were detected routinely. The chemokine concentration in plasma was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or cytometric bead array-based immunoassay. Intracellular Ca(2+) levels and cell surface integrin exposure were assayed by flow cytometry. MCP-1 dimerization was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). MCP-1-heparin binding was assessed with a biosensor and ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Ingramon treatment was accompanied by less pronounced elevation of hsCRP and fibrinogen levels and decreased MCP-1 concentration in plasma in patients after coronary stenting. Ingramon had no effect on MCP-1 interaction with cell receptors or MCP-1 dimerization, but inhibited MCP-1 binding to heparin. The anti-inflammatory activity of the peptide may be mediated by an impaired chemokine interaction with glycosaminoglycans.

[Changes of content of regulatory lymphocytes and concentration of soluble interleukine-2 receptor in blood of patients with ischemic heart disease after coronary artery angioplasty with implantation of stents with rapamycin covering].

We studied dynamics of content of subpopulation of lymphocytes including regulatory and effector T-lymphocytes as well as concentration of soluble form of interleukine-2 receptor (sCD25) in peripheral blood of patients after coronary stenting (CS) with implantation of stents with rapamycin covering (SRC). We included into the study 62 patients with stable effort II-III functional class angina. Coronary angiography (CA) was carried out in all, CS with implantation of 1 - 2 SRC - in 42 patients. Blood samples were taken before CA/CS, in 24, 48 hours, 7 days, 1 and 3 months after intervention. Content of T-, helper and cytotoxic T-cells, -, NK-, NKT-cells, activated effector T-lymphocytes (CD4+CD251owCD127high) and regulatory T-lymphocytes (CD4+CD25highCD1271ow) were measured by direct immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. CD4+ lymphocytes were isolated from mononuclear cell fraction of donor blood by magnetic separation. Content of regulatory T-lymphocytes in culture were determined by expression of a specific marker FOXP3+. Concentration of sCD25 was measured by chemiluminescent method. It was shown that content of main subpopulations of lymphocytes in blood changed after CS or CF. Blood content of regulatory T-lymphocytes and sCD25 significantly increased after 7 days and 1 month after CS but not after CA. Plasma sCD25 concentration correlated with content of regulatory T-lymphocytes in 1 month after SRC implantation. During cultivation of CD4+ lymphocytes in the presence of rapamycin we noted antiproliferative effect relative to FOXP3-cells and accumulation of regulatory +-lymphocytes. Thus implantation of SRC in coronary arteries leads to increase of number of circulating regulatory T-lymphocytes and blood concentration of sCD25. Changes of these parameters after CS can reflect peculiarities of local and systemic reaction arising in response to introduction of stent with drug covering and be significant for assessment of prognosis of the disease.

Changes in the concentration of monocytic chemotaxic protein-1 in patients with unstable angina treated with arixtra.

The time course of inflammatory reaction markers in the blood of patients with unstable angina was studied during therapy including arixtra. Plasma concentration of monocytic chemotaxic protein-1 (MCP-1) decreased on days 2 and 3 in patients receiving arixtra and a trend to an increase in MCP-1 concentration was observed on day 7 after the drug was discontinued. After 1 month, MCP-1 level decreased in all patients. The concentration of highly sensitive C-reactive protein also decreased 1 month after the disease onset; no changes in the concentrations of IL-8 and IL-2 receptor α-subunit were detected during these periods. It seems that arixtra is characterized by an anti-inflammatory effect manifesting by reduction of plasma chemokine MCP-1 concentration.

[Effect of the anti-inflammatory peptide preparation ingramon on the blood levels of acute-phase proteins and chemokines in patients after coronary stenting].

AIM: To study the effect of the anti-inflammatory peptide preparation ingramon on the peripheral blood levels of inflammatory markers in patients with exercise-induced stable angina after coronary stenting (CS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The investigation enrolled 64 patients with stable angina who had undergone coronary bypass surgery, of them 34 patients received ingramon in addition to standard therapy. The blood levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen, the chemokines MCP-1, IL-8, IP-10, and MID were measured before and 1, 2, and 7 days and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Twenty patients who had gone coronarography (CG) only were examined as a control group. RESULTS: In the post CS patients receiving only standard therapy, the levels of hs-CRP and fibrinogen were much higher on days 1, 2, and 7 after surgery than in the CG patients. On day 1 following CS, the increment in hs-CRP correlated with the length of implanted stents. During ingramon therapy, the content of hs-CRP and fibrinogen was considerably lower on days 1, 2, and 7 after CS than in the control group; this trend persisted a month after surgery; there was also a reduction in MCP-1 levels within the first 24 hours after initiation of therapy. The levels of the chemokines IP-10, MIG, and IL-8 were significantly unchanged. CONCLUSION. When added to standard therapy, ingramon exerts a positive effect against risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and its events. Further investigations are required to define the impact of ingramon therapy on prognosis in patients with CHD.

[Effects of exercise on markers of hemostatic activation in young survivors of myocardial infarction]. / Vliianie fizicheskoi nagruzki na markery aktivatsii sistemy hemostaza u bol'nykh, perenesshikh infarkt miokarda v molodom vozraste.

AIM: To study the effect of exercise on markers of endothelial impairment, platelet activation, thrombin formation, fibrinolysis in patients who survived myocardial infarction (MI) at young age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The levels of fibrinogen (F), Willebrand factor (WF), beta-thromboglobulin (BTG), fragment 1+2 of prothrombin activation (F 1+2), antigen of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), D-dimer at rest as well as betaTG, F 1+2, WF, TPA antigen and its activity in treadmill test (TT) were compared in 25 patients younger than 35 years who survived Q-myocardial infarction (Q-MI) > 6 months before (group 1), 10 of whom had unaffected or little affected coronary arteries as shown by coronaroangiography (subgroup 1H) while 15 had stenosing coronary atherosclerosis (subgroup 1A); in 20 patients who had Q-MI at the age of 40-55 years (group 2); in 10 healthy patients under 35 years of age (group 3). RESULTS: Initial concentrations of F, F 1+2 and TPA antigen were significantly higher than in healthy subjects. F and TPA antigen were higher in subgroup 1A than in subgroup 1H. D-dimer was higher in group 2 vs 1. TT raised concentration of BTG in all the groups, induced a stable trend of F 1+2 rise in patients of subgroup 1H (p = 0.059), raised WF only in group 3, TPA antigen at peak stress in all the patients being in group 1 higher than in healthy controls and in subgroup 1A than in subgroup 1H. TPA antigen was more active at the peak stress in group 1 than in group 2 but the differences became insignificant in analyzing only patients who reached submaximal load by heart rate. CONCLUSION: Stenosing coronary atherosclerosis in patients after MI at young age is associated with high F and TPA levels. Elevated F 1+2 was registered at exercise test in young patients free of coronary obstruction. TPA levels were raised higher by exercise in patients with stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. TPA activity induced by exercise depended more on exercise intensity than on the age of the patients.

[Role of Chlamydia, mycoplasma and cytomegalovirus infection in the development of coronary artery disease]. / Rol' khlamidiinoi, mikoplazmennoi i tsitomegalovirusnoi infektsii v razvitii ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa.

AIM: To assess relationship between some infection factors and presence of coronary heart disease. MATERIAL: Patients with myocardial infarction (n=56), unstable angina (n=50), stable angina (n=50) and age - matched controls (n=49). METHODS: Levels of IgG, IgM, IgA antibodies to Chlamydia pneumonia, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, IgG, IgM antibodies to Cytomegalovirus, and also of antibodies and antigen to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were measured in blood serum. RESULTS: Compared with controls patients with coronary heart disease had higher frequency of seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia and Cytomegalovirus (p< 0.05 ) and similar levels of seropositivity to Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci. Infectious burden (quantity of antibodies per one patient) was significantly higher in patients with myocardial infarction, unstable and stable angina than in controls (1.58, 1.42, 1.41 and 0.95, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm presence of association between infection and coronary heart disease.

[Effect of L-arginine on platelet aggregation, endothelial function adn exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris]. / Vliianie L-arginina na agregatsiiu trombotsitov, funktsiiu éndoteliia i tolerantnost' k fizicheskoi nagruzke u patsientov so stabil'noi stenokardiei napriazheniia.

AIM: Examination of the action of donor NO (L-arginine) on platelet aggregation, endothelial function and exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina of effort (SAE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 42 patients with SAE (functional class I-II) and 10 healthy volunteers (control group) were assigned to two groups. 22 patients of group 1 were randomized to cross-over. They received cardiket (60 mg/day for 10 days or cardiket (60 mg/day) in combination with L-arginine (15 g/day for 10 days). 20 SAE patients of group 2 and control group received L-arginine (15 g/day for 10 days). In each group blood lipids were examined, and bicycle exercise test (BET) was performed. In addition, platelet aggregation and endothelial function were studied in group 2 and control group before and after the course of L-arginine. RESULTS: Compared to control group, endothelial function significantly improved in group 2 (from 5.0 +/- 2.9 to 7.8 +/- 4.1% vs 7.1 +/- 1.9 to 6.6 +/- 4.8%) (M +/- SD). BET duration increased in all the patients. After ADP addition in concentrations 1.5, 2.0, and 5.0 micromol/l platelet aggregation declined in 17 patients except 3 in whom the aggregation remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Positive effect of L-arginine on endothelial function, exercise tolerance and platelet aggregation was observed in patients with stable angina of effort (functional class I-II). Therefore, arginine can be recommended as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease.

[Defects in autonomic regulation in myocardial ischemia]. / Narusheniia vegetativnoi reguliatsii pri ishemii miokarda.

AIM: To evaluate cerebral and peripheral mechanisms of autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system, their role in development of myocardial ischemia in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with coronary atherosclerosis and X syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Psychometric testing, questionnaires, cardiovascular tests (by D. Y. Ewing), automatic spectral analysis of cardiac rhythm variability were used in investigation of psychovegetative regulation in 36 patients and 19 healthy subjects. Group 1 consisted of 26 CHD patients with coronary atherosclerosis and stable angina class I-II. Group 2 consisted of 10 patients with symptoms of myocardial ischemia and coronarographically intact coronary arteries. RESULTS: Patients of both groups demonstrated initial activation of cerebral sympathicoadrenal mechanisms manifesting with high anxiety, depression, vegetative defects in regulation of both initial autonomic tone and autonomic support of the orthostatic test. CHD patients with coronary atherosclerosis were characterized by persistent activation of cerebral sympathicoadrenal mechanisms and resistance of homeostatic baroreflex sympathetic systems. Vagal insufficiency was moderate and arose only at rest. In X syndrome patients with the same initial cerebral activation of the sympathicoadrenal mechanisms had dystonic trend in hemodynamic autonomic parameters: higher systolic blood pressure in subnormal heart rate, lability of baroreflex and cerebral mechanisms under the orthostatic test. The above features of psychovegetative relations make such patients very close to those with psychovegetative syndrome. CONCLUSION: CHD patients with coronary atherosclerosis and patients with X syndrome differ by mechanisms of maladaptation of autonomic regulation.

[The prognostic significance of bicycle ergometry data in patients with unstable angina]. / Prognosticheskoe znachenie dannykh veloérgometrii u bol'nykh s nestabil'noi stenokardiei.

A total of 179 patients with unstable angina were studied. There were no complications after bicycle ergonomic tests performed after the patient's condition improvement. An analysis of bicycle ergonometric data and long-term outcomes in 169 patients revealed that the outcome was significantly worse in case of positive test (p = 0.007). The validity of this assessment was confirmed over 49 months. The criterion of test cessation was the most predictor in the assessment of a long-term outcome. In pain development accompanied by ECG changes, only 20% of patients had an uncomplicated course 48 months later. Deaths were more frequently observed in the late period if there was 2 mm or more ST segment depression on exercise testing (p = 0.001).

[Changes in the blood lipoprotein and apolipoprotein spectrum and the state of coronary channel in patients with unstable angina pectoris: a follow-up]. / Dinamika spektra lipoproteidov, apolipoproteinov plazmy krovi i sostoianie koronarnogo rusla u bol'nykh s nestabil'noi stenokardiei pri dlitel'nom nabliudenii.

The study was undertaken to examine 34 male patients with unstable angina pectoris who underwent coronary angiography (in the period of instability and at rehospitalization) and study of protein and lipid parameters in their plasma. During a follow-up (mean 33.9-2.2 months), the patients were divided into 2 groups according to the changes occurring in the coronary bed. These included: (1) patients with progressive atherosclerotic changes and (2) those with stabilization of the process. Changes in the lipid profile in patients with unstable angina were found to appear as profound atherogenic shifts in the spectrum of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins, which suggests that coronary atherosclerosis is progressive in the late period.

[Cardiolipin antibodies in patients with myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris]. / Antitela k kardiolipinu u bol'nykh s infarktom miokarda i nestabil'noi stenokardiei.

The clinical value of IgG and IgM cardiolipin antibodies (CLa) was examined in 22 patients with myocardial infarction and 9 patients with unstable angina (UA). Higher IgG levels were observed in 41% of MI patients and 55% of UA patients. There was a significant correlation between the detection of IgG CLa in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and the presence of left ventricular intracavitary thrombosis. The levels of IgG CLa were increased in 78% of patients with history of MI and in 32% without MI history. In addition, those of IgG CLa was higher in 80% of IM patients with signs of intracavitary thrombosis and in 38% with cavitary thrombosis. The findings suggest that antibodies to cardiolipin (of IgG in particular) make contribution to the development of thrombotic events in patients with coronary atherosclerosis in the absence of autoimmune pathology.

[Bicycle ergometry in patients with unstable stenocardia: its performance potentials and diagnostic and prognostic significance]. / Veloérgometriia u bol'nykh nestabil'noi stenokardiei: vozmozhnosti provedeniia, diagnosticheskaia i prognosticheskaia znachimost'.

As many as 175 patients with unstable angina pectoris were examined. After the patients' status was stabilized by drug therapy on days 3-31 (after 12.5 days on the average) bicycle ergometry was performed in accordance with a standard technique. In all the cases, the exercise test produced no complications. 134 patients underwent coronary angiography to define the long-term outcome. The patients with ECG changes seen during the test and those with angina pectoris attacks alone without any changes on the ECG manifested multiple vascular lesions significantly more often than those with negative exercise results. If there were changes in the ST segment during exercise, the complications (myocardial infarction, coronary death, unstable angina pectoris relapses) common to the long-term period which lasted 25.7 months on the average were recorded significantly more often (p less than 0.01) as compared to the patients with negative exercise results.