Prevalence of Trichomonas Infection in Relation to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Pap Smear Samples of Female Patients Referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd (Iran).

Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections have been proposed as risk factors for cervical cancer. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of TV and its relationship with HPV in women who underwent Pap smear testing as part of cancer screenings. Materials and methods The sampling of liquid-based cervical tissue was conducted among 500 women referred to the women's clinic of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. The studied samples were examined for Pap smear tests and microscopic identification of TV, as well as HPV-DNA detection and the determination of high-risk and low-risk HPV types by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24 (Released 2016; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York) software. Results The individuals included in the study were 16-72 years old. The prevalence rate of TV infection in this population was found to be 29.2%, and the frequency rate of HPV was reported to be approximately 19.4%, with high-risk HPV, including HPV-56, having the highest frequency. The Pap smear test results were reported as abnormal in 20.2%, and a significant correlation was observed between HPV infection and an abnormal Pap smear test (P < 0.05). In addition, a notable correlation was detected between TV infection and high-risk and low-risk HPV (P < 0.05). Conclusion According to the significant relationship found between the two pathogens, TV and HPV, in the abnormal Pap smear test results, TV infection can be considered a risk factor for HPV infection, as well as uterine lesions and cancer.

Evaluation of human papillomavirus type 16 viral load and genome physical status in Iranian women with cervical disease.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the viral load and physical status of the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) genome in non-cancerous, precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. METHODS: Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to determine HPV-16 E2 and E6 viral load in 132 cervical specimens. E2/E6 viral load ratio was used to determine the physical status of HPV-16 genome. RESULTS: E2 gene viral load was a significant (P < 0.001) predicting biomarker in differentiating non-cancerous from precancerous and cancerous samples. E6 gene viral load was significantly different between the groups (P < 0.001). The specificity and sensitivity of E2 and E6 in distinguishing SCC samples were 100% and 95% respectively. CONCLUSION: HPV-16 viral load measured through E2 and E6 genes is a reliable indicator of lesion type.

The multifaced role and therapeutic regulation of autophagy in ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the tumors that occurs most frequently in women. Autophagy is involved in cell homeostasis, biomolecule recycling, and survival, making it a potential target for anti-tumor drugs. It is worth noting that growing evidence reveals a close link between autophagy and OC. In the context of OC, autophagy demonstrates activity as both a tumor suppressor and a tumor promoter, depending on the context. Autophagy's exact function in OC is greatly reliant on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and other conditions, such as hypoxia, nutritional deficiency, chemotherapy, and so on. However, what can be concluded from different studies is that autophagy-related signaling pathways, especially PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, increase in advanced stages and malignant phenotype of the disease reduces autophagy and ultimately leads to tumor progression. This study sought to present a thorough understanding of the role of autophagy-related signaling pathways in OC and existing therapies targeting these signaling pathways.

An immune-centric investigation of Coronavirus in the women with cancers; A review article.

Cancer is one of the growing chronic diseases in the world that kills large numbers of people every year. The disease affects the human immune system. The function of the body's organs under the influence of this disease loses its main function. Studies have shown that people with cancer are at higher risk of dying from Coronavirus. Because of the outbreak, wide clinical spectrum, pathogenesis of infection in Coronavirus, recognition and evaluation of this virus in populations with a risk factor for cancer is important. Many women develop chronic diseases such as cancer throughout their lives. Examining and recognizing Coronavirus in the women with cancer can increase our awareness of the disease. In this article, considering Coronavirus, we discuss the function of the immune system in cancer and corona, the concepts related to the topic, and the known solutions with an emphasis on cancer.

Comparing the Recurrence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Patients Undergoing Prophylactic Treatment with Probiotic and Placebo During the 6 Months.

This is a randomized, double-blind, clinical/comparative trial study, involving the recurrence of vaginal candidiasis (VVC) after initial treatment with oral fluconazole in patients undergoing prophylactic management with a probiotic and placebo for 6 months. Fifty-nine VVC patients who were diagnosed based on their history, physical examination, and culture of vaginal discharge were initially treated by a single dose of 150 mg fluconazole. According to the table of random numbers, the sample was divided into two groups. The patients from one group took probiotics, while those from the other group took a placebo, with all of them being continuously monitored for 6 months. The patients complaining of vaginal candidiasis symptoms, such as burning, pruritus, and a vaginal (curd-like) discharge, were examined and the discharge was cultured for candida. The positive cultures were considered to be recurring for the patients in each group. Thirty-one cases from the placebo group and 28 cases from the probiotic group were carefully observed. In total, the 6-month recurrence in the control group was eleven (35.5 %) and in the research group was two (7.2 %). The results from Fisher's exact test for the value p = 0.01 and OR 0.14 95 % CI (0.028-0.7) showed significant recurrence in the placebo group. The findings demonstrated that taking probiotics withazole antifungal drugs could be highly effective in treating VVC, resulting in a lower recurrence rate as well.