Psychiatric boarding incidence, duration, and associated factors in United States emergency departments.

INTRODUCTION: Boarding, especially among psychiatric patients, has been characterized as a significant cause of ED crowding, but no quantitative analysis has described boarding nationally. This study determines the incidence, duration, and factors associated with ED boarding in the United States. METHODS: 2008 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey ED data were stratified by visit type (psychiatric vs. non-psychiatric), boarding status, and patient and hospital characteristics. Boarding was defined as a visit with an ED length of stay >6 hours, and boarding time as ED length of stay minus 6 hours. Pearson's chi-square tests describe hospital and patient characteristics stratified by boarding status. Multilevel multivariable logistic and linear regressions determine associations with boarding and boarding time. RESULTS: While 11% of all ED patients boarded, 21.5% of all psychiatric ED patients boarded. Boarding was also more prolonged for psychiatric ED patients. Controlling for confounders, odds of boarding for psychiatric patients were 4.78 (2.63-8.66) times higher than non-psychiatric, and psychiatric patients boarded 2.78 (1.91-3.64) hours longer than non-psychiatric. DISCUSSION: US EDs experienced high proportions and durations of boarding with psychiatric patients disproportionately affected. Additional research concerning mental health care services and legislation may be required to address ED psychiatric patient boarding.

Regioselective Sonogashira couplings of 2,4-dibromoquinolines. A correction.

Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) was used to determine the regiochemical outcome of palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation between 2,4-dibromoquinolines and terminal acetylenes. The observed regioselectivity of these coupling reactions is opposite to that reported in the literature for analogous reactions.