Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Galician Version of the Nurse Prescribing Self-Efficacy Scale.

Low self-efficacy has been identified as one of the factors that could hinder the prescribing competence of nurses. No valid and reliable existing instruments assess Galician nurses' confidence to prescribe. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Galician version of the Nurse Prescribing Self-Efficacy Scale (G-NP-SES, 19 items). The study was conducted in two phases: the translation and adaptation to the Galician version of the NP-SES, and the assessment of its psychometric properties. G-NP-SES was sent to nurses working in primary healthcare centers in Galicia (Spain) between March and June of 2022. Its content, construct and discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability were examined. A total of 193 people participated in the study. As the original scale, G-NP-SES also had three dimensions (% of cumulative variance = 80.82%). It showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) = 0.90, with each factor ranging from 0.86 to 0.89), high content validity (scale's content validity index = 0.92, with item-content validity index ranged from 0.87 to 1), and good discriminant validity. G-NP-SES is an instrument with good psychometric properties which could be used to accurately assess Galician nurses' self-efficacy to prescribe and consequently to improve their job performance.

Attitudes and Intentions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Spanish Adults: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is postulated as the most effective measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the use of other protection measures is necessary to efficiently combat the spread of the virus. The aim of the present study was to determine the attitudes and intentions toward COVID-19 vaccination among non-regular social media users in Spain and to analyze how these factors could condition the acceptance of other personal protective measures once an individual has received the COVID-19 vaccine. A cross-sectional design was used in this work. In total, 719 subjects, ≥18 years old and of both sexes, were recruited from primary public healthcare centers to self-complete a questionnaire between March and April 2021. The majority of participants had a positive attitude toward vaccination and showed high levels of intention to be vaccinated. Likewise, except those participants who considered the vaccine to be the most effective measure to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, the rest of the participants highlighted the importance of continuing to limit social interactions and/or wearing masks even after being vaccinated. Since vaccination can create a perception of total immunity against SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary that healthcare staff organize effective awareness campaigns on the importance of maintaining personal protective measures until vaccination coverage is greater.

Co-Adjuvant Therapy Efficacy of Catechin and Procyanidin B2 with Docetaxel on Hormone-Related Cancers In Vitro.

Prostate (PC) and breast cancer (BC) are heterogeneous hormonal cancers. Treatment resistance and adverse effects are the main limitations of conventional chemotherapy treatment. The use of sensitizing agents could improve the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as obviate these limitations. This study analyzes the effect of single catechin (CAT), procyanidin B2 (ProB2) treatment as well as the co-adjuvant treatment of each of these compounds with docetaxel (DOCE). We used PC- and BC-derived cell lines (PC3, DU-145, T47D, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The short and long-term pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects were analyzed. RT-qPCR was used to discover molecular bases of the therapeutic efficacy of these compounds. ProB2 treatment induced a two- to five-fold increase in anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects compared to single DOCE treatment, and also had a more sensitizing effect than DOCE on DU145 cells. Regarding BC cells, ProB2- and CAT-mediated sensitization to DOCE anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects was cell-independent and cell-dependent, respectively. Combined treatment led to high-efficacy effects on MCF-7 cells, which were associated to the up-regulation of CDKN1A, BAX, caspase 9 and E-cadherin mRNA under combined treatment compared to single DOCE treatment. CAT and ProB2 can enhance the efficacy of DOCE therapy on PC and BC cells by the sensitizing mechanism.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Spanish Midwives and Midwifery Students toward Oral Healthcare during Pregnancy.

Pregnancy can affect the mother's oral health, increasing their susceptibility to oral diseases that have been associated with harmful effects on the newborn. Despite the severity of oral diseases during pregnancy, the demand for dental care during the gestational period is low, which may improve with the participation of midwives in promoting oral health activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Spanish midwives and midwifery students regarding oral health in pregnant women; and (ii) to identify the barriers faced by these healthcare professionals in addressing oral health promotion during pregnancy. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. A total of 128 midwives and/or midwifery students ≥ 18 years old and of both sexes were invited to self-complete a questionnaire between January and April 2020. A total of 85 people participated in the study. Participants had a regular level of knowledge about oral health during pregnancy (overall knowledge score: 6.53), and although they were interested in activities that promote oral healthcare, their oral healthcare practices during pregnancy were limited. As midwives play an important role in promoting health, their training in oral healthcare could help to improve pregnant women's oral health.

Successful Treatment of a Venous Leg Ulcer With Manuka Honey: A Case Study.

BACKGROUND: Refractory venous leg ulcers (VLUs) often require extended time to heal, and they carry a high risk of recurrence. This case study describes our experiences with a patient with a VLU refractory to multiple treatment strategies who was successfully treated with Manuka honey. CASE: Mr S. was a 76-year-old man with multiple comorbid conditions and hypersensitivity to silver-based compounds, who developed 3 VLUs of his right lower extremity. He experienced 90 days of unsuccessful treatments using an iodized cadexomer ointment, hydrodetersive fiber dressings, hydrocolloid meshes, compression therapy, and antibiotic treatment without progression toward wound healing. We then initiated treatment with Manuka honey and continued compression therapy. His primary VLU was completely epithelialized within 38 days, and an adjacent VLU also showed progression toward healing. Mr S. reported clinically relevant improvement in wound-related pain at 17 days. CONCLUSION: The use of Manuka honey proved effective in this patient with a VLU refractory to other treatment strategies.

3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones as Antagonists of the Human A2B Adenosine Receptor: Optimization, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Enantiospecific Recognition.

We present and thoroughly characterize a large collection of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones as A2BAR antagonists, an emerging strategy in cancer (immuno) therapy. Most compounds selectively bind A2BAR, with a number of potent and selective antagonists further confirmed by functional cyclic adenosine monophosphate experiments. The series was analyzed with one of the most exhaustive free energy perturbation studies on a GPCR, obtaining an accurate model of the structure-activity relationship of this chemotype. The stereospecific binding modeled for this scaffold was confirmed by resolving the two most potent ligands [(±)-47, and (±)-38 Ki = 10.20 and 23.6 nM, respectively] into their two enantiomers, isolating the affinity on the corresponding (S)-eutomers (Ki = 6.30 and 11.10 nM, respectively). The assessment of the effect in representative cytochromes (CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) demonstrated insignificant inhibitory activity, while in vitro experiments in three prostate cancer cells demonstrated that this pair of compounds exhibits a pronounced antimetastatic effect.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions towards HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Nursing Students in Spain.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the preventive approaches proposed to control this disease is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), whose effectiveness depends on the medication adherence. The aim of the present study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes about PrEP among a sample of Spanish nursing students as well as their intentions of receiving it in case it was indicated. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. A total of 570 nursing students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), ≥18 years old and of both sexes were invited to self-complete a questionnaire between February and March 2020. A total of 352 students decided to participate in the study. Participants had low knowledge [overall knowledge score 1(0-2)] and a neutral attitude towards PrEP. The intention of receiving PrEP improved significantly after the completion of the questionnaire and the administration of information about PrEP (p = 0.039; before: 23.58% and after: 93.77%). Nursing staff play an important role in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, so their training in preventive strategies, such as PrEP, could help to reduce the incidence of new cases of HIV infection.

Nursing Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Medical Marijuana: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Marijuana use for medical purposes dates back to ancient times. Despite its high therapeutic potential, its adverse effects have raised important legal restrictions. However, this situation in Spain may soon undergo significant changes, without anyone so far having studied the knowledge and/or the level of acceptance of medical marijuana by future healthcare professionals. The aim of the present study was to determine nursing students' knowledge of and attitudes towards medical marijuana. A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 578 nursing students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), ≥18 years old and of both sexes, were invited to complete the Spanish version of the questionnaire "Medical Marijuana" between January and May 2019. A total of 364 students decided to participate in the study. More than 75% of the students agreed with the legalization of medical marijuana, although their knowledge and confidence levels regarding efficacy, safety and drug interactions of medical marijuana were low. Nursing students showed a clear lack of knowledge about medical marijuana and thus, in light of possible regulatory changes, it would be necessary to strengthen the training of nurses with respect to medical marijuana in order to make responsible use of it.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions towards Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Nursing Students in Spain.

Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is linked to specific types of cancer, can be prevented by vaccination. This study aimed to determine the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students about HPV and its vaccine as well as their intentions towards personal vaccination. A total of 536 Spanish nursing students were invited to complete the Spanish version of the questionnaire "Knowledge, attitudes and intentions towards HPV". Overall, 367 surveys were completed (68.4% response rate). Data analysis included the calculation of three scores: the knowledge score, categorized into low (<33%), moderate (33%-66%), and good knowledge (>66%); the attitude score, sorted into positive (<2.5), neutral (2.5-3.5), and negative attitude (>3.5); and the intention score, categorized into not favorable (<4), neutral (4-7), and favorable intention (>7). Knowledge about HPV and its vaccine was moderate (54.34 ± 0.9%), and the attitude towards vaccination was positive (2.34 ± 0.03). The intention towards personal vaccination increased significantly after completing the questionnaire (before: 4.14 ± 0.27, after: 6.02 ± 0.28; p < 0.001). The present study highlights the need of training future nurses about HPV and its vaccine, considering the important role it plays in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

Nursing Students' Knowledge and Awareness of Antibiotic Use, Resistance and Stewardship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Antibiotic resistance is an emerging worldwide concern with serious repercussions in terms of morbi-mortality. Bearing in mind that the inadequate use of antibiotics, by healthcare staff as well as by the general population, is one of its main causes, a multidisciplinary approach is required to try to combat it. The aim of the present study was to determine nursing students' knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship. A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 578 nursing students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), ≥18 years old of both sexes were invited to complete the Spanish version of the questionnaire "Knowledge and awareness of the use, resistance and administration of antibiotics" between February and April 2019. Students had a low level of knowledge about antibiotics, 4.1 (CI95% = 3.4-4.8), especially in relation to antibiotic resistance. As the students were aware of this deficiency, the majority affirmed (>90%) that the current curriculum of nursing degree should have more training on antibiotics and infection control. Nursing staff play an important role in the rational use of antibiotics and as teachers of patients, so their training could be key in fighting antibiotic resistance.

Glucosinolate-Degradation Products as Co-Adjuvant Therapy on Prostate Cancer in Vitro.

Glucosinolate-degradation products (GS-degradation products) are believed to be responsible for the anticancer effects of cruciferous vegetables. Furthermore, they could improve the efficacy and reduce side-effects of chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of GS-degradation products on androgen-insensitive human prostate cancer (AIPC) PC-3 and DU 145 cells and investigate their ability to sensitize such cells to chemotherapeutic drug Docetaxel (DOCE). Cells were cultured under growing concentrations of allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC), sulforaphane (SFN), 4-pentenyl-isothiocyanate (4PI), iberin (IB), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), or phenethyl-isothiocyanate (PEITC) in absence or presence of DOCE. The anti-tumor effects of these compounds were analyzed using the trypan blue exclusion, apoptosis, invasion and RT-qPCR assays and confocal microscopy. We observed that AITC, SFN, IB, and/or PEITC induced a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on PC-3 and DU 145 cells, which was mediated, at least, by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Likewise, we showed that these GS-degradation products sensitized both cell lines to DOCE by synergic mechanisms. Taken together, our results indicate that GS-degradation products can be promising compounds as co-adjuvant therapy in prostate cancer.

Breastfeeding knowledge and relation to prevalence.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the level of knowledge about maternal breastfeeding and analyze to what extent this influences the intention to breastfeed after the introduction of infant feeding at the 6th and 16th weeks and at 6 months postpartum. METHOD: Prospective descriptive study conducted with pregnant women in Galicia (Spain). By means of a self-filling questionnaire, data were collected on the intention of the woman to feed the newborn and their knowledge about breastfeeding. Pregnant women were also contacted at the 6th and 16th weeks and at 6 months postpartum to know the type of feeding they gave their child. RESULTS: 297 pregnant women participated in the study, of which 90.4% wanted to exclusively breastfeed their baby, however, only 28.2% continued up to 6 months. The level of knowledge about breastfeeding was regular and it was observed that it influences both the intention and the type of feeding of the newborn, thus it is an element to be considered when developing educational strategies aimed at increasing breastfeeding rates. CONCLUSION: The level of pregnant women's knowledge about breastfeeding is regular and influences the choice of how to feed their babies and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Strategies should be implemented to increase knowledge and improve breastfeeding rates.

Breastfeeding knowledge and relation to prevalence / Conocimientos sobre lactancia y relación con su prevalencia / Conhecimentos sobre aleitamento e a relação com a sua prevalência

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the level of knowledge about maternal breastfeeding and analyze to what extent this influences the intention to breastfeed after the introduction of infant feeding at the 6th and 16th weeks and at 6 months postpartum. Method: Prospective descriptive study conducted with pregnant women in Galicia (Spain). By means of a self-filling questionnaire, data were collected on the intention of the woman to feed the newborn and their knowledge about breastfeeding. Pregnant women were also contacted at the 6th and 16th weeks and at 6 months postpartum to know the type of feeding they gave their child. Results: 297 pregnant women participated in the study, of which 90.4% wanted to exclusively breastfeed their baby, however, only 28.2% continued up to 6 months. The level of knowledge about breastfeeding was regular and it was observed that it influences both the intention and the type of feeding of the newborn, thus it is an element to be considered when developing educational strategies aimed at increasing breastfeeding rates. Conclusion: The level of pregnant women's knowledge about breastfeeding is regular and influences the choice of how to feed their babies and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Strategies should be implemented to increase knowledge and improve breastfeeding rates.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre lactancia materna de las gestantes y analizar en qué medida éste influye en la intención de amamantar y en la posterior alimentación del lactante a las 6 y 16 semanas y a los 6 meses posparto. Método: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, realizado con gestantes en Galicia (España). Mediante un cuestionario autocumplimentado se recogieron datos sobre la intención de la mujer de alimentar al recién nacido y sus conocimientos sobre lactancia materna. Se contactó con las gestantes a las 6 y 16 semanas y a los 6 meses posparto para conocer el tipo de alimentación que daban a su hijo. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 297 gestantes, de las cuales el 90,4% deseaba alimentar a su bebé con lactancia materna exclusiva, sin embargo, solo el 28,2% lo llevó a cabo a los 6 meses. El nivel de conocimientos sobre lactancia materna fue regular y se ha visto que influye tanto en la intención como en el tipo de alimentación del recién nacido por lo que es un elemento a tener en cuenta a la hora de desarrollar estrategias educativas encaminadas a aumentar las tasas de lactancia materna. Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento de las gestantes sobre lactancia materna es regular e influye en la elección de alimentación de sus bebés y en la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Se deben implantar estrategias para aumentar los conocimientos y mejorar las tasas de lactancia materna.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o nível de conhecimento sobre aleitamento materno das gestantes e analisar em que medida este influencia a intenção de amamentar após a introdução da alimentação do lactente na 6ª e 16ª semanas e aos 6 meses pós-parto. Método: Estudo descritivo prospectivo, realizado com gestantes na Galícia (Espanha). Mediante um questionário de autopreenchimento, foram coletados dados sobre a intenção de a mulher alimentar o recém-nascido e os seus conhecimentos sobre o aleitamento materno. Também se contatou as gestantes na 6ª e 16ª semanas e aos 6 meses pós-parto para conhecer o tipo de alimentação que davam ao seu filho. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 297 gestantes, das quais 90,4% desejavam alimentar o seu bebê com aleitamento materno exclusivo, no entanto, somente 28,2% o realizou até os 6 meses. O nível de conhecimento sobre o aleitamento materno foi regular e observou-se que este influencia tanto a intenção como o tipo de alimentação do recém-nascido, é um elemento a ser considerado na hora de desenvolver estratégias educativas direcionadas a aumentar as taxas de aleitamento materno. Conclusão: O nível de conhecimento das gestantes sobre aleitamento materno é regular e influencia a escolha da alimentação de seus bebês e a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Devem-se implantar estratégias para aumentar os conhecimentos e melhorar as taxas de aleitamento materno.

Infant Feeding Attitudes and Practices of Spanish Low-Risk Expectant Women Using the IIFAS (Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale).

The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) has been shown to have good psychometric properties for English-speaking populations, but it has not been validated among low-risk pregnant women in Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the translated version of the IIFAS in order to examine infant feeding attitudes in Spanish women with an uncomplicated pregnancy. Low-risk expectant women (n = 297) were recruited from eight primary public health care centres in Galicia (Spain). Questionnaires including both socio-demographic and breastfeeding characteristics and items about infant feeding were administered during the third trimester. Participants were contacted by telephone during the postpartum period to obtain information regarding their infant feeding status. Prediction validity and internal consistency were assessed. The translated IIFAS (69.76 ± 7.75), which had good psychometric properties (Cronbach's alpha = 0.785; area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve = 0.841, CI95% = 0.735⁻0.948), showed more positive attitudes towards breastfeeding than towards formula feeding, especially among mothers who intended to exclusively breastfeed. This scale was also useful for inferring the intent to breastfeed and duration of breastfeeding. This study provides evidence that the IIFAS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing infant feeding attitudes in Spanish women with an uncomplicated pregnancy.

Effects of Brassicaceae Isothiocyanates on Prostate Cancer.

Despite the major progress made in the field of cancer biology, cancer is still one of the leading causes of mortality, and prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most encountered malignancies among men. The effective management of this disease requires developing better anticancer agents with greater efficacy and fewer side effects. Nature is a large source for the development of chemotherapeutic agents, with more than 50% of current anticancer drugs being of natural origin. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are degradation products from glucosinolates that are present in members of the family Brassicaceae. Although they are known for a variety of therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial properties, nowadays, cell line and animal studies have additionally indicated the chemopreventive action without causing toxic side effects of ITCs. In this way, they can induce cell cycle arrest, activate apoptosis pathways, increase the sensitivity of resistant PCa to available chemodrugs, modulate epigenetic changes and downregulate activated signaling pathways, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, progression and invasion-metastasis. The present review summarizes the chemopreventive role of ITCs with a particular emphasis on specific molecular targets and epigenetic alterations in in vitro and in vivo cancer animal models.

Structure-based design of new KSP-Eg5 inhibitors assisted by a targeted multicomponent reaction.

An integrated multidisciplinary approach that combined structure-based drug design, multicomponent reaction synthetic approaches and functional characterization in enzymatic and cell assays led to the discovery of new kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors with antiproliferative activity. A focused library of new benzimidazoles obtained by a Ugi+Boc removal/cyclization reaction sequence generated low-micromolar-range KSP inhibitors as promising anticancer prototypes. The design and functional studies of the new chemotypes were assessed by computational modeling and molecular biology techniques. The most active compounds-20 (IC50 =1.49 µM, EC50 =3.63 µM) and 22 (IC50 =1.37 µM, EC50 =6.90 µM)-were synthesized with high efficiency by taking advantage of the multicomponent reactions.

Urinary biopyrrins: potential biomarker for monitoring of the response to treatment with anxiolytics.

During periods of psychological stress, excess amounts of free radicals are produced. Bilirubin oxidative metabolites (biopyrrins; BOM) are generated from bilirubin as a result of its scavenging action against free radicals. We investigated whether the urinary excretion of biopyrrins is altered by anxiolytics. In the present study, mice were immobilized for a period of 6 hr. Alprazolam (0.1-1 mg/kg of body-weight) was administered 30 min. before subjecting the animals to acute stress. The BOM concentrations in urine and the corticosterone levels in serum were measured by ELISA with an anti-bilirubin antibody and EIA, respectively. We observed an increase in urinary biopyrrins in stressed mice in comparison with non-stressed mice and a decrease after the treatment of stressed animals with alprazolam. A correlation between urinary BOM and serum corticosterone levels was found. Urinary levels of biopyrrins might be used to assess the response to anxiolytics prescribed during acute stress periods.

The antioxidant potential of alprazolam on the redox status of peripheral blood leukocytes in restraint-stressed mice.

AIMS: Stress can cause adverse reactions in the body that induce a wide range of biochemical and behavioral changes. Oxidative damage is an established outcome of stress that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders. Anxiolytic drugs are widely prescribed to treat these conditions; however, no animal study has investigated the effect of benzodiazepines on the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the peripheral blood leukocytes of stressed mice. MAIN METHODS: Mice were immobilized for a period of 6h. Alprazolam (0.1-0.8 mg/kg of body weight) was administered 30 min before subjecting the animals to acute stress. The level of intracellular ROS in lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes in the peripheral blood of stressed mice was investigated by using a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe. KEY FINDINGS: Our results show that restraint stress significantly increases the generation of ROS in peripheral defense cells. Treatment with alprazolam partially reverses the adverse effects of stress. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of alprazolam may be mediated, at least partially, by the reversal of oxidative damage as demonstrated by the protective enhancement of antioxidant status following a stress-induced decline. Because alprazolam is used for the treatment of anxiety in patients with cancer, neurodegenerative disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other diseases, these results may have important clinical implications.

Effects of fluoxetine on the oxidative status of peripheral blood leucocytes of restraint-stressed mice.

Emotional stress can be viewed as a cause of adverse circumstances that induces a wide range of biochemical and behavioural changes. Oxidative stress is a critical route of damage in various psychological stress-induced disorders such as depression. Antidepressants are widely prescribed to treat these conditions; however, no animal study has investigated the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species in peripheral blood leucocytes of stressed mice. In this study, mice were immobilized for a period of 6 hr. Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg of body-weight) was administered 30 min. before subjecting the animals to acute stress. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species in leucocytes of the peripheral blood of stressed mice was investigated using a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe, and the antioxidant response of fluoxetine was evaluated by superoxide dismutase, diaphorase, catalase and reduced glutathione. Our results show that restraint stress significantly increases the generation of reactive oxygen species in the peripheral defence cells. Treatment with fluoxetine partially reverses the adverse effects of stress. The improvement in cellular oxidative status may be an important mechanism underlying the protective pharmacological effects of fluoxetine, which are clinically observed in the treatment of depressive disorders.