Plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos no cuidado da saúde mental em tempos de pandemia: uma revisão da literatura / Medicinal plants and herbal medicines in mental health care in times of pandemic: a literature review

Apesar do uso de plantas medicinais para tratamento de problemas de saúde ser tradicionalmente aceito, esta prática da medicina popular ainda encontra resistência por profissionais da saúde, sobretudo sob a alegação da falta de comprovação de seus efeitos. Durante o surto de Covid-19, houve aumento significativo do estresse, sintomas ansiosos e insônia e o uso de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos surge como uma alternativa terapêutica. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre a eficácia de plantas medicinais como terapia alternativa e/ou complementar para transtornos de ansiedade e insônia. As plantas investigadas foram selecionadas a partir do Formulário de Fitoterápicos e Memento Fitoterápico da Farmacopeia Brasileira, sendo utilizados como descritores o nome científico da planta e os termos "anxiety" e "insomnia" com recorte temporal de 2015 a 2020. 230 resultados foram encontrados, 42 selecionados (27 em humanos e 15 em animais). Foi possível demonstrar efeitos ansiolíticos para as plantas capim santo (Cymbopogon citratus), lavanda (Lavandula officinalis), melissa (Melissa officinalis), maracujá (Passiflora incarnata)e valeriana (Valeriana officinalis) e sedativos para melissa, maracujá e valeriana. A kava-kava (Piper methysticum) demonstrou apenas efeito sedativo e a camomila (Matricaria chamomilla) apresentou eficácia clínica ansiolítica. Portanto, a potencial aplicação clínica dessas plantas é indicada para tratamento dos sintomas de ansiedade e insônia, ajudando a reduzir os sintomas psicológicos decorrentes da pandemia de Covid-19. Contudo, vale ressaltar a necessidade da padronização dos procedimentos metodológicos e avanço da fitoterapia na prática médica. [au]

Although the use of medicinal plants to treat health problems is traditionally accepted, this practice of popular medicine still finds resistance from health professionals, especially under the allegation of lack of scientific proof of its effects. During the outbreak of COVID-19, there was a significant increase in stress, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms, and the use of plants and herbal medicines emerged as a possible therapeutic alternative. The objective of this study was to conduct a literature review about the effectiveness of medicinal plants as an alternative and/or complementary therapy for anxiety and insomnia disorders. The main medicinal plants were selected from the Phytotherapeutic Formulary and Phytotherapeutic Memento of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, using the 'scientific name' and terms 'anxiety' and 'insomnia' as descriptors between 2015-2020. 230 results were found and 42 studies were selected (27 in humans and 15 in animals). Anxiolytic effects have been demonstrated to Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Passiflora incarnata, and Valeriana officinalis and sedatives effects to M. officinalis, P. incarnata, and V. officinalis. Piper methysticum revealed only a sedative effect and Matricaria chamomilla showed anxiolytic clinical efficacy. Then, the potential clinical application of these plants in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia symptoms is indicated, helping to reduce the psychological symptoms resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic. However, it is worth emphasizing the need to standardize methodological procedures and advance phytotherapy in medical practice. [au]

Cardiac involvement in trypanosomiasis in sheep experimentally infected by Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemman, 1905).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical signs, electrocardiographic signs and evolution of histopathological lesions in the heart of sheep experimentally infected by Trypanosoma vivax during the acute and chronic phases of infection as well as to investigate the presence of parasitic DNA in the heart using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty-two male sheep were divided into the following four groups: G1, which consisted of six sheep infected by T. vivax that were evaluated until 20 days post-infection (dpi; acute phase); G2, which consisted of six sheep infected by T. vivax that were evaluated until 90 dpi (chronic phase); and G3 and G4 groups, which each consisted of five uninfected sheep. At the end of the experimental period, electrocardiographic evaluations and necroscopic examinations were performed. Fragments of the heart were collected and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome, and the fragments were also evaluated by PCR for T. vivax. G2 animals presented clinical signs suggestive of heart failure and electrocardiogram alterations characterized by prolonged P, T and QRS complex durations as well as by a cardiac electrical axis shift to the left and increased heart rate. In these animals, mononuclear multifocal myocarditis and interstitial fibrosis were also observed. PCR revealed positivity for T. vivax in two G1 animals and in all G2 animals. Thus, these findings suggested that T. vivax is responsible for the occurrence of cardiac lesions, which are related to heart failure, electrocardiographic alterations and mortality of the infected animals.

Lactation curve and milk quality of goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trypanosoma vivax infection on the shape of the lactation curve and the milk quality of dairy goats experimentally infected with T. vivax. In total, twenty Saanen goats, aged 26-30 months and the same number of calving (two calvings), were divided into two experimental groups: an infected group, consisting of ten goats intravenously infected with 0.5 ml of blood containing approximately 1.25 × 10(5) trypomastigotes of T. vivax and ten uninfected animals as the control group. Clinical tests and hematocrit, parasitemia, and serum biochemistry evaluations were performed on all of the goats. Milk production was measured daily for 152 days by hand milking the goats and weighing the milk. Every seven days, physiochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the milk. Wood's nonlinear model was used to analyze the lactation curve parameters. The infected goats had high levels of parasitemia and hyperthermia, significantly reduced hematocrit, serum total protein, albumin, and glucose levels and increased cholesterol and urea concentrations. Wood's model indicated that the milk production of goats in the infected group declined sharply over a short period of time and produced a flattened yield curve and significant difference (P < 0.05) in the rate of increase of peak milk production, rate of decrease of milk production after the peak, day of peak milk production, and maximum peak milk production compared with that of the control group. Trypanosomiasis also affected the persistency of lactation, which was significantly reduced in goats in the infected group. In addition, the physico-chemical properties of the milk, including the fat content, defatted dry extracts (DDE) and protein content, decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the goats in the infected group compared with those in the control group. The T. vivax-infected goats showed reduction in milk production, persistence of lactation, and fat levels, the defatted dry extract (DDE) content, and protein, changing the quality of milk.