In-Depth Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues with a Spatial Resolution of 50-200 µm.

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are banked in large repositories to cost-effectively preserve valuable specimens for later study. With the rapid growth of spatial proteomics, FFPE tissues can serve as a more accessible alternative to more commonly used frozen tissues. However, extracting proteins from FFPE tissues is challenging due to cross-links formed between proteins and formaldehyde. Here, we have adapted the nanoPOTS sample processing workflow, which was previously applied to single cells and fresh-frozen tissues, to profile protein expression from FFPE tissues. Following the optimization of extraction solvents, times, and temperatures, we identified an average of 1312 and 3184 high-confidence master proteins from 10 µm thick FFPE-preserved mouse liver tissue squares having lateral dimensions of 50 and 200 µm, respectively. The observed proteome coverage for FFPE tissues was on average 88% of that achieved for similar fresh-frozen tissues. We also characterized the performance of our fully automated sample preparation and analysis workflow, termed autoPOTS, for FFPE spatial proteomics. This modified nanodroplet processing in one pot for trace samples (nanoPOTS) and fully automated processing in one pot for trace sample (autoPOTS) workflows provides the greatest coverage reported to date for high-resolution spatial proteomics applied to FFPE tissues. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029729.

Label-Free Profiling of up to 200 Single-Cell Proteomes per Day Using a Dual-Column Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography Platform.

Single-cell proteomics (SCP) has great potential to advance biomedical research and personalized medicine. The sensitivity of such measurements increases with low-flow separations (<100 nL/min) due to improved ionization efficiency, but the time required for sample loading, column washing, and regeneration in these systems can lead to low measurement throughput and inefficient utilization of the mass spectrometer. Herein, we developed a two-column liquid chromatography (LC) system that dramatically increases the throughput of label-free SCP using two parallel subsystems to multiplex sample loading, online desalting, analysis, and column regeneration. The integration of MS1-based feature matching increased proteome coverage when short LC gradients were used. The high-throughput LC system was reproducible between the columns, with a 4% difference in median peptide abundance and a median CV of 18% across 100 replicate analyses of a single-cell-sized peptide standard. An average of 621, 774, 952, and 1622 protein groups were identified with total analysis times of 7, 10, 15, and 30 min, corresponding to a measurement throughput of 206, 144, 96, and 48 samples per day, respectively. When applied to single HeLa cells, we identified nearly 1000 protein groups per cell using 30 min cycles and 660 protein groups per cell for 15 min cycles. We explored the possibility of measuring cancer therapeutic targets with a pilot study comparing the K562 and Jurkat leukemia cell lines. This work demonstrates the feasibility of high-throughput label-free single-cell proteomics.

Fully Automated Sample Processing and Analysis Workflow for Low-Input Proteome Profiling.

Recent advances in sample preparation and analysis have enabled direct profiling of protein expression in single mammalian cells and other trace samples. Several techniques to prepare and analyze low-input samples employ custom fluidics for nanoliter sample processing and manual sample injection onto a specialized separation column. While being effective, these highly specialized systems require significant expertise to fabricate and operate, which has greatly limited implementation in most proteomic laboratories. Here, we report a fully automated platform termed autoPOTS (automated preparation in one pot for trace samples) that uses only commercially available instrumentation for sample processing and analysis. An unmodified, low-cost commercial robotic pipetting platform was utilized for one-pot sample preparation. We used low-volume 384-well plates and periodically added water or buffer to the microwells to compensate for limited evaporation during sample incubation. Prepared samples were analyzed directly from the well plate with a commercial autosampler that was modified with a 10-port valve for compatibility with 30 µm i.d. nanoLC columns. We used autoPOTS to analyze 1-500 HeLa cells and observed only a moderate reduction in peptide coverage for 150 cells and a 24% reduction in coverage for single cells compared to our previously developed nanoPOTS platform. To evaluate clinical feasibility, we identified an average of 1095 protein groups from ∼130 sorted B or T lymphocytes. We anticipate that the straightforward implementation of autoPOTS will make it an attractive option for low-input and single-cell proteomics in many laboratories.