Comparison of Ten Surrogate Insulin Resistance and Obesity Markers to Identify Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Adults.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of clinical traits directly linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, whose prevalence has been rising nationally and internationally. We aimed to evaluate ten known and novel surrogate markers of insulin resistance and obesity to identify MetS in Mexican adults. The present cross-sectional study analyzed 10575 participants from ENSANUT-2018. The diagnosis of MetS was based on the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, stratified by sex and age group. According to ATP III, the best biomarker was the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) in men aged 20-39 and 40-59 years and lipid accumulation product (LAP) in those aged ≥60 years. The best biomarker was LAP in women aged 20-39 and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in those aged 40-59 and ≥60 years. Using the IDF criteria, the best biomarker was LAP in men of all ages. TyG gave the best results in women of all ages. The best biomarker for diagnosis of MetS in Mexican adults depends on the criteria, including sex and age group. LAP and TyG are easy to obtain, inexpensive, and especially useful at the primary care level.

Electroacupuncture efficacy in diabetic polyneuropathy: Study protocol for a double-blinded randomized controlled multicenter clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); its diagnosis and treatment are based on symptomatic improvement. However, as pharmacological therapy causes multiple adverse effects, the implementation of acupunctural techniques, such as electroacupuncture (EA) has been suggested as an alternative treatment. Nonetheless, there is a lack of scientific evidence, and its mechanisms are still unclear. We present the design and methodology of a new clinical randomized trial, that investigates the effectiveness of EA for the treatment of DPN. METHODS: This study is a four-armed, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial (20-week intervention period, plus 12 weeks of follow-up after concluding intervention). A total of 48 T2DM patients with clinical signs and symptoms of DPN; and electrophysiological signs in the Nerve Conduction Study (NCS); will be treated by acupuncture specialists in outpatient units in Mexico City. Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to one of the following four groups: (a) short fibre DPN with EA, (b) short fibre DPN with sham EA, (c) axonal DPN with EA and (d) axonal DPN with sham EA treatment. The intervention will consist of 32 sessions, 20 min each, per patient over two cycles of intervention of 8 weeks each and a mid-term rest period of 4 weeks. The primary outcome will be NCS parameters, and secondary outcomes will include DPN-related symptoms and pain by Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Score (MDNS), Dolour Neuropatique Score (DN-4), Semmes-Westein monofilament, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain assessment, and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). To measure quality of life and improve oxidative stress, the inflammatory response; and genetic expression; will be analysed at the beginning and at the end of treatment. DISCUSSION: This study will be conducted to compare the efficacy of EA versus sham EA combined with conventional diabetic and neuropathic treatments if needed. EA may improve NCS, neuropathic pain and symptoms, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and genetic expression, and it could be considered a potential coadjutant treatment for the management of DPN with a possible remyelinating effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05521737 Registered on 30 August 2022. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) ISRCTN97391213 Registered on 26 September 2022 [2b].

Association between Sarcopenia and Poor Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with a decrease in muscle mass. Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia accelerate muscle loss, leading to a deterioration in strength, muscle mass, and physical capacity in older adults. This study was conducted to determine the association between sarcopenia and poor glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in older adults with T2D in geriatric outpatient clinics. Sarcopenia was diagnosed as per the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) criteria. According to glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, participants were classified into glycemic control (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%) and poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.5%) groups. RESULTS: Older adults with sarcopenia were found to have poor glycemic control compared to adults without sarcopenia (62.3% vs. 47.9%, p = 0.007). Logistic regression analysis showed an association between poor glycemic control and the presence of sarcopenia (odds ratio (OR): 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-2.75) and low muscle mass (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.07-2.73). CONCLUSIONS: Poor glycemic control is associated with the presence of sarcopenia and low muscle mass, which highlights the need to implement better treatment strategies in order to reduce the loss of muscle mass.

Cross-Training and Resistance Training in Adults with Type B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia during the Induction Phase: A Randomized Blind Pilot Study.

Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing induction decrease their physical capacity, lose muscle mass, and decrease their quality of life (QOL). The safety, feasibility, and benefits of exercise during chemotherapy have been proven, but the effects of cross-training activities have yet to be analyzed. To measure the effects of cross-training on body composition, physical performance, and QOL, a blind randomized clinical trial was carried out. A total of 33 patients were included and randomized into a cross-training exercise group (CEG), a resistance exercise group (REG), and a control group (CG). During induction, patients received an exercise routine three to five days a week for 30 to 50 min each. Body composition, QOL, and physical performance were measured at baseline, up to discharge, and at a follow-up of two months. Body composition improved in the REG and CEG. In the CG, muscle mass decreased and fat mass increased (p = 0.020 and 0.020, respectively). The REG and CEG had significant positive improvements in physical performance compared to the CG. QOL showed no differences in any group (p = 0.340). Cross-training and resistance exercise are essential to improve body composition and physical performance during induction. Considering the prognostic value of physical performance, we propose integrated training exercises as adjuvant therapy in adult patients with ALL.

Nutritional Status and Poverty Condition Are Associated with Depression in Preschoolers.

Consensus has been reached that symptoms of depression can begin as early as preschool. Nevertheless, only few studies have associated environmental (malnutrition) and social factors (poverty condition, access to health systems, etc.) to the onset of depression in preschoolers. The aim of this study was to explore possible associations between malnutrition (underweight, overweight/obesity), poverty status (home quality, overcrowding), access to healthcare systems and the presence of depressive symptoms in the preschoolers of a semi-rural community. In total, 695 children between 3 and 6 years from the municipality of Chiconcuac, Mexico were evaluated for symptoms of depression with the Preschool Depression Scale for Teachers (ESDM 3-6). Additionally, they were assessed for nutritional status and divided into three groups (low weight, normal weight, overweight/obesity), and their parents were asked to fill out a social demographic questionnaire. Malnutrition status OR = 2.702, 95% CI [1.771-4.145]; UW OR = 4.768, 95% CI [2.570-8.795] and OW/OB OR = 1.959, 95% CI [1.175-3.324]; poverty condition per se OR = 1.779, 95% CI [0.9911-2.630]; housing quality OR = 2.020, 95% CI [0.9606-2.659] and overcrowding = 1.619, 95% CI [0.8989-4.433] were associated to a greater risk for children to show depressive symptoms (DS). Access to healthcare was negatively related with the risk of presenting DS (OR = 0.660, 95% CI [0.3130 to 1.360]). Social and environmental factors such as malnutrition, home quality and overcrowding may increase the risk of presenting DS as soon as in preschool.

Mortality and Survival Factors in Patients with Moderate and Severe Pneumonia Due to COVID-19.

During the pandemic, some mortality-related factors were age, sex, comorbidities (obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension), recovery time, hospitalizations, and biochemical markers. The present work aimed to identify the mortality and survival factors in adults with moderate and severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 during the first and second waves of the pandemic in Mexico at a third-level hospital (High-Specialty Regional Hospital of Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Ixtapaluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico). A database was generated using information from the electronic clinical records of patients hospitalized from December 2021 to August 2022. Survival analysis was performed associating age, sex, longer recovery times, and some drugs. The risk factors found were age in the patients between 40 and 60 years (OR = 1.70), male sex (OR = 1.53), the presence of comorbidities (OR = 1.66) and hypertension (OR = 2.19), work occupation (construction workers OR = 5.22, factory workers OR = 3.13, unemployed OR = 2.93), the prehospital use of metamizole sodium (OR = 2.17), cough (OR = 1.73), and in-hospital oxygen therapy (reservoir mask OR = 6.6). The survival factors found in this study were working in the healthcare field (OR = 0.26), the prehospital use of certain medications (paracetamol OR = 0.65, dexamethasone OR = 0.55, and azithromycin OR = 0.47), presenting ageusia (OR = 0.5) and hyporexia (OR = 0.34), and the time using in-hospital oxygen therapy (device 1 OR = 0.72). Prehospital treatment needs to be reevaluated as dexamethasone and azithromycin proved to be protective factors. Likewise, providing aggressive oxygen therapy during hospital admission decreased mortality risk.

Derivation and validation of sex-specific continuous metabolic syndrome scores for the Mexican adult population.

Traditionally the diagnosis of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is binary (present/absent). The goal of this work is to propose a sex-specific continuous score to measure the severity of MetS in Mexican adults using waist circumference and body mass index as adiposity measures. MetSx-WC and MetSx-BMI indexes by sex were derived by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using data for 6567 adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018. The overall fit of the two proposed CFA models was excellent. We then validated these scores using a community-based health study of 862 university participants and determined that the reliability and strength of agreement between the MetSx-WC and MetSx-BMI scores were excellent. The ROC analysis of the resulting indexes indicates that they have excellent ability to discriminate a MetS classification according to the different criteria. The correlations of MetSx scores and surrogate markers of insulin resistance and obesity ranged from weak to strong. Subsequently, a retrospective study of 310 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was used to determined that MetSx-BMI score was associated with the mortality of patients with COVID-19. The proposed indices provide a continuous measure in the identification of MetS risk in Mexican adults.

High Fructose and High Fat Diet Impair Different Types of Memory through Oxidative Stress in a Sex- and Hormone-Dependent Manner.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) contributes to the spread of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, and neurodegenerative diseases. Evaluation of sex- and hormone-dependent changes in body weight, blood pressure, blood lipids, oxidative stress markers, and alterations in different types of memory in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high fat and high fructose (HFHF) diet were evaluated. After 12 weeks of feeding the male and female rats with HFHF, body weight gain, increase in blood pressure, and generation of dyslipidemia compared to the animals fed with chow diet were observed. Regarding memory, it was noted that gonadectomy reverted the effects of HFHF in the 24 h novel object recognition task and in spatial learning/memory analyzed through Morris water maze, males being more affected than females. Nevertheless, gonadectomy did not revert long-term memory impairment in the passive avoidance task induced by HFHF nor in male or female rats. On the other hand, sex-hormone-diet interaction was observed in the plasma concentration of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. These results suggest that the changes observed in the memory and learning of MetS animals are sex- and hormone-dependent and correlate to an increase in oxidative stress.

Association of ABO blood type with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 / Asociación de los grupos sanguíneos ABO con la mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19

Abstract Objective: To explore the relation between ABO blood group system and in-hospital mortality in Mexican patients admitted with COVID-19. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective study with 2,369 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in a tertiary referral hospital, admitted between March 27 and December 10, 2020. Data were obtained from electronic health records. Adjusted and unadjusted Cox Proportional-Hazard models were performed to test the association of ABO blood groups with mortality of COVID-19 patients. The variables considered for adjustment of the models were age, sex, and main comorbidities. Results: Out of all studied patients, group O was the most frequent blood type with 1999 patients (84.3%), followed by group A (11.3%), B (3.5%) and AB (0.72%). Blood group A was associated with a lower hazard of death among COVID-19 patients compared with group O (adjusted HR = 0.72, 95% IC 0.55-0.95, P = 0.02. Groups B, AB and Positive Rh were not significantly associated with the outcome. Conclusions: We found evidence of a statistically significant association between ABO blood type and COVID-19 in-hospital death. Patients with blood group A may be less likely to die during hospitalization compared with group O.

Resumen Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre los grupos sanguíneos del sistema ABO y la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes mexicanos ingresados por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con 2,369 pacientes hospitalizados con infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 en un hospital de tercer nivel, ingresados del 27 de marzo al 10 de diciembre del 2020, los datos fueron obtenidos del expediente clínico digital del hospital. Se realizaron modelos de Riesgos-Proporcionales de Cox ajustados y no ajustados para evaluar la asociación de los grupos sanguíneos ABO con la mortalidad hospitalaria de los pacientes COVID-19. Las variables consideradas en el modelo ajustado fueron edad, sexo y principales comorbilidades. Resultados: De todos los pacientes estudiados, el grupo O fue el más frecuente con 1999 pacientes (84.3%), seguido por el grupo A (11.3%), B (3.5%) y AB (0.72%). El grupo sanguíneo A se asoció a menor riesgo de muerte entre pacientes con COVID-19 comparado con el grupo O (HR ajustado = 0.72, IC 95% 0.55-0.95, valor de P = 0.02). Los grupos B, AB y Rh positivo no se asociaron significativamente con el desenlace. Conclusiones: Encontramos evidencia de una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos sanguíneos ABO y la muerte por COVID-19 en pacientes hospitalizados. El grupo A podría ser menos susceptible a morir durante la hospitalización respecto al grupo O.

Operative and Survival Outcomes of Robotic-Assisted Surgery for Colorectal Cancer in Elderly and Very Elderly Patients: A Study in a Tertiary Hospital in South Korea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of all patients ≥75 years who underwent a robotic-assisted curative resection in Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, between January 2007 and January 2021 were extracted from a prospectively maintained colorectal cancer database. Patients were subdivided into the three groups according to the age: youngest-old (YO: 75-80 years), middle-old (MO: 81-85), and oldest-old (OO: ≥86 years). Intraoperative findings, postoperative, and oncological outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Seventy-six consecutive patients (female 52.6%) were included; mean age was 80 years (SD 0.33); mean body mass index (BMI), 23.8 20.9 kg/m2 (SD 3.58); mean total operative time, 279 min (SD 80.93); mean blood loss, 186 ml (SD 204.03); mean postoperative length of stay, 14 days (SD 12.03). Major complications were seen in 2.1% of patients. The 30-day mortality rate was 0%. Average number of lymph node harvested was 20.9 (SD 12.33). Postoperative complications were not statistically different between the groups. Mean follow-up time for cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 99.28 months for the YO, 72.11 months for MO, and 31.25 months for OO groups (p = 0.045). The CSS rates at 5 years were 27.0%, 21.0%, and 0%, respectively. Recurrence risk was 10.50 times higher in the OO group than the others (adjusted HR, 95% CI 1.868-59.047, p = 0.008). In the multivariable analysis, TNM stage was not a risk factor for CSS in all groups. The number of the harvested nodes was a protective factor for recurrence (HR of 0.932, 95% CI 0.875-0.992, p = 0.027) and CSS (HR of 0.928, 95% CI 0.861-0.999, p = 0.047) in elderly patients. CONCLUSION: Robotic surgery is highly feasible in elderly and very elderly colorectal cancer patients, providing a favorable operative safety profile and an acceptable cancer-specific survival outcome.

Initial Histological Evaluation of a Novel Dura Mater Graft Based on Capsule Granulation Harvested From Subcutaneous Tissue: Experimental Model.

INTRODUCTION: Autografts are useful but unfortunately are limited in big dural defects, in such cases, synthetic implants have been recommended. Extensive evidence in the literature suggests that sometimes synthetic implants had high rates of complications like infections. This paper aims to present a novel dura matter graft based on capsule granulation tissue harvested from subcutaneous space as a dura substitute and its histological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats between 240 and 430 grams of both genders were included. First stage procedure introducing silicon spheres in the subcutaneous tissue. Second stage procedure 4 weeks later harvested de capsule granulation tissue that contain them. Then a craniectomy was performed to create a dura mater defect. This defect was reconstructed with the granulation tissue was placed onlay the defect. After another 4 weeks the subjects were euthanized and sent to an external pathology unit for analysis with validated integration scales. RESULTS: A total of 5 subjects were included (3 males and 2 females) with weight between 240 and 430 grams. Only 2 outcome out of 6 scales had significance difference between the samples: adhesions P = 0.011 and integration P = 0.006. CONCLUSIONS: The histological findings shown that capsule granulation graft is a compatible, autologous compatible substitute for dura mater. It has a great potential of full integration and an acceptable grade of adhesions.

Evaluation of Predictive Values of an Automatic Device Measuring Oximetry in Free Flaps.

Free-flap monitoring is challenging to perform in some centers. It requires the availability of trained health care personnel for 24 hours a day and seven days a week. Many methods had been proposed for flap monitoring, and none of them are superior to clinical evaluation. This study aimed to present a murine model to evaluate the accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and the positive or negative predictive values) of a device. Wistar rats weighing 240-490 g were included for intervention and data collection. A murine model of left inferior epigastric vessel flaps was implemented. Intermittent pedicle clamping was performed to calculate the accuracy of the device that detects flow obstruction. The general variables studied were age, weight, and gender. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative or predictive values were calculated. The results showed a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 95% with a positive predictive value of 95%, and negative predictive value of 97%. The sensitivity and specificity showed excellent results within the range of clinical security. We require more data to analyze the multiparameter monitoring to see if it is feasible and cost-effective.

Efficacy of Diltiazem for the Control of Blood Pressure in Puerperal Patients with Severe Preeclampsia: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum preeclampsia is a serious disease related to high blood pressure that occurs commonly within the first six days after delivery. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if diltiazem improves blood pressure parameters in early puerperium patients with severe preeclampsia. Methodology. A randomized, single-blind longitudinal clinical trial of 42 puerperal patients with severe preeclampsia was carried out. Patients were randomized into two groups: the experimental group (n = 21) received diltiazem (60 mg) and the control group (n = 21) received nifedipine (10 mg). Both drugs were orally administered every 8 hours. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures as well as the heart rate were recorded and analyzed (two-way repeated measures ANOVA) at baseline and after 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hours. Primary outcome measures were all the aforementioned blood pressure parameters. Secondary outcome measures included the number of hypertension and hypotension episodes along with the length of stay in the intensive care unit. RESULTS: No statistical differences were found between groups (diltiazem vs. nifedipine) regarding basal blood pressure parameters. Interarm differences in blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean) and heart rate were statistically significant between treatment groups from 6 to 48 hours. Patients in the diltiazem group had lower blood pressure levels than patients in the nifedipine group. Significantly, patients who received diltiazem had fewer hypertension and hypotension episodes and stayed fewer days in the intensive care unit than those treated with nifedipine. CONCLUSIONS: Diltiazem controlled arterial hypertension in a more effective and uniform manner in patients under study than nifedipine. Patients treated with diltiazem had fewer collateral effects and spent less time in the hospital. This trial is registered with NCT04222855.

The regulatory effect of bromocriptine on cardiac hypertrophy by prolactin and D2 receptor modulation.

BACKGROUND: Bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist, used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, type 2 diabetes, ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome, has also effects on the cardiac remodeling process, but the mechanism of action is unknown. The aim of this work was to determinate the effect during hypertrophic process through molecular mechanisms that include prolactin receptor (Prlr) and receptor of dopamine 2 (D2 r) expression. METHODS: We used a model of cardiac hypertrophy induced by an aortocaval fistula (ACF) surgery in rats. Protein concentrations of D2 r and Prlr were determined by western blotting. The treatment consisted in water (control), captopril (50 mg/kg/day), bromocriptine (3 mg/kg/day), and ACF group (n = 6 per group). RESULTS: Our results showed that bromocriptine treatment decreases the hypertrophy index. Treatment with bromocriptine increases the protein expression of Prlr and D2 r in the cardiac tissue of rats with cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that bromocriptine has a protective effect on cardiac hypertrophy, and due to this effect, it may modulate the expression of Prlr and D2 r, which are involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy.

[Metformin increases serum concentration of high molecular weight (HMW-adiponectin) in nondiabetic obese subjects]. / La metformina incrementa la concentración sérica de adiponectina de alto peso molecular (adiponectina-HMW) en obesos no diabéticos.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with low-intensity chronic systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of two different doses of metformin in comparison with placebo on increased serum levels of high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental design was developed with a crossover complete treatment and balanced design; 28 female and eight male nondiabetic obese adults participated. All participants received, during a week and in randomized order: placebo or metformin 500 or 850 mg twice daily; there was a week washout period between each treatment. The HMW adiponectin serum concentration (0 and 120 minutes) at the end of each treatment was measured. Analyses of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni test, and size effect calculations were performed. RESULTS: Differences in concentrations of HMW adiponectin (t0', t120') were measured for each treatment by ANOVA, having values of p = 0.03 and 0.002, respectively. The post hoc analysis reported differences favoring treatment with metformin 850 mg (p = 0.025). The sizes of the effect at times t0 and t120 for metformin 500 mg were 34 and 35%, and for metformin 850 mg, 65 and 84%, respectively.