Recanalization of port-superior mesenteric vein thrombosis with long-term anticoagulant therapy after failed early anticoagulant therapy.

BACKGROUND: Anticoagulant therapy with heparin is the first-line treatment for acute mesenteric vein thrombosis and is effective in improving outcomes. Conversely, patients with failed early anticoagulant therapy occasionally develop bowel infarction requiring surgery. The efficacy of long-term anticoagulant therapy on recanalizing mesenteric vein thrombosis in patients with failed early anticoagulant therapy remains unclear. Herein, we report a patient who achieved recanalization of port-superior mesenteric vein thrombosis treated with anticoagulant therapy for 10 years after failed early anticoagulant therapy, followed by bowel resection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old male patient visited an outpatient clinic due to acute exacerbation of abdominal pain that had persisted for a month. He was diagnosed with port-superior mesenteric vein thrombosis on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan and was transferred to our institution. Although he presented with abdominal pain, his respiration and circulation were stable upon hospital arrival. Anticoagulant therapy with heparin was started, and the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. However, the patient's abdominal pain worsened, and he began to develop signs of peritonitis. Repeat CT scan revealed bowel infarction. Thus, the patient underwent bowel resection 6 h after admission. The initial surgery was completed with open abdomen management. Bowel anastomosis was performed on the second-look surgery on the first postoperative day. Finally, the abdomen was closed on the third postoperative day after confirming the absence of bowel ischemia progression. The patient had prolonged impaired bowel function with paralytic ileus, but was discharged on the 60th postoperative day. He was then diagnosed with protein C and S deficiency based on the tests performed. Anticoagulant therapy with warfarin was initiated. He also received anticoagulant therapy in the outpatient setting. The patient's port-superior mesenteric vein thrombosis had improved gradually with warfarin during the follow-up period. At 10 years after surgery, total occlusion of the port-superior mesenteric vein was recanalized with improvement of the portal collateral vessels. In addition, no gastric or esophageal varices were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term anticoagulation therapy could affect the recanalization of extensive thrombus in multiple segments in patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis.

Survival benefits of interventional radiology and surgical teams collaboration during primary trauma surveys: a single-centre retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: A team approach is essential for effective trauma management. Close collaboration between interventional radiologists and surgeons during the initial management of trauma patients is important for prompt and accurate trauma care. This study aimed to determine whether trauma patients benefit from close collaboration between interventional radiology (IR) and surgical teams during the primary trauma survey. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted between 2014 and 2021 at a single institution. Patients were assigned to an embolization group (EG), a surgery group (SG), or a combination group (CG) according to their treatment. The primary and secondary outcomes were survival at hospital discharge compared with the probability of survival (Ps) and the time course of treatment. RESULTS: The analysis included 197 patients, consisting of 135 men and 62 women, with a median age of 56 [IQR, 38-72] years and an injury severity score of 20 [10-29]. The EG, SG, and CG included 114, 48, and 35 patients, respectively. Differences in organ injury patterns were observed between the three groups. In-hospital survival rates in all three groups were higher than the Ps. In particular, the survival rate in the CG was 15.5% higher than the Ps (95% CI: 7.5-23.6%; p < 0.001). In the CG, the median time for starting the initial procedure was 53 [37-79] min and the procedure times for IR and surgery were 48 [29-72] min and 63 [35-94] min, respectively. Those times were significantly shorter among three groups. CONCLUSION: Close collaboration between IR and surgical teams, including the primary survey, improves the survival of severe trauma patients who require both IR procedures and surgeries by improving appropriate treatment selection and reducing the time process.

Trauma Care Systems in Urban Areas: Our Thoughts on the Contrasting Approaches in South Korea and Japan.

Trauma is a major global health issue, causing significant mortality, disability, and healthcare expenses. Since 2012, the Ajou Trauma Center in South Korea has been at the forefront, providing centralized severe trauma care for a population of 9.5 million. In 2022, the center managed 3,500 cases of severe trauma, including 500 helicopter transports, and conducted 2,800 surgeries, with 450 addressing torso trauma. Its exceptional performance has garnered global recognition, solidifying its position among the top advanced trauma centers. In Tokyo, critically ill and major trauma patients are currently transported to the nearest emergency and critical care centers, each serving a population of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 million people. Due to the low incidence of trauma per facility and an aging population, implementing a high level of trauma care and a comprehensive training framework within Japan's existing system poses significant challenges. A comparative analysis of South Korea's centralized system and Tokyo's decentralized approach indicates that the centralized system may lead to the establishment of a more advanced trauma center with ethical and equity considerations, compared to the decentralized approach. Therefore, consolidating major trauma cases in Tokyo shows promise for establishing exceptional trauma centers. This emphasizes the urgent need for Japan to take immediate steps towards a more robust future in trauma care. This assertion aligns with the global discourse on improving trauma care practices and could make a valuable contribution to the scholarly literature on trauma care systems.

Unveiling the Rare Presentation of Acetylsalicylate Overdose: Grand Round.

BACKGROUND: This case report highlights a rare occurrence of aspirin overdose presenting only as severe coagulopathy. CASE PRESENTATION: An 85-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with multiple lumbar vertebral compression fractures causing severe back pain. The patient had self-medicated with excessive consumption of Bufferin A containing 330 mg of aspirin. On arrival, she showed no typical symptoms of salicylate toxicity, such as nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, tinnitus, or hearing loss. However, blood work revealed a significant decrease in vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors leading to coagulopathy. The administration of 20-mg menatetrenone (vitamin K) resulted in rapid improvement in coagulation abnormalities. The patient's blood salicylate level was later determined to be 42.7 mg/dL. DISCUSSION: Acute salicylate poisoning is known to cause coagulopathy because of the inhibition of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. However, this case is unique because it demonstrates coagulopathy as the sole manifestation of aspirin toxicity without any other symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the importance of considering the possibility of aspirin toxicity in patients with coagulopathy, especially those who are regularly consuming aspirin.

Severe aconite poisoning successfully treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Most species of aconite contain highly toxic aconitines, the oral ingestion of which can be fatal, primarily because they cause ventricular arrhythmias. We describe a case of severe aconite poisoning that was successfully treated through veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) and in which detailed toxicological analyses of the aconite roots and biological samples were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CASE SUMMARY: A 23-year-old male presented to the emergency room with circulatory collapse and ventricular arrhythmia after ingesting approximately half of a root labeled, "Aconitum japonicum Thunb". Two hours after arrival, VA-ECMO was initiated as circulatory collapse became refractory to antiarrhythmics and vasopressors. Nine hours after arrival, an electrocardiogram revealed a return to sinus rhythm. The patient was weaned off VA-ECMO and the ventilator on hospital days 3 and 5, respectively. On hospital day 15, he was transferred to a psychiatric hospital. The other half of the root and his biological samples were toxicologically analyzed using LC-MS/MS, revealing 244.3 mg/kg of aconitine and 24.7 mg/kg of mesaconitine in the root. Serum on admission contained 1.50 ng/mL of aconitine. Beyond hospital day 2, neither were detected. Urine on admission showed 149.09 ng/mL of aconitine and 3.59 ng/mL of mesaconitine, but these rapidly decreased after hospital day 3. CONCLUSION: The key to saving the life of a patient with severe aconite poisoning is to introduce VA-ECMO as soon as possible.

Successful treatment of multiple microbleeds in a large area of the small bowel by transcatheter arterial embolization using imipenem/cilastatin as embolization material.

A 44-year-old man with chronic idiopathic pseudo-intestinal obstruction and lumbar disc herniation presented with orthostatic dizziness, black vomiting, and stools. He was suspected to have an ulcer caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and treated conservatively but continued to have transfusion-dependent anemia. Trans-arterial contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed multiple microbleeds in the small intestine. We diffusely embolized 7 small intestine branches of the superior mesenteric artery using imipenem/cilastatin on 2 separate occasions. This stopped the bleeding, and the patient progressed well without ischemic complications and was discharged on the 25th postoperative day. Transcatheter arterial embolization with imipenem/cilastatin may be a viable treatment option for patients with multiple small bowel bleeds in a large area of the small intestine that are unresponsive to conservative treatment or endoscopic methods.

Effect of Carbazochrome Sodium Sulfonate in Addition to Tranexamic Acid in Bleeding Trauma Patients.

BACKGROUND: It is important to evaluate the effects of drugs considered to control hemorrhage. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce the risk of death in bleeding trauma patients. Carbazochrome sodium sulfonate (CSS) is often used in combination with TXA; however, it is unknown whether CSS additionally improves the control of bleeding in trauma patients. METHODS: The aim of this study was to examine whether CSS reduces blood transfusion and death in addition to TXA by improving the control of bleeding. We retrospectively analyzed medical records of trauma patients from 2011 to 2019. We included patients aged ≥16 years, with significant hemorrhage, and who received TXA within eight hours from injury as per CRASH-2 (Clinical Randomisation of an Antifibrinolytic in Significant Haemorrhage) study. The primary outcome was the total amount of red blood cells (RBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelet concentrate (PC) received within the first 24 hours from injury. Secondary outcomes were death in hospital within four weeks after injury, vascular occlusive events, and treatment. RESULTS: During this retrospective evaluation period, 5764 admissions with trauma were registered. A total of 326 cases met the selection criteria: 259 cases who received CSS in addition to TXA (CSS group; n=259) and 67 cases who received only TXA (no-CSS group; n=67). The mortality rate was 6% in the no-CSS group and 15.1% in the CSS group. There was no significant difference in mortality and vascular occlusive events between the two groups. We performed multiple regression analyses, with the amount of blood transfusion for each type as explanatory variables. The administration of CSS was an independent factor for the reduction of RBC transfusion (standard partial regression coefficient -0.1, 95% CI [-3.1 to -0.1], p=0.04), but not for transfusion of FFP or PC. We also performed multiple logistic regression analysis, with death as an explanatory variable. CSS was not an independent factor for any cause of death. CONCLUSION: CSS decreased RBC transfusion in trauma patients, without increasing the risk of vascular occlusion. However, CSS did not decrease mortality. This study can contribute to managing bleeding with trauma, but further research aimed at clarifying the effect of CSS is needed.

The effect of participation of interventional radiology team in a primary trauma survey on patient outcome.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the survival benefits of a workflow in which an interventional radiology (IR) team participates in a primary trauma survey on patients with hemodynamically unstable trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted between 2012 and 2019 at a single institution. Patients who underwent an IR procedure as the initial hemostasis were assigned to the hemodynamically stable group (HSG) or hemodynamically unstable group (HUG). The primary and secondary outcomes were survival at hospital discharge compared with the probability of survival (Ps) and the time course. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients (100 men, 60 women; median age, 57.5 years [interquartile range (IQR): 31.5-72 years]) with an injury severity score of 24 (IQR: 13.75-34) were included. A total of 125 patients were included in the HSG group and 35 patients in the HUG group. The observational survival rate was significantly greater than the Ps rate by 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-8.4%; P = 0.005) in HSG and by 24.6% in HUG (95% CI: 16.9-32.3%; P < 0.001). The observational survival rate was significantly greater than Ps in HUG than in HSG (P < 0.001). The median time to initiate IR procedures and the median procedure time in HUG were 54 min [IQR: 45-66 min] and 48 min [IQR: 30-85 min], respectively; both were significantly shorter than those in the HSG. CONCLUSION: A trauma workflow utilizing an IR team in a primary survey is associated with improved survival of patients with hemodynamically unstable trauma when compared with Ps with a shorter time course.

Preoperative physical functional status affects the long-term outcomes of elderly patients with open abdomen.

AIM: The mortality rates among elderly patients with open abdomen (OA) are high, and pre-existing comorbidities could affect the outcomes. However, long-term prognosis remains uncertain. We examined long-term outcomes in elderly patients with OA, focusing on physical functional status. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective cohort study between 2007 and 2017 at a single institution. Patients with OA who were aged ≥65 years were categorized into two groups: "good preoperative functional status" group (GFG) and "poor preoperative functional status" group (PFG). The GFG was defined as Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/World Health Organization performance status (PS) 0-1, whereas PFG was defined as PS 2-4. The primary outcomes were survival and PS 2 years following the initial surgery. RESULTS: Of the 53 participants, 38 and 15 were assigned to the GFG and PFG, respectively. The PFG (median age, 81 years) was older than the GFG (median age, 75.5 years; P = 0.040). The 2-year survival rate was 39.5% in GFG and 6.7% in PFG, and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significant difference (P = 0.022). Among all patients, the PS at 2 years was worse than that at discharge (P = 0.007). Preoperative PS was correlated with 2-year survival (P = 0.003), whereas age and pre-existing comorbidities were not. CONCLUSION: The long-term outcomes of elderly patients with OA are affected by the preoperative physical functional status. Functional status deteriorates in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, surgery requiring OA must be carefully considered for elderly patients with PS 2 or higher.

Disseminated Varicella zoster infection with abdominal pain and periarterial fat stranding in a patient taking pomalidomide.

BACKGROUND: Disseminated Varicella zoster virus infection (DVI) is a severe infection associated with severe abdominal pain of unknown cause. We report a case in which periarterial (the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery) fat stranding (PFS) on computed tomography (CT) was the presumed cause of abdominal pain in a patient taking pomalidomide. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with abdominal pain. Her medical history was multiple myeloma treated with pomalidomide. Computed tomography showed no remarkable findings on admission, but 1 day later, a contrast-enhanced CT showed PFS. A skin eruption appeared on day 4 and we started acyclovir. On day 10, Varicella zoster virus antigen and antibody tests were positive, confirming the diagnosis of DVI. The abdominal pain subsequently improved, together with the PFS, and she was discharged. CONCLUSION: When patients present with severe abdominal pain and PFS, DVI and acyclovir must be considered.

Long-Term Outcomes of Endovascular Stenting for Blunt Renal Artery Injuries with Stenosis: A Report of Five Consecutive Cases.

BACKGROUND: Renal artery stenting is performed for renal artery injuries to preserve renal function and prevent renovascular hypertension. However, its indications are controversial and its long-term prognosis remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the characteristics and long-term outcomes of renal artery stenting for blunt renal artery injuries at our institution. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with blunt renal artery injuries who had been treated with stenting over a 12-year period at our institution. Five patients (three men and two women) were included. RESULTS: Trauma resulted from falls in three patients and motor vehicle accidents in two. All patients had experienced multiple injuries (median injury severity score, 24 [range, 16-48]; median revised trauma score, 5.9672 [4.0936-7.8408]; and median probability of survival, 0.689 [0.533-0.980]). All renal artery injuries involved stenosis because of traumatic arterial dissection or intimal tear; no cases of total occlusion were observed. No complications due to the intervention itself were observed. Although two patients developed reversible acute renal failure, none required long-term hemodialysis. One patient with renovascular hypertension was treated with antihypertensive agents for a month and subsequently became normotensive without further medication. All patients underwent postoperative computed tomography, which revealed no stent occlusion or renal atrophy. Renal scintigraphy for three patients demonstrated preserved differential renal function. All five patients survived. CONCLUSIONS: Renal artery stenting for hemodynamically stable blunt renal artery injuries with stenosis is suggested to be safe and helps in avoiding long-term hemodialysis and renovascular hypertension.

[Long-Term Effectiveness of Chemotherapy Containing mFOLFOX6 plus Panitumumab and 5-FU/l-LV plus Panitumumab after Primary Tumor Resection in a Case of Ascending Colon Carcinoma and Multiple Hepatic Metastases].

The patient was a 79-year-old man. He had ascending colon carcinoma and multiple hepatic metastases, and right hemicolectomy( D2)was performed in June 2012(SE, N1, P0, M1[H3], Stage Ⅳ). After surgery, 8 courses of mFOLFOX6 plus panitumumab biweekly, then, 5-FU/l-LV biweekly and panitumumab every 4 weeks were administered because he had wild- type KRAS. Before chemotherapy, his serum CEA level was 122 ng/mL, but the value decreased rapidly to a normal level after 7months. The hepatic metastases also decreased, and the lesion was only slightly observed on CT after 7months. Five years after the surgery, images and his CEA level are both normal, and the effectiveness is maintained. Even for right colon cancer, anti-EGFR antibodies might be effective if RAS is wild-type.

Initial inferior vena cava diameter predicts massive transfusion requirements in blunt trauma patients: A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter is associated with shock and increased mortality in trauma patients. However, there are no reports examining the association between the IVC diameter and massive transfusion (MT) requirements in trauma patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between IVC diameter and MT requirements in patients with blunt trauma. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who were consecutively hospitalized with blunt trauma (Injury Severity Score [ISS] ≥16) between from November 1, 2011 to March 30, 2016. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed to identify the independent predictors of MT (defined as >10units of red cell concentrate transfusions within 24h of admission). Receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were estimated. RESULTS: Of the 222 patients included in this study, MT occurred in 22.5% patients. On multiple regression analysis, IVC diameter [Odds ratio (OR), 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-0.96; p<0.01], fibrin degradation product (FDP; OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01; p<0.01), and fibrinogen level (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.00; p<0.01) were strong predictors of MT. IVC diameter demonstrated moderate accuracy (AUC, 0.74; cutoff level, 13.0mm; sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 73%). Combined cutoff levels of FDP <80.5µg/ml, fibrinogen ≥165mg/dl, and IVC diameter ≥13mm could also determine how unnecessary a MT was with 100% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Initial IVC diameter is a predictor of MT in blunt trauma patients.

Linezolid versus vancomycin for nosocomial pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the elderly: A retrospective cohort analysis: Effectiveness of linezolid in the elderly.

OBJECTIVES: Several reports have compared the efficacy of linezolid (LZD) in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections with that of vancomycin (VCM); however, these two antibiotics for the treatment of nosocomial MRSA pneumonia in elderly patients has not been well evaluated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LZD compared with VCM for the treatment of elderly patients with nosocomial MRSA pneumonia in a retrospective chart review of a cohort. METHODS: We included 28 consecutive patients aged ≥65years hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of MRSA pneumonia and treated with LZD (n=11) or VCM (n=17) between November 2010 and May 2015. We collected patient, disease, and laboratory data. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. The secondary outcomes were the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) total, respiratory, renal, coagulation, hepatic, cardiovascular, and central nervous system scores on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to baseline characteristics. The 30-day mortality rate was significantly lower in the LZD group than in the VCM group (0% vs. 41%, P=.02). The SOFA total score on days 3, 7, and 14 were significantly lower those at baseline in the LZD group (P<.05). The SOFA respiratory score on days 14 was also significantly lower than baseline in the LZD group (P<.05). CONCLUSION: LZD may be more efficacious than VCM for treating elderly patients with nosocomial MRSA pneumonia.

Severe acidemia on arrival not predictive of neurologic outcomes in post-cardiac arrest patients.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether severe acidemia (pH <7.2) on arrival at the emergency department (ED) is a predictive factor for neurologic outcomes of post-cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management (TTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data in the National Disaster Medical Center, a tertiary care hospital, were used to perform a case-control study on post-cardiac arrest patients treated with TTM from January 2013 to April 2015. The case group comprised patients with good neurologic outcomes (cerebral performance categories 1 and 2), whereas the control group comprised patients with poor neurologic outcomes (cerebral performance categories 3-5). Exposure was defined as arterial pH less than 7.2 on arrival at the ED. RESULTS: We identified 32 patients matching our criteria, of which 13 had good outcomes and 19 poor outcomes. Arterial pH on arrival was not significantly associated with neurologic outcomes (P = .47; odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-2.61). In 24 patients with cardiogenic causes of cardiac arrest, pH on arrival was not significantly associated with neurologic outcomes (P = .68; odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-2.73) after matched-pair analysis by age, sex, and presence of light reflex. CONCLUSION: Severe acidemia on arrival at the ED is not a significant predictive factor for neurologic outcomes in post-cardiac arrest patients treated with TTM, particularly in patients with cardiogenic causes of cardiac arrest. These results suggest that treatment should not be withheld in post-cardiac arrest patients with severe acidemia.

The impact of age on outcomes of elderly ED patients ventilated due to community acquired pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: There is no consensus on whether mechanical ventilation should be initiated for advanced age with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This study investigated the effects of age on the outcomes of mechanical ventilation in the emergency department (ED) for advanced age with CAP. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of advanced age (age, ≥65 years) with CAP who required mechanical ventilation in the ED of our hospital between January 2006 and December 2012. The patients were divided into 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85 years or older age groups. The following outcomes were measured: number of patients weaned from mechanical ventilation, in-hospital mortality, ventilator-free days, and intensive care unit days. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with mortality and weaning from mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients (mean age, 79.5 years) were included. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 43.7%. No significant differences were observed among the 3 groups with regard to weaning from mechanical ventilation (P=.59), in-hospital mortality (P=.90), ventilator-free days (P=.83), or intensive care unit days (P=.12). Age was not significantly associated with weaning from mechanical ventilation or in-hospital mortality among advanced age. Diabetes mellitus was an independent factor for weaning from mechanical ventilation (P=.048) and was relatively associated with mortality (P=.051). CONCLUSIONS: Age, in itself, may not be a factor limiting the initiation of mechanical ventilation in the ED in advanced age with CAP. Further studies should determine appropriate indications for mechanical ventilation in the ED for these patients.

Thyroid hormone alterations in trauma patients requiring massive transfusion: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Although non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is considered a negative prognostic factor, the alterations in free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels in trauma patients requiring massive transfusion have not been reported. METHODS: A prospective observational study comparing 2 groups of trauma patients was conducted. Group M comprised trauma patients requiring massive transfusions (>10 units of packed red blood cells) within 24 hours of emergency admission. Group C comprised patients with an injury severity score >9 but not requiring massive transfusions. Levels of fT3, free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were evaluated on admission and on days 1, 2, and 7 after admission. The clinical backgrounds and variables measured including total transfusion amounts were compared and the inter-group prognosis was evaluated. Results are presented as mean±standard deviation. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were enrolled in each group. In both groups, 32 were men, and the mean age was 50±24 years. In group C one patient died from respiratory failure. The initial fT3 levels in group M (1.95±0.37 pg/mL) were significantly lower than those in group C (2.49±0.72 pg/mL; P<0.01) and remained low until 1 week after admission. Initial inter-group fT4 and TSH levels were not significantly different. TSH levels at 1 week (1.99±1.64 µIU/mL) were higher than at admission (1.48±0.5 µIU/mL) in group C (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Typical NTIS was observed in trauma patients requiring massive transfusions. When initial resuscitation achieved circulatory stabilization, prognosis was not strongly associated with NTIS.