Human omentin-1 reduces vascular insulin resistance and hypertension in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats.

PURPOSE: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for renal failure and cardiovascular diseases, and is caused by various abnormalities including the contractility of blood vessels. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which mimic human type 2 diabetes, are frequently used to study obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR) and hypertension. Human omentin-1 is one of the recently identified adipocytokines. We previously demonstrated that human omentin-1 not only caused vasodilation in rat isolated blood vessels, but also prevented inflammatory responses, a possible mechanism relating IR, in human vascular endothelial cells. Taken together, we hypothesized that human omentin-1 may reduce obesity-induced IR and hypertension in OLETF rats. METHODS: OLETF rats were intraperitoneally administered with human omentin-1 for 7 days. RESULTS: Human omentin-1 had no influence on overweight, hyperglycemia, urinary glucose extraction, hyperinsulinemia, and systemic IR in OLETF rats. Human omentin-1 decreased systolic blood pressure in OLETF rats. The measurement of isometric contraction revealed that human omentin-1 had no influence on the agonist-induced contractile and relaxant responses in isolated thoracic aorta from OLETF rats. However, the relaxant response mediated by human insulin was converted into the contractile response in thoracic aorta from OLETF rats, which was prevented by human omentin-1. The Western blotting revealed that human omentin-1 improved the decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in isolated thoracic aorta from OLETF rats. CONCLUSION: In summary, we for the first time revealed that human omentin-1 partly reduces vascular IR and thereby inhibits hypertension in OLETF rats.

Autocrine role of senescent cardiac fibroblasts-derived extracellular vesicles.

Cellular senescence is a highly stable state associated with cell cycle arrest, that is elicited in response to various stresses. The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues drives age-related diseases. Recent studies have shown that the cellular senescence enhances an extracellular vesicles (EV) secretion. EV are lipid-bilayer-capsuled particles released by various cells mediating cell-to-cell communication. It was recently reported that EV secreted by the senescent cells had several functions such as cancer cell proliferation and immune cell activation. In the present study, we investigated whether senescent cardiac fibroblasts-derived EV play an autocrine/paracrine role in the heart cells. Neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) were treated with doxorubicin (DOX) to induce cellular senescence. EV were isolated from NRCFs culture media. The vehicle-treated NRCFs-derived EV (D0-EV, 72 hr) increased a living cell number in NRCFs, which was attenuated by DOX (1,000 nM)-treated NRCFs-derived EV (D103-EV, 72 hr). While D0-EV did not affect protein concentration in NRCFs, D103-EV decreased it. Furthermore, D103-EV significantly increased a ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II to LC3-I in NRCFs, indicating an induction of autophagy. In addition, D103-EV increased phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) α in NRCFs. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, however, NRCFs-derived EV (72 hr) had no effect on the living cell number, protein concentration, and ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I. In conclusion, we for the first time revealed that DOX-induced senescent NRCFs-derived EV induce autophagy in NRCFs perhaps partly through the activation of AMPKα.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase inhibitor, A484954 induced diuresis via nitric oxide production in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K) is a protein kinase that inactivates eEF2, a protein that mediates a peptidyl-tRNA translocation during an elongation step of protein synthesis. We have previously shown that eEF2K was involved in pathogenesis of essential and pulmonary hypertension. A484954 (7-amino-1-cyclopropyl-3-ethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidine-6-carboxamide), a selective eEF2K inhibitor, is a membrane permeable small molecule. We have previously shown that A484954 lowered blood pressure and induced diuretic effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) due to an increase in renal blood flow. Here we aimed to reveal mechanisms underlying the diuretic effects of A484954 in SHR. A484954-induced diuresis and increase in urinary Na+ excretion were inhibited by N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor. A484954 increased mRNA expression of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In summary, we for the first time revealed that A484954 induces diuresis in SHR at least partly via the activation of NO/Nrf2/AT2R pathway.

Human Omentin-1 Administration Ameliorates Hypertensive Complications without Affecting Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and is caused by various abnormalities including the contractility of blood vessels. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), whose systemic blood pressure increases with aging, are a frequently used animal model for investigating essential hypertension and related complications in humans due to the damage of several organs. Human omentin-1 is an adipocytokine consisting of 313 amino acids. Serum omentin-1 levels decreased in hypertensive patients compared with normotensive controls. Furthermore, omentin-1 knockout mice showed elevated blood pressure and impaired endothelial vasodilation. Taken together, we hypothesized that adipocytokine, human omentin-1 may improve the hypertension and its complications including heart and renal failure in the aged SHR (65-68-weeks-old). SHR were subcutaneously administered with human omentin-1 (18 µg/kg/day, 2 weeks). Human omentin-1 had no effect on body weight, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure in SHR. The measurement of isometric contraction revealed that human omentin-1 had no influence on the enhanced vasocontractile or impaired vasodilator responses in the isolated thoracic aorta from SHR. On the other hand, human omentin-1 tended to improve left ventricular diastolic failure and renal failure in SHR. In summary, human omentin-1 tended to improve hypertensive complications (heart and renal failure), while it had no influence on the severe hypertension in the aged SHR. The further study of human omentin-1 may lead to the development of therapeutic agents for hypertensive complications.

Chemerin fragments show different effects on systemic blood pressure dependent on carboxyl-terminal cleavage site.

Chemerin is an adipocytokine whose concentration in blood correlates positively with blood pressure (BP). We have recently revealed that acute intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of chemerin-9, an active fragment of human chemerin, increased systemic BP in normal Wistar rats, suggesting that chemerin is involved in the central nervous control of peripheral BP. After secreted as an inactive form as prochemerin, a mature form of active chemerin is produced through the cleavage of its carboxyl (C)-terminus by proteases. Although the activity of cleaved products of chemerin has been examined in vitro, in vivo effects remained to be elusive. In order to explore them, we performed acute i.c.v. injection of mouse chemerin-9 (mChemerin-9; 148F-156S), mouse chemerin-8 (mChemerin-8; 148F-155F), and mouse chemerin-7 (mChemerin-7; 148F-154A) into Wistar rats, and examined the effects on systemic BP. After chemerin fragment (1-30 nmol/head, i.c.v.) was cumulatively administered, systemic BP was measured by a cannulation method under an isoflurane anesthesia. mChemerin-9 but not mChemerin-8 and -7 induced a pressor response, which was concentration-dependent. In conclusion, we for the first time demonstrated that mChemerin-9 that corresponds to the C-terminal nine amino acids of active mouse chemerin156S increased systemic BP in rats, and also that chemerin fragments showed different effects on systemic BP dependent on how their C-terminus was cleaved.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase inhibitor, A484954 inhibits perivascular sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced vasoconstriction in isolated renal artery.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K) repressively regulates protein translation through phosphorylating eEF2. We previously showed that expression and activity of eEF2K are increased in isolated mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) contributing to development of essential hypertension. Furthermore, we have recently shown that 7-Amino-1-cyclopropyl-3-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (A484954), a selective eEF2K inhibitor, induces endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated mesenteric arteries from SHR inducing an antihypertensive effect. In order to test the hypothesis that inhibition of eEF2K activity induces vasodilatation by suppressing sympathetic nerve activity, we examined the effects of A484954 on perivascular sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced contraction in isolated renal artery from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Electrodes were placed near the isolated renal arteries that were applied with transmural nerve stimulation (TNS). Then, contraction of the arteries was isometrically measured. A484954 inhibited TNS-induced contraction. The A484954-mediated inhibition of TNS-induced contraction was significantly prevented by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. In SHR isolated renal artery, TNS-induced contraction was enhanced compared with normotensive Wistar rats. Furthermore, A484954-mediated inhibition of TNS-induced contraction in SHR was enhanced compared with Wistar rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that A484954 inhibits perivascular sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced vasoconstriction at least in part perhaps through nitric oxide (NO) release from NO-operating nerve.

Cardiovascular Characteristics of Zucker Fatty Diabetes Mellitus Rats, an Animal Model for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Zucker fatty diabetes mellitus (ZFDM) rats harboring the missense mutation (fa) in a leptin receptor gene have been recently established as a novel animal model of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we explored changes in cardiovascular dynamics including blood pressure and heart rate (HR) associated with the progression of obesity and T2D, as well as pathological changes in adipose tissue and kidney. There was no significant difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in ZFDM-Leprfa/fa (Homo) compared with ZFDM-Leprfa/+ (Hetero) rats, while HR and plasma adrenaline in Homo were significantly lower than Hetero. The mRNA expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in perirenal white adipose tissue (WAT) from Homo was significantly higher than Hetero. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) in Homo was degenerated and whitened. The plasma blood urea nitrogen in Homo was significantly higher than Hetero. In summary, we demonstrated for the first time that HR and plasma adrenaline concentration but not SBP in Homo decrease with obesity and T2D. In addition, inflammation occurs in WAT from Homo, while whitening occurs in BAT. Further, renal function is impaired in Homo. In the future, ZFDM rats will be useful for investigating metabolic changes associated with the progression of obesity and T2D.

Chemokine-like Receptor 1 in Brain of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Mediates Systemic Hypertension.

Adipocytokine chemerin is a biologically active molecule secreted from adipose tissue. Chemerin elicits a variety of functions via chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). The cardiovascular center in brain that regulates blood pressure (BP) is involved in pathophysiology of systemic hypertension. Thus, we explored the roles of brain chemerin/CMKLR1 on regulation of BP in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). For this aim, we examined effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CMKLR1 small interfering (si)RNA on both systemic BP as measured by tail cuff system and protein expression in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of SHR as determined by Western blotting. We also examined both central and peripheral protein expression of chemerin by Western blotting. Systolic BP of SHR but not normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) was decreased by CMKLR1 siRNA. The decrease of BP by CMKLR1 siRNA persisted for 3 days. Protein expression of CMKLR1 in PVN of SHR tended to be increased compared with WKY, which was suppressed by CMKLR1 siRNA. Protein expression of chemerin in brain, peripheral plasma, and adipose tissue was not different between WKY and SHR. In summary, we for the first time revealed that the increased protein expression of CMKLR1 in PVN is at least partly responsible for systemic hypertension in SHR.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase inhibitor, A484954 induces diuretic effect via renal vasorelaxation in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K), alternatively known as calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III, inhibits protein translation via phosphorylating its sole substrate, eEF2. We previously demonstrated that expression and activity of eEF2K change in mesenteric artery from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with aging and that eEF2K is involved in pathogenesis of essential hypertension. In addition, we have recently revealed that acute intravenous injection with A484954, a selective eEF2K inhibitor, lowers blood pressure specifically in SHR partly via inducing vasorelaxation. In this study, we examined whether A484954 induces diuretic effect. After male SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were given a single intraperitoneal injection of A484954 (2.5 mg/kg, 0.5-9 h), urine was collected using metabolic cage. Contraction of isolated renal arteries form SHR was isometrically measured. While A484954 did not induce diuretic effect in WKY, it increased urine output, water intake, and urinary sodium excretion in SHR. A484954 (10 µM) induced vasorelaxation in isolated renal arteries, which was inhibited by a ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol. It was confirmed that A484954 increased renal blood flow in SHR as measured by renal ultrasonography. In summary, it was for the first time revealed that A484954 induces diuretic effect in SHR at least partly via renal vasorelaxation through ß-adrenergic receptor.

Chemerin-9 stimulates migration in rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro.

Since chemerin is an adipocytokine whose concentration in blood increases in the subjects with various cardiac diseases, chemerin may be involved in pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. In the present study, we examined the effects of chemerin-9, an active fragment of chemerin, on functions of cardiac fibroblasts, which are involved in pathophysiology of cardiac diseases. Primary cardiac fibroblasts were enzymatically isolated from adult male Wistar rats. Migration of cardiac fibroblasts was measured by a Boyden chamber assay and a scratch assay. Phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was measured by Western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluoresein staining. Chemerin-9 significantly stimulated migration in cardiac fibroblasts. Chemerin-9 significantly stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and ERK as well as ROS production. An Akt pathway inhibitor, LY294002, an ERK pathway inhibitor, PD98059, an antagonist of chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), 2-(α-Napththoyl) ethyltrimethylammonium iodide, or an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine prevented the migration induced by chemerin-9. In summary, we for the first time revealed that chemerin-9 stimulates migration perhaps through the ROS-dependent activation of Akt and ERK via CMKLR1 in cardiac fibroblasts. It is proposed that chemerin plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases.

[Development of basic research toward clinical application of cleaved fragment of type IV collagen].

Basement membrane is a dense sheet-like extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates cells from surrounding interstitium. Type IV collagen is a major component of basement membrane and three of six α chains (namely α1-α6 chains) form a triple-helix structure. Recently, endogenous bioactive factors called "matricryptins" or "matrikines", which are produced by degrading and cleaving C-terminal domain of type IV collagen, attract attentions as a novel therapeutic target or a candidate for biomarkers. In all type IV collagens, matricryptins called arresten (α1 chain), canstatin (α2), tumstatin (α3), tetrastatin (α4), pentastatin (α5), and hexastatin (α6), have been identified. The type IV collagen-derived matricryptins have been previously studied as new therapeutic targets for neoplastic diseases since they exert anti-angiogenic and/or anti-tumor effects. On the other hand, we have recently demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of matricryptins in addition to the altered expression levels in cardiac diseases. In this review, we introduce the results of fundamental studies for the type IV collagen-derived matricryptins in various diseases, such as neoplastic diseases and cardiac diseases, and discuss the potential clinical application as novel therapeutic agents and biomarkers.

A single injection of periostin decreases cardiac voltage-gated Na+ channel in rat ventricles.

Changes in electrophysiological properties, such as ion channel expression and activity, are closely related to arrhythmogenesis during heart failure (HF). However, a causative factor for the electrical remodeling in HF has not been determined. Periostin (POSTN), a matricellular protein, is increased in heart tissues of patients with HF. In the present study, we investigated whether a single injection of POSTN affects the electrophysiological properties in rat ventricles. After male Wistar rats were intravenously injected with recombinant rat POSTN (64 µg/kg, 24 hr), electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded. Whole-cell patch clamp was performed to measure action potential (AP) and Na+ current (INa) in isolated ventricular myocytes. Protein expression of cardiac voltage-gated Na+ channel (NaV1.5) in isolated ventricles was examined by Western blotting. In ECG, POSTN-injection significantly increased RS height. POSTN-injection significantly delayed time to peak in AP and decreased INa in the isolated ventricular myocytes. POSTN-injection decreased NaV1.5 expression in the isolated ventricles. It was confirmed that POSTN (1 µg/ml, 24 hr) decreased INa and NaV1.5 protein expression in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. This study for the first time demonstrated that a single injection of POSTN in rats decreased INa by suppressing NaV1.5 expression in the ventricular myocytes, which was accompanied by a prolongation of time to peak in AP and an increase of RS height in ECG.

Preventive Effect of Canstatin against Ventricular Arrhythmia Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Pilot Study.

Ventricular arrhythmia induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a clinical problem in reperfusion therapies for acute myocardial infarction. Ca2+ overload through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a major cause for I/R-induced arrhythmia. We previously demonstrated that canstatin, a C-terminal fragment of type IV collagen α2 chain, regulated Ca2+ handling in rat heart. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of canstatin on I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmia in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to I/R injury by ligating the left anterior descending artery followed by reperfusion. Ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) was recorded by electrocardiogram. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) activity and ROS production in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) stimulated with oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) were measured by lucigenin assay and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining, respectively. The H2O2-induced intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) rise in NRCMs was measured by a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. Canstatin (20 µg/kg) inhibited I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmia in rats. Canstatin (250 ng/mL) inhibited OGD/R-induced NOX activation and ROS production and suppressed the H2O2-induced [Ca2+]i rise in NRCMs. We for the first time demonstrated that canstatin exerts a preventive effect against I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmia, perhaps in part through the suppression of ROS production and the subsequent [Ca2+]i rise.

Age-dependent increase in activity of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K) negatively regulates protein translation through the phosphorylation of its specific substrate, eEF2. We previously found that expression of eEF2K was increased in arteries from 13-15-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as well as in left ventricles of cardiac hypertrophy models. Furthermore, we demonstrated that eEF2K mediates the development of essential hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension in animal models. Protein expression changes with age during development of hypertension in SHR. In the present study, we examined whether activity and expression of eEF2K change in isolated mesenteric arteries dependent on the age. After superior mesenteric arteries were isolated from 4-10-week-old Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR, Western blotting was performed. The phosphorylation of eEF2K at Ser500, an activating phosphorylation site, was increased in the arteries from 10-week-old SHR, whereas the phosphorylation of eEF2K at Ser366, an inactivating phosphorylation site, was increased in the arteries from 4-5-week-old SHR compared with WKY. The expression of eEF2K was increased in the arteries from 10-week-old SHR compared with WKY. The phosphorylation of eEF2 at Thr56 was decreased in the arteries from 4-5-week-old SHR, whereas it was increased in the arteries from 10-week-old SHR compared with WKY. We for the first time revealed that eEF2K activity is lower in prehypertensive stage but higher in hypertensive stage in SHR, suggesting that an inhibition of eEF2K activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of essential hypertension.

Decreased Expression of Canstatin in Rat Model of Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Protective Effect of Canstatin on Right Ventricular Remodeling.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease which causes right ventricular (RV) failure. Canstatin, a C-terminal fragment of type IV collagen α2 chain, is expressed in various rat organs. However, the expression level of canstatin in plasma and organs during PAH is still unclear. We aimed to clarify it and further investigated the protective effects of canstatin in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced PAH. Cardiac functions were assessed by echocardiography. Expression levels of canstatin in plasma and organs were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting, respectively. PAH was evaluated by catheterization. RV remodeling was evaluated by histological analyses. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate RV remodeling-related genes. The plasma concentration of canstatin in PAH rats was decreased, which was correlated with a reduction in acceleration time/ejection time ratio and an increase in RV weight/body weight ratio. The protein expression of canstatin in RV, lung and kidney was decreased in PAH rats. While recombinant canstatin had no effect on PAH, it significantly improved RV remodeling, including hypertrophy and fibrosis, and prevented the increase in RV remodeling-related genes. We demonstrated that plasma canstatin is decreased in PAH rats and that administration of canstatin exerts cardioprotective effects.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase inhibitor, A484954 lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats via inducing vasorelaxation.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K) suppresses protein translation. We previously reported eEF2K expression was upregulated in mesenteric arteries (MA) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We have recently revealed A484954, an eEF2K inhibitor, acutely suppressed vasopressor agonists-induced increase of blood pressure (BP) in normal Wistar rats. In this study, we examined the acute effects of A484954 on BP in SHR and explored underlying mechanisms. BP was measured by a carotid cannulation method in SHR. Isometric contraction in MA from SHR was measured. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dimerization was measured by low-temperature sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. A484954 lowered BP in 15-week-old SHR. A484954 induced relaxation in MA from both 4- and 7-9-week-old SHR. In MA from 4-week-old SHR, A484954-induced relaxation was inhibited almost completely by a NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and significantly by a ß blocker, propranolol. In MA from 7-9-week-old SHR, on the other hand, A484954-induced relaxation was inhibited partly either by l-NAME, indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or l-NAME + indomethacin. A484954 promoted the dimerization of eNOS in human endothelial cells. In summary, we have revealed A484954 lowers BP in SHR perhaps through the vasorelaxation via the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factors.

Long-term administration of recombinant canstatin prevents adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction.

Myocardial infarction (MI) still remains a leading cause of mortality throughout the world. An adverse cardiac remodeling, such as hypertrophy and fibrosis, in non-infarcted area leads to uncompensated heart failure with cardiac dysfunction. We previously demonstrated that canstatin, a C-terminus fragment of type IV collagen α2 chain, exerted anti-remodeling effect against isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy model rats. In the present study, we examined whether a long-term administration of recombinant canstatin exhibits a cardioprotective effect against the adverse cardiac remodeling in MI model rats. Left anterior descending artery of male Wistar rats was ligated and recombinant mouse canstatin (20 µg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected for 28 days. Long-term administration of canstatin improved survival rate and significantly inhibited left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction after MI. Canstatin significantly inhibited scar thinning in the infarcted area and significantly suppressed cardiac hypertrophy, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, interstitial fibrosis and increase of myofibroblasts in the non-infarcted area. Canstatin significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-ß1-induced differentiation of rat cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. The present study for the first time demonstrated that long-term administration of recombinant canstatin exerts cardioprotective effects against adverse cardiac remodeling in MI model rats.

Plasma small extracellular vesicles in hypertensive rats impair reactivity of isolated blood vessels.

Extracellular vesicles (EV) consist of a lipid-bilayered membrane and are typically classified as small EV (sEV or exosome) or large EV (or microvesicle). sEV mediate cell-to-cell communication and play a key role in various disease states. We recently reported that plasma sEV in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of human essential hypertension, regulate systemic blood pressure (BP). An abnormal vascular reactivity is involved in the onset and progression of hypertension. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that plasma sEV may affect the reactivity of isolated blood vessels. sEV were isolated from plasma in male WKY and SHR (WsEV and SsEV, respectively) by precipitation with polyethylene-glycol and ultracentrifugation. The particle distribution and concentration of sEV were measured by a tunable resistive pulse sensing method. Isolated mesenteric arteries from normal male Wistar rats were cultured for 24 hr with WsEV, SsEV, or vehicle. There was no difference in particle distribution and total concentration between WsEV and SsEV. Both SsEV and WsEV had no significant effect on the KCl-induced maximal contraction, while SsEV specifically attenuated contraction induced by noradrenaline compared with WsEV- and vehicle-treatment. In summary, it was for the first time revealed that SsEV attenuate the agonist-induced contractility of isolated blood vessels, which might be at least partly responsible for the BP regulation by SsEV.

Acute intracerebroventricular injection of chemerin-9 increases systemic blood pressure through activating sympathetic nerves via CMKLR1 in brain.

Chemerin is an adipocytokine involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism via G protein-coupled receptor, chemokine-like receptor (CMKLR)1. Since the important nuclei regulating pressure (BP) exist in the brain, we examined the effects of acute intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of chemerin-9 on systemic BP and explored underlying mechanisms. We examined the effects of acute i.c.v. injection of chemerin-9 (10 nmol/head) on systemic BP by a carotid cannulation method in the control or CMKLR1 small interfering (si) RNA-treated Wistar rats (0.04 nmol, 3 days, i.c.v.). We examined protein expression of CMKLR1 around brain ventricles by Western blotting. We examined the effects of acute i.c.v. injection of chemerin-9 on serum adrenaline by a high performance liquid chromatography. In the control siRNA-treated rats, chemerin-9 significantly increased mean BP, which reached a peak at 2 to 4 min after injection. On the other hand, in the CMKLR1 siRNA-treated rats, chemerin-9 did not affect the mean BP. Protein expression of CMKLR1 specifically in subfornical organ (SFO) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) from the CMKLR1 siRNA-treated rats decreased compared with the control siRNA-treated rats. In the control siRNA-treated rats, chemerin-9 increased serum adrenaline level. On the other hand, in the CMKLR1 siRNA-treated rats, chemerin-9 did not affect the serum adrenaline level. Further, pretreatment with prazosin, an α-adrenaline receptor blocker, significantly prevented the pressor responses induced by chemerin-9. In summary, we for the first time demonstrated that chemerin-9 stimulates the sympathetic nerves via CMKLR1 perhaps expressed in SFO and PVN, which leads to an increase in systemic BP.

Thrombospondin-4 induces prolongation of action potential duration in rat isolated ventricular myocytes.

Expression of thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4), a matricellular protein, is increased in the heart tissue of various cardiac disease models. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, TSP-4 inhibits L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) activity. Although TSP-4 might be related to the electrophysiological properties in heart, it remains to be clarified. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of TSP-4 on action potential (AP), LTCC current (ICaL) and voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channel current (IKv) in rat isolated ventricular myocytes by a patch clamp technique. Ventricular myocytes were isolated from the heart of adult male Wistar rats. The ventricular myocytes were treated with TSP-4 (5 nM) or its vehicle for 4 hr. Then, whole-cell patch clamp technique was performed to measure AP (current-clamp mode) and ICaL and IKv (voltage-clamp mode). The mRNA expression of Kv channels was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. TSP-4 had no effect on the resting membrane potential and peak amplitude of AP. On the other hand, TSP-4 significantly prolonged AP duration (APD) at 50% and 90% repolarization. TSP-4 significantly inhibited the peak amplitudes of ICaL and IKv. TSP-4 had no effect on mRNA expression of Kv channels (Kcna4, Kcna5, Kcnb1, Kcnd2 and Kcnd3). The present study for the first time demonstrated that TSP-4 prolongs APD in rat ventricular myocytes, which is possibly mediated through the suppression of Kv channel activity.