Development of a scale examining post-disaster coping motivations in Turkey after the 6 February earthquake.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop the Motivations for Coping After Disaster Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale, a total of 676 data were collected from three different sampling groups (N1: 388; N2: 194; N3: 94). METHODS: Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Criterion validity analysis were conducted to test the construct validity of the scale. RESULTS: As a result of CFA, it was seen that the post-disaster scale had a five-dimensional structure (spiritual values, hope, friend support, solidarity, family support). The loadings of the items of the scale are at a good level. As a result of CFA, the scale was found to have acceptable and good fit indices (χ2/sd = 2.690; RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) = 0.066; SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) = 0.047; CFI (Comparative Fit Index) = 0.948; GFI (Goodness of Fit Index) = 0.917). The results of the criterion validity analysis show that the scale has criterion validity. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient shows that the scale is highly reliable (Total = 0.923). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that the Post-Disaster Coping Motivations Scale is a valid and reliable instrument. It is thought that the scale can make an important contribution to understanding psychological recovery processes after disaster and providing appropriate support to individuals.

Spiritual Contradiction Scale: A New Way of Understanding Internal and External Contradictions.

The Spiritual Contradiction Scale was developed to quantify spiritual contradictions experienced by individuals. The scale was developed following a literature review and online interviews conducted with 72 individuals who reported contradictory experiences. Based on the interviewees' statements, candidate items were identified and presented to experts for review. Twenty-five items were generated and reviewed by three experts. These items were subject to exploratory factor analysis (n = 265), and then to confirmatory factor analysis (n = 186). Criterion validity was examined in a third sample (n = 70). Following the analyses, it was concluded that the Spiritual Contradiction Scale is comprised of two dimensions and 12 items (Internal Contradiction items = 8; External Contradiction = 4 items). The scale aims to convey information about the inconsistency between individuals' spiritual beliefs, values, and actions. To ascertain the scale's validity and reliability, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity analyses were carried out. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a 12-item structure divided into two dimensions. The Spiritual Contradiction Scale can be helpful for individuals to recognize and manage their spiritual contradictions, especially in counseling and therapy processes. In addition, conducting further studies utilizing the scale across different cultures and age groups could yield greater insight into spiritual incongruity.

Mental Health During Crisis: Development and Evaluation of the Post-disaster Spiritual Coping Scale in Turkey.

This research presents the detailed development of the post-disaster spiritual coping scale, which aims to evaluate post-disaster spiritual coping processes. The study's first step in developing the scale has been to review the literature on the effects disasters have on the lives of individuals alongside spiritual coping's role in this process. The study has also taken into account the steps required when developing a scale. Data were initially collected from individuals who'd experienced the February 6 Kahramanmaras earthquake, after which the scale items were created. In line with expert opinions, a pilot application of the scale was applied before the items took their final form. During the data collection phase, data were collected three times (N1 = 388, N2 = 194, N3 = 94). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then performed, and the scale was concluded to consist of one dimension and 13 items. Afterward, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed over the 13-item scale, confirming the results from the previous analysis. The CFA results also showed acceptable goodness-of-fit values to have been obtained (χ2/df = 2.200; RMSEA = 0.061; SRMR = 0.024; CFI = 0.933; GFI = 0.908). At the same time, each item in the scale was concluded to have a sufficient loading value. As a result of the analysis of internal consistency for the scale, Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.950. Significant values were also obtained as a result of the criterion validity analysis for the developed scale. In conclusion, the final version of the post-disaster spiritual coping scale has been developed and validated, with the reliability and validity coefficients of the scale being found sufficient. This scale can be used as a powerful tool for evaluating the spiritual coping mechanisms of individuals who are being affected by disaster.