[Specific proposals for organising an agency for evaluating the efficiency of health technologies and policies]. / Propuestas concretas para organizar una agencia de evaluación de la eficiencia de tecnologías y políticas sanitarias.

We describe in detail a twofold proposal for the creation, organization and sequential development of two bodies responsible for evaluating the efficiency of health technologies and policies in Spain and its possible design. It would constitute a key element in the process of re-organising the National Health System. The first, which could be adopted immediately, would be called the Office for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of Medicines, would be attached to the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices as a functionally independent body and limited to evaluating the efficiency of medicines. The second, the National Health Evaluation Commission, in the form of an independent administrative body, would evaluate health technologies and possibly public health policies. Functional independence, adequate resources and anchoring in the values of good governance are the defining characteristics of this dual proposal.

A roadmap for implementing a successful clinical experience with intradialytic parenteral nutrition.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) is a safe and effective patient-tailored nutritional strategy for providing nutrient supplementation to malnourished or at risk of malnutrition patients on hemodialysis (HD), who did not adequately respond to intensive dietary counselling and oral nutritional supplementation. Although IDPN is recommended by current ESPEN and KDOQI guidelines for nutrition in HD patients, none of these documents informs how to successfully implement this therapy, being the lack of knowledge on practical aspects of IDPN one of the main limitations to its use. The aim of this narrative review was to provide a practical roadmap for guiding the nephrologists, dietitians, and renal nurses in their everyday clinical practice about the use of IDPN. METHODS: A multidisciplinary group formed by specialists from the areas of Nephrology and Nutrition agreed to address different practical aspects related to IDPN in HD patients. Based on the available evidence in the literature and on the authors' clinical experience, different topics were selected to develop a detailed plan for implementing a successful experience with IDPN, proposing a practical IDPN roadmap. RESULTS: This IDPN roadmap provides practical information on when an IDPN should be started; what type of nutrients should be part of an IDPN; how the IDPN should be administered; how the effectiveness and safety of the IDPN should be monitored; how to determine the effectiveness of IDPN; and the conditions that advise discontinuing the IDPN. CONCLUSIONS: IDPN is a safe and effective nutritional therapy for HD patients, although the lack of staff training may limit its use. This review addresses different practical aspects of IDPN, helping interdisciplinary teams in their daily clinical practice to improve the nutritional care of HD patients, either malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.

Relationship between intraperitoneal pressure and the development of hernias in peritoneal dialysis: confirmation for the first time of a widely accepted concept.

BACKGROUND: Intraperitoneal pressure (IPP) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an individual characteristic that can be modified by posture and intraperitoneal volume (IPV). It is considered one of the predisposing factors for complications in the abdominal wall, such as the appearance of hernias. No studies to date have confirmed this. The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the development of hernia in incident PD patients and IPP measured at PD onset. METHODS: A prospective observational study of incident patients in a PD programme between 2010 and 2020. IPP was measured using the Durand's method. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-four incident patients on PD, 68% male, mean age 62.1 ± 15.23 years, body mass index (BMI) 27.7 ± 4.82 kg/m2, 44% were diabetic. IPP in supine was 16.6 ± 4.60 cm H2O for a mean IPV of 2047.1 ± 359.19 mL. Hernias were reported in 18.5% of patients during PD follow-up: 57% were inguinal hernias, 33% umbilical, and a further 10% presented in a combined form. PD hernias correlated positively with IPP in supine position (p = 0.037), patient age (p = 0.008), BMI (p = 0.043), a history of prior hernia (0.016), laparoscopic catheter placement (p = 0.026), and technique failure (p = 0.012). In the multivariate analysis, a higher IPP was independently related to the development of hernias (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: The development of hernias in PD was related to a higher IPP at PD onset, older age, higher BMI, history of prior hernia, catheter placement by laparoscopy, and technique failure.

Does becoming an informal caregiver make your health worse? A longitudinal analysis across Europe.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether becoming an informal caregiver in Europe has a significant effect on health status, compared with non-informal caregivers, distinguishing by place of residence (in or outside the home of the care receivers) and country. And to determine whether there is an adaptation effect after the passage of time. METHODS: The Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (2004-2017) was used. Propensity score matching was applied to analyse the differences in the health status of people who became informal carers between different periods and those who did not. We considered short-term (2-3 years after the shock) and medium-term effects (4-5 years). RESULTS: In the short term, the probability of those who became informal caregivers being depressed was 3.7% points (p.p.) higher than among their counterparts, being higher among those who lived in the care recipients' homes (12.8 p.p.) and those providing care outside and at home (12.9 p.p.). Significant differences in the probability of being depressed were also observed by country (Southern and Eastern Europe), and in countries with low expenditure on long-term care (LTC). Those effects remained in the medium term. No significant effects were found in cancer, stroke, heart attack and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The results might help to concentrate a major effort of any policy in the field of mental health on the period immediately after the negative shock, especially for those caregivers who live with the care receiver, for those in Southern and Eastern Europe and in countries with low expenditure on LTC.

"SARCOPENIA MEASURED BY ULTRASOUND IN HOSPITALIZED OLDER ADULTS" (ECOSARC): multi-centre, prospective observational study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of muscle mass and function, and thereafter, screening and diagnosis of sarcopenia, is a challenge and a need in hospitalized older adults. However, it is difficult in complex real-world old patients, because usually they are unable to collaborate with clinical, functional, and imaging testing. Ultrasound measurement of quadriceps rectus femoris (QRF) provides a non-invasive, real-time assessment of muscle quantity and quality, and is highly acceptable to participants with excellent inter-rater and intra-rater variability. However, normative data, protocol standardization, and association with longitudinal outcomes, needs further research and consensus. METHODS: Prospective exploratory multicenter study in older adults admitted to Acute Geriatric Units (AGUs) for medical reasons. 157 subjects from 7 AGUs of Spain were recruited between May 2019 and January 2022. Muscle ultrasound measurements of the anterior vastus of the QRF were acquired on admission and on discharge, using a previously validated protocol, using a Chieson model ECO2 ultrasound system (Chieson Medical Technologies, Co. Ltd, Wimxu District Wuxi, Jiangsu, China). Measurements included the cross-sectional area, muscle thickness in longitudinal view, intramuscular central tendon thickness, echogenicity, and the presence or absence of edema and fasciculations. Functional, nutritional, and DXA measurements were provided. Clinical follow-up was completed at discharge, and 30 and 90 days after discharge. Variations between hospital admission and discharge ultrasound values, and the relationship with clinical variables, will be analyzed using paired t-tests, Wilcoxon tests, or Mc Nemar chi-square tests when necessary. Prevalence of sarcopenia will be calculated, as well as sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound measurements to determine sarcopenia. Kappa analysis will be used to analyze the concordance between measurements, and sensitivity analysis will be conducted for each participating center. DISCUSSION: The results obtained will be of great interest to the scientific geriatric community to assess the utility and validity of ultrasound measurements for the detection and follow-up of sarcopenia in hospitalized older adults, and its association with adverse outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05113758. Registration date: November 9th 2021. Retrospectively registered.

Is fetuin-A a biomarker of dialysis access dysfunction?

BACKGROUND: The arteriovenous (AV) access function of hemodialysis (HD) patients can be impaired by afferent artery stiffness due to preexisting microcalcification and by venous stenosis secondary to neointimal hyperplasia in whose development participates an upregulated local inflammatory process. Fetuin-A is a circulating potent inhibitor of vascular calcification and plays an important anti-inflammatory role. The aims of this prospective study were to investigate the relationship between baseline serum fetuin-A levels and: blood flow (QA) values at baseline, AV access failure (thrombosis or intervention for stenosis) during follow-up and primary unassisted AV access patency. METHODS: We measured baseline serum fetuin-A levels and QA values of the AV access in 64 HD patients under routine QA surveillance for stenosis. Patients were classified into tertiles according to their baseline fetuin-A levels (g/L): <0.5 (tertile-1), 0.5-1.20 (tertile-2), and >1.20 (tertile-3). RESULTS: Fetuin-A was positively correlated with QA (Spearman coefficient = 0.311, p = 0.012). Fourteen patients (21.9%) underwent AV access failure and they had lower fetuin-A (0.59 ± 0.32 g/L) and lower QA (739.4 ± 438.8 mL/min) values at baseline compared with the remaining patients (1.05 ± 0.65 g/L and 1273.0 ± 596.3 mL/min, respectively) (p = 0.027 and p < 0.001, respectively). The AV access failure rate was highest (34.8%) in tertile-1 (lowest fetuin-A level). Unadjusted Cox regression analysis showed a decrease in the risk of AV access patency loss by increasing fetuin-A concentration (hazard ratio 0.395 (95% confidence interval: 1.42-1.69), p = 0.044) but it was not confirmed in the adjusted model, although the hazard ratio was low (0.523). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients in tertile-3 (highest fetuin-A concentration) had the highest primary unassisted AV access patency (λ2 = 4.68, p = 0.030, log-rank test). CONCLUSION: If our results are confirmed in further studies, fetuin-A could be used as a circulating biomarker to identify HD patients at greater risk for AV access dysfunction, who would benefit from much closer dialysis access surveillance.

[Impact of COVID-19 on long term care: the case of residential facilities. SESPAS Report 2022]. / Impacto de la COVID-19 en la atención sociosanitaria: el caso de las residencias. Informe SESPAS 2022.

Facilities have been the focus of the greatest impact of COVID-19 in terms of mortality and extreme situations, along with health centers. The main objective of this article is to describe how the arrival of SARS-CoV-2 affected facilities, focusing on Spain during the first pandemic months, and to point out lessons learned. Despite the measures and regulations approved in the first weeks of March 2020, these centers were not prepared for the arrival of an epidemic such as the one experienced. The clearest indicator of this is a strong impact on mortality in residential facilities. The excess of deaths in residences has been estimated at 26,448 people between March 2020 and May 2021 (10.6% of the total number of dependents cared for in residences, with an excess mortality of 43.5%), with deaths concentrated in the first months of the pandemic. However, there are other effects to be considered such as those that affect the mental health and quality of life of residents, family members, and residential facilities staff. Assuming that no two pandemics are possibly alike, it is essential to draw lessons from lived experience that may be useful to prepare for similar future situations and strengthen a long-term care system that was already frail before the arrival of SARS-CoV-2.

Functional and radiologic results of the crimson duvet procedure in rotator cuff treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tears are one of the more frequent pathologies of the shoulder. Arthroscopic techniques and biologic augmentation have been developed to improve the rate and quality of healing. The crimson duvet procedure (CDP) theoretically provides mesenchymal stem cells through microfracture treatment of the footprint. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of CDP in patients who had undergone arthroscopic surgery for complete rotator cuff repair. METHODS: A prospective randomized clinical trial was performed in a total of 123 patients, consisting of 59 women and 64 men, with a mean age of 58 years. We included patients with a clinical and radiologic diagnosis of a complete rotator cuff tear. All patients were treated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. In group 1, the surface of the footprint was débrided; in group 2, the footprint underwent microfracture. The primary outcome was the nonhealing rate, which was detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography, and the secondary outcome was the functional result. A Sugaya classification of I to III was considered to indicate healing. For clinical evaluation, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) and Constant scores were evaluated, along with the range of motion. The functional evaluation was performed preoperatively and at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. The radiologic (MRI or ultrasonography) evaluation was performed at 6 months. Neither the patients nor the radiologists and physical therapists who performed the postoperative evaluations were informed of the random selection. RESULTS: We observed a healing rate of 85.11% in the control group and 93.7% in the CDP group, which was not significant (P = .19). However, a significant improvement in function was observed in all patients. The ASES score improved from 68.9 (SD 13.8) preoperatively to 92.2 at 6 months and to 96.4 (SD 6.2) at 12 months (P < .05), but no difference was observed between the groups. A similar level of improvement was observed in the Constant score. CONCLUSION: The arthroscopic repair of complete rotator cuff tears presents good and excellent clinical results in most patients. Nevertheless, nonhealing occurs at a rate that depends mainly on the age of the patient and the size of the tear. The addition of CDP did not improve the functional results or the healing rate.

Comparison of disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis under TNFi or NSAID treatment, is there any difference? An observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there are any real-life differences between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients treated with NSAID or TNF inhibitors (TNFi) regarding disease activity. METHODS: This is an observational transversal unicentric study with retrospective retrieval of data from clinical records of all AS patients attended in our hospital. We compared clinical activity measured by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) scores between patients treated with NSAID and those treated with TNFi, in terms of low disease activity defined as BASDAI<4, and inactivity when BASDAI≤2. As secondary variables, we also collected epidemiological, clinical and radiological data from all those patients. RESULTS: A total of 152 AS patients (81% male), with an average age of 49.45±12.38 years and a disease duration of 13.5±9.79 years were included in the study. Eighty-nine patients (58.6%) were treated with NSAID and 63 (41.4%) with TNFi. The proportion of patients with low disease activity and inactive disease was significantly higher in the TNFi treatment group compared to the NSAID group (81 vs. 47, P=.0001) and (44 vs. 24, P=.007), respectively. Patients treated with NSAIDs also showed significantly more global pain and night pain than those under TNFi therapy. The BASFI score and especially the type of treatment (NSAID or TNFI) were the only variables independently associated with low disease activity or inactive disease. CONCLUSION: In real world practice, AS patients under TNFi treatment show a better control of clinical symptoms than those under NSAIDs.

Budget impact of ferric carboxymaltose treatment in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: The treatment of iron deficiency (ID) with ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) improves the functional class and quality of life of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and reduces the rate of hospitalization due to worsening CHF. This study aims to evaluate the budget impact for the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) of treating ID in reduced LVEF CHF with FCM compared to non-iron treatment. METHODS: We simulated a hypothetical cohort of 1000 CHF patients with ID and reduced LVEF based on the Spanish population characteristics. A decision-analytic model was also built using the data from the largest FCM clinical trial (CONFIRM-HF) that lasted for a year. We considered the use of healthcare resources from a national prospective study. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried out varying the corresponding baseline data by ±25%. RESULTS: The cost of treating the simulated population with FCM was €2,570,914, while that of the non-iron treatment was €3,105,711, which corresponds to a cost saving of €534,797 per 1,000 patients in one year. Cost savings were mainly due to a decrease in the number of hospitalizations. All sensitivity analysis showed cost savings for the SNHS. CONCLUSIONS: FCM results in an annual cost saving of €534.80 per patient, and would thus be expected to reduce the economic burden of CHF in Spain.

Impact of non-cardiovascular comorbidities on the quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of non-cardiovascular comorbidities on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: A scoping review of the scientific literature published between 2009 and 2019 was carried out. Observational studies which assessed the HRQoL of patients with CHF using validated questionnaires and its association with non-cardiovascular comorbidities were included. RESULTS: The search identified 1904 studies, of which 21 fulfilled the inclusion criteria to be included for analysis. HRQoL was measured through specific, generic, or both types of questionnaires in 72.2%, 16.7%, and 11.1% of the studies, respectively. The most common comorbidities studied were diabetes mellitus (12 studies), mental and behavioral disorders (8 studies), anemia and/or iron deficiency (7 studies), and respiratory diseases (6 studies). Across studies, 93 possible associations between non-cardiovascular comorbidities and HRQoL were tested, of which 21.5% regarded anemia or iron deficiency, 20.4% mental and behavioral disorders, 20.4% diabetes mellitus, and 14.0% respiratory diseases. Despite the large heterogeneity across studies, all 21 showed that the presence of a non-cardiovascular comorbidity had a negative impact on the HRQoL of patients with CHF. A statistically significant impact on worse HRQoL was found in 84.2% of associations between mental and behavioral disorders and HRQoL (patients with depression had up to 200% worse HRQoL than patients without depression); 73.7% of associations between diabetes mellitus and HRQoL (patients with diabetes mellitus had up to 21.8% worse HRQoL than patients without diabetes mellitus); 75% of associations between anemia and/or iron deficiency and HRQoL (patients with anemia and/or iron deficiency had up to 25.6% worse HRQoL than between patients without anemia and/or iron deficiency); and 61.5% of associations between respiratory diseases and HRQoL (patients with a respiratory disease had up to 21.3% worse HRQoL than patients without a respiratory disease). CONCLUSION: The comprehensive management of patients with CHF should include the management of comorbidities which have been associated with a worse HRQoL, with special emphasis on anemia and iron deficiency, mental and behavioral disorders, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory diseases. An adequate control of these comorbidities may have a positive impact on the HRQoL of patients.

Some reflections on the use of inappropriate comparators in CEA.

Although the choice of the comparator is one of the aspects with a highest effect on the results of cost-effectiveness analyses, it is one of the less debated issues in international methodological guidelines. The inclusion of an inappropriate comparator may introduce biases on the outcomes and the recommendations of an economic analysis. Although the rules for cost-effectiveness analyses of sets of mutually exclusive alternatives have been widely described in the literature, in practice, they are hardly ever applied. In addition, there are many cases where the efficiency of the standard of care has never been assessed; or where the standard of care has demonstrated to be cost-effective with respect to a non-efficient option. In all these cases the comparator may lie outside the efficiency frontier, so the result of the CEA may be biased. Through some hypothetical examples, the paper shows how the complementary use of an independent reference may help to identify potential inappropriate comparators and inefficient use of resources.

[Impact of Great Recession on mental health in Spain. SESPAS Report 2020]. / El impacto de la Gran Recesión en la salud mental en España. Informe SESPAS 2020.

The objective of this article is to identify the effects of the Great Recession on the mental health of people residing in Spain. After presenting a conceptual framework on the mechanisms through which economic crises affect mental health, we describe the main results of 45 papers identified in our search. Studies indicate a worsening of mental health in Spain in the years of economic crisis, especially in men. Working conditions (unemployment, low wages, instability, precariousness) emerge as one of the main channels through which mental health is put at risk or deteriorates. This deterioration occurs with intensity in particularly vulnerable groups, such as immigrant population and families with economic burdens. In the case of suicides, the results were inconclusive. Regarding the use of health care services, an increase in the consumption of certain drugs seems to be identified, although the conclusions of all the studies are not coincidental. Social inequalities in mental health do not seem to have remitted. We conclude that Spain needs to improve information systems to a better understanding of the health effects of economic crises. In terms of public policies, together with the reinforcement of health services aimed at addressing mental health problems, an income guarantee network for people in vulnerable situations should be promoted, as well as the development of policies aimed at the labour market.

The Association Between Poor Glycemic Control and Health Care Costs in People With Diabetes: A Population-Based Study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences in health care costs according to glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data on health care resource utilization from 100,391 people with type 2 diabetes were extracted from the electronic database used at the Catalan Health Institute. Multivariate regression models were carried out to test the impact of glycemic control (HbA1c) on total health care, hospital admission, and medication costs; model 1 adjusted for a variety of covariates, and model 2 also included micro- and macrovascular complications. Glycemic control was classified as good for HbA1c <7%, fair for ≥7% to <8%, poor for ≥8% to <10%, and very poor for ≥10%. RESULTS: Mean per patient annual direct medical costs were €3,039 ± SD €6,581. Worse glycemic control was associated with higher total health care costs: compared with good glycemic control, health care costs increased by 18% (€509.82) and 23% (€661.35) in patients with very poor and poor glycemic control, respectively, when unadjusted and by €428.3 and €395.1, respectively, in model 2. Medication costs increased by 12% in patients with fair control and by 28% in those with very poor control (model 2). Patients with poor control had a higher probability of hospitalization than those with good control (5% in model 2) and a greater average cost when hospitalization occurred (€811). CONCLUSIONS: Poor glycemic control was directly related to higher total health care, hospitalization, and medication costs. Preventive strategies and good glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes could reduce the economic impact associated with this disease.

Variables clínicas, humorales e imagenológicas útiles para el diagnóstico de las peritonitis persistentes / Clinical, humoral and imaging variables useful for the diagnosis of persistent peritonitis / Variáveis clínicas, humorais e de imagem úteis para o diagnóstico de peritonite persistente

RESUMEN Introducción: las peritonitis, proceso inflamatorio general o localizado de la membrana peritoneal; traen consigo una serie de trastornos locales intraabdominales y generales que amenaza la vida del paciente de manera potencial, dejada sin tratamiento más del 90 % de los pacientes mueren. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de variables clínicas, humorales e imaginológicas postoperatorios, vitales para el diagnóstico precoz de la infección intraabdominal persistente. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, de cohorte, prospectivo y longitudinal en 45 pacientes mayores de 15 años intervenidos quirúrgicamente por peritonitis secundaria supurada difusa (PSSD) y que fueron reintervenidos con la impresión diagnóstica de peritonitis persistente de los cuales unos la desarrollaron y otros no, en el período comprendido de septiembre del 2014 hasta abril del 2018. Resultados: para el diagnóstico precoz de las peritonitis persistentes en pacientes operados de peritonitis supuradas; la frecuencia cardiaca prereintervención, el dolor abdominal espontáneo posoperatorio mantenido en las primeras 48 horas y el dolor posoperatorio a la descompresión del abdomen fueron los hallazgos más significativos. Conclusiones: el dolor posoperatorio a la descompresión del abdomen adquirió valor predictivo de reintervención para las primeras 48 horas de operado y su aparición incrementó en 6 veces el riesgo de presentar una peritonitis persistente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: peritonitis, general or localized inflammatory process of the peritoneal membrane; they bring with them a series of local intra-abdominal and general disorders that threatens the patient's life in a potential way, left untreated more than 90% of patients die. Objective: to evaluate the usefulness of postoperative clinical, humoral and imaginological variables, vital for the early diagnosis of persistent intra-abdominal infection. Method: An analytical, cohort, prospective and longitudinal observational study was carried out in 45 patients older than 15 years undergoing surgery for diffuse suppurative secondary peritonitis (PSSD) and who were reoperated with the diagnostic impression of persistent peritonitis of which some developed and others do not, in the period from September 2014 to April 2018. Results: For the early diagnosis of persistent peritonitis in patients operated with suppurative peritonitis, prereintervention heart rate, postoperative spontaneous abdominal pain maintained in the first 48 hours and post-operative pain after abdominal decompression were the most significant findings. Conclusions: the postoperative pain to decompression of the abdomen acquired a predictive value of reoperation for the first 48 hours of surgery and its appearance increased by 6 times the risk of presenting a persistent peritonitis.

RESUMO Introdução: peritonite, processo inflamatório geral ou localizado da membrana peritoneal; eles trazem consigo uma série de distúrbios intra-abdominais e gerais locais que ameaçam a vida do paciente de uma maneira potencial, deixando sem tratamento mais de 90% dos pacientes morrem. Objetivo: avaliar a utilidade de variáveis ​​clínicas, humorais e imaginológicas no pós-operatório, vitais para o diagnóstico precoce de infecção intra-abdominal persistente. Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico, de coorte, prospectivo e longitudinal em 45 pacientes com idade superior a 15 anos submetidos à cirurgia para peritonite difusa supurativa difusa (DSPD) e que foram reoperados com a impressão diagnóstica de peritonite persistente da qual alguns desenvolveram e outros não, no período de setembro de 2014 a abril de 2018. Resultados: para o diagnóstico precoce de peritonite persistente em pacientes operados com peritonite supurativa; Frequência cardíaca pré-intervenção, dor abdominal espontânea pós-operatória mantida nas primeiras 48 horas e dor pós-operatória após descompressão abdominal foram os achados mais significativos. Conclusões: a dor pós-operatória à descompressão do abdome adquiriu um valor preditivo de reoperação nas primeiras 48 horas de cirurgia e sua aparência aumentou 6 vezes o risco de apresentar peritonite persistente.

Enfermedad de Paget. A propósito de un caso / Paget's disease. About a case / Doença de Paget. Sobre um caso

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Paget se define como una lesión neoplásica del epitelio escamoso de la piel de areola y/o pezón, que presenta unas células de citoplasma amplio y claro con nucléolos aumentados, núcleo atípico desplazado, y que están situadas en la epidermis a lo largo de la membrana basal, que la caracterizan y se conocen como células de Paget. Clínicamente se manifiesta como una lesión eccematosa o erosiva que no responde al tratamiento convencional. Se realiza la presentación de una paciente con esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Paget's disease is defined as a neoplastic lesion of the squamous epithelium of the areola and / or nipple skin, which has large and clear cytoplasm cells with enlarged nucleoli, displaced atypical nucleus, and that are located in the epidermis along of the basement membrane, which characterize it and are known as Paget cells. Clinically it manifests as an eczematous or erosive lesion that does not respond to conventional treatment. The presentation of a patient with this disease is made.

RESUMO A doença de Paget é definida como uma lesão neoplásica do epitélio escamoso da aréola e / ou pele do mamilo, que possui células grandes e claras de citoplasma com nucléolos aumentados, núcleo atípico deslocado e localizadas na epiderme ao longo da membrana basal, que a caracteriza e é conhecida como células de Paget. Clinicamente, manifesta-se como uma lesão eczematosa ou erosiva que não responde ao tratamento convencional. A apresentação de um paciente com esta doença é feita.

[What is an efficient health intervention in Spain in 2020?] / ¿Qué es una intervención sanitaria eficiente en España en 2020?

Fifteen years ago, Gaceta Sanitaria published the article entitled "What is an efficient health technology in Spain?" The growing interest in setting the price of new technologies based on the value they provide to health systems and the experience accumulated by the countries in our environment make it opportune to review what constitutes an efficient health intervention in Spain in 2020. Cost-effectiveness analysis continues to be the reference method to maximize social health outcomes with the available resources. The interpretation of its results requires establishing reference values that serve as a guide on what constitutes a reasonable value for the health care system. Efficiency thresholds must be flexible and dynamic, and they need to be updated periodically. Its application should be based on and transparency, and consider other factors that reflect social preferences. Although setting thresholds is down to political decision-makers, in Spain it could be reasonable to use thresholds of 25,000 and 60,000 Euros per QALY. However, currently, in addition to determining exact figures for the threshold, the key question is whether the Spanish National Health System is able and willing to implement a payment model based on value, towards achieving gradual financing decisions and, above all, to improve the predictability, consistency and transparency of the process.

Pioderma gangrenoso como manifestación Inicial de síndrome mielodisplásico / Pyoderma gangrenosum as initial manifestation of syndrome myelodysplastic

El pioderma gangrenoso es una dermatosis neutrofílica poco común que se presenta como un desorden inflamatorio y ulcerativo de la piel. Más de la mitad de los pacientes que desarrollan esta afección, tienen asociada una enfermedad sistémica subyacente. Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 79 años de edad, previamente sana, quien acude por presentar desde 4 días antes, flictenas violáceas, de contenido serohemático que se decapitan dejando úlcera superficial de fondo eritematoso, y luego profundizaron, no mejoraron con antibióticos por lo que se toma biopsia cutánea que reporta hallazgos compatibles con pioderma gangrenoso; se inició tratamiento con corticoides tópicos y sistémicos evidenciando mejoría de las lesiones. Durante la investigación etiológica se constató descenso de todas las líneas hematológicas y la biopsia de médula ósea mostró síndrome mielodisplásico con displasia unilínea de bajo grado. Discusión: El pioderma gangrenoso de tipo buloso, está comúnmente asociado a enfermedades hematológicas; en pacientes sin alteraciones hematológicas iniciales, debe haber un seguimiento estricto enfocado en la búsqueda de estos trastornos en un lapso de hasta 10 años. Se trata con fármacos inmunosupresores e inmunomoduladores. Conclusiones: ante la presencia de pioderma gangrenoso se debe sospechar síndrome mielodisplásico(AU)

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an uncommon neutrophilic dermatosis that presents as an inflammatory and ulcerative disorder of the skin. More than half of patients with pyoderma gangrenosum develop the disorder in association with an underlying systemic disease. Clinical case: 79-year-old female patient, previously healthy, who consulted for a period of 4 days, purplish skin lesions, which, once decapitated, showed a superficial ulcer that did not improve with broad spectrum antibiotics. The biopsy is taken, which reports findings compatible with pyoderma gangrenosum, so treatment with topical and systemic corticosteroids is started showing improvement of the lesions. During the diagnostic workup, pancytopenia was verified and, after ruling out other etiologies, bone marrow biopsy was performed, which allowed the diagnosis of lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome with single lineage dysplasia. Discussion: Bullous pyoderma gangrenosum is most commonly seen in patients with hematologic disease; due to the strong association between bullous PG and hematologic disease, patients who present without an associated hematologic disorder should be followed closely for the development of a hematologic disorder. Conclusion: Etiological search for pyoderma gangrenosum allows early diagnosis and timely treatment of the underlying disease(AU)

Carcinoma Bilateral de la mama. Presentación de un caso / Bilateral carcinoma of the breast. Presentation of a case / Carcinoma bilateral da mama. Apresentação de um caso

RESUMEN El Cáncer de mama Bilateral, es una entidad clínico patológica especial de presentación del cáncer de mama. Por lo que realizamos la presentación de un paciente con esta rara afección así como una revisión del estado actual de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Bilateral breast cancer is a special pathological clinical entity presenting breast cancer. So we made the presentation of a patient with this rare condition as well as a review of the current status of this disease.

RESUMO O câncer de mama bilateral é uma entidade clínica patológica especial que apresenta câncer de mama. Por isso, fizemos a apresentação de um paciente com esta condição rara, bem como uma revisão do estado atual desta doença.