Polyenvironmental and polygenic risk scores and the emergence of psychotic experiences in adolescents.

Psychotic experiences (PE) are forms of hallucinations and delusions neither reaching the intensity and functional impairment required to be regarded as full psychotic symptoms nor a psychotic disorder. Here we investigated the ability to predict PE using multiple models (regressions, mediation and moderation) using polygenic risk score for psychotic experiences (PE-PRS), polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (SCZ-PRS), and polyenvironmental risk score (PERS) in youth from a Brazilian sample. The scores were not able to predict outcome, either when both scores were combined (PERS + PE-PRS and PERS + SCZ-PRS) or separately. Our results show that there is no association between PE and PRS or PERS among adolescents in our Brazilian sample. The lack of association may be a result of the absence of better representativeness regarding genetic and environmental factors of our population.

Genetic diversity, population structure and rickettsias in Amblyomma ovale in areas of epidemiological interest for spotted fever in Brazil.

Amblyomma ovale (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Koch, 1844 is widely-reported in the neotropical region and is the main vector in the epidemic cycle of Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest, a bioagent of a milder variety of spotted fever (SF). Because species with wide geographical distributions are known to exhibit variations that influence their vectorial capacity, the present study aimed to analyze genetic diversity and rickettsia infection of A. ovale collected during the investigation and surveillance of SF cases in the Cerrado and Atlantic rainforest (ARF) Brazilian biomes. Samples had their DNA extracted, amplified and sequenced for 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit II and D-loop markers for tick analyses, as well as the gltA, htrA, ompA and ompB genes for rickettsia detection. Between 11 and 33 A. ovale haplotypes were identified, all of them exclusive to areas within individual analyzed biome areas. The A. ovale populations appeared to be structured, with Cluster I restricted to Cerrado + ARF isolated in Caatinga and Cluster II to ARF continuous area. Rickettsia bellii, R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest (first report for Goiás state, Cerrado), Rickettsia asemboensis (first record in A. ovale for Brazil) and Rickettsia felis (first detection in this ixodid) were identified. A. ovale clusters were not associated with rickettsia types.

Diversity of rickettsiae and potential vectors of spotted fever in an area of epidemiological interest in the Cerrado biome, midwestern Brazil.

The Brazilian state of Goiás, untouched by spotted fever (SF) until 2012, has subsequently reported cases of the disease in several regions. This study aimed to survey the diversity of potential vectors and rickettsia in areas of Goiás under environmental surveillance or case investigation for SF. Collected specimens were assayed with molecular biology technology using DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of fragments of the genes gltA, ompA, ompB and sca4 to detect rickettsia in ticks and fleas. Amplification of cytochrome oxidase subunit II and 16S rRNA was performed to assist tick identification. Rickettsia felis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) was found in Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché, 1835) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Rickettsia bellii was found in Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and in Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato. Rickettsia sp. strain NOD was found in Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, 1899. Of the Amblyomma cajennense complex, Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888 was confirmed in the northern, northeast, midwest and southeast regions of Goiás, whereas Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (Fabricius, 1787) was found only in the northern region of the state. Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899 associated with a species of the A. cajennense complex was the most common epidemiological finding, although Rickettsia rickettsii was not detected. This is the first report of Rickettsia sp. strain NOD in Goiás.

Amblyomma sculptum: genetic diversity and rickettsias in the Brazilian Cerrado biome.

Amblyomma sculptum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Berlese, 1888 is the most important tick vector in Brazil, transmitting the bioagent of the most severe form of spotted fever (SF) in part of the Cerrado (in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo). In another part of the Cerrado (Central-West region of Brazil), a milder form of SF has been recorded. However, neither the rickettsia nor the vector involved have been characterized. The aim of the current study was to analyse genetic variation and the presence of rickettsia in A. sculptum in Cerrado, from silent areas and with the milder form of SF. Samples were subjected to DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of 12S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit II and D-loop mitochondrial genes (for tick population analyses), and gltA, htrA, ompA and gene D (sca4) genes for rickettsia researches. Exclusive haplotypes with low frequencies, high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, star-shaped networks and significant results in neutrality tests indicate A. sculptum population expansions in some areas. Rickettsia amblyommatis, Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae and Rickettsia felis were detected. The A. sculptum diversity is not geographically, or biome delimited, pointing to a different potential in vector capacity, possibly associated with differing tick genetic profiles.

Predictive Factors for Fatal Tick-Borne Spotted Fever in Brazil.

In Brazil, two pathogenic Rickettsia species have been identified causing tick-borne spotted fever (SF). The aetiological agent Rickettsia rickettsii causes serious illness, particularly in the south-eastern region of the country. Moreover, the Rickettsia sp. strain Atlantic Rainforest cause milder clinical manifestations in south-eastern, south and north-east regions. This study has sought to analyse predictive factors for fatal SF. A case-control study was performed using disease notification records in Brazil. The cases included were individuals with laboratory confirmation and fatal progression of SF, while the controls included individuals with SF who were cured. A total of 386 cases and 415 controls were identified (1 : 1.1), and the cases and controls were similar in age. The factors identified as being protective against death were reported presence of ticks (odds ratio [OR], 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.88), residing in urban areas (OR, 0.47, 95% CI, 0.31-0.74) and presenting lymphadenopathy (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.82). Males exhibited a greater chance of death (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.13-2.18), as did patients who were hospitalized (OR, 10.82; 95% CI, 6.38-18.35) and who presented hypotension or shock (OR, 10.80; 95% CI, 7.33-15.93), seizures (OR, 11.24; 95% CI, 6.49-19.45) and coma (OR of 15.16; 95% CI, 8.51-27.02). The study demonstrates the severity profile of the SF cases, defined either as the frequency of hospitalization (even in cases that were cured) or as the increased frequency of the clinical complications typically found in critical patients. Opportune clinical diagnosis, a careful evaluation of the epidemiological aspects of the disease and adequate care for patients are determining factors for reducing SF fatality rates.

Epidemiological Profile of Wild Rabies in Brazil (2002-2012).

Rabies is one of the most important zoonosis in the world with high impact on public health. Studies report the presence of Lyssavirus in reservoirs of the wild cycle, highlighting the role of wild canines, marmosets, and vampire and non-vampire bats as potential vectors of the disease to domestic animals and human beings. Therefore, the reintroduction of rabies in urban environments from reservoirs of the wild cycle is a matter of concern. This study describes the profile of rabies cases documented in Brazil from 2002 to 2012, with emphasis on the wild transmission cycle of the disease. We carried out a descriptive study using records with information on the time of infection, persons with infection and location of confirmed cases of rabies in humans and animals, as well as data on anti-rabies treatments obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (Sinan) database. Within the study period, 82 cases of rabies transmitted by wild animals to humans were reported, predominantly in rural areas of the northern and north-eastern regions. Of the cases in humans, 72% did not receive post-exposure prophylaxis. Among wild mammals, vampire bats were the most frequent vectors of the disease. In the north-east region, 460 terrestrial wild mammals were reported with confirmed rabies. Over the study period, 1703 bats were reported to carry the rabies virus. In the south-east region, the most frequently reported carriers of the virus were non-vampire bats. The midwest and northern regions presented a lower number of records of rabies cases among terrestrial wild mammals. However, the high number of rabies cases among bovines reflects the role of the vampire bat as a maintainer of the rabies virus in the rural cycle. The present results are key to adjust the planning of rabies control in Brazil to the current epidemiological trends.

Intercanine distance in the analysis of bite marks: a comparison of human and domestic dog dental arches.

One common parameter considered helpful to identify the origin of bite wounds has been the distance between the canine teeth marks left on the victim. The reliability of this parameter to differentiate the origin of the marks (human or animal) was evaluated using a sample of: a) domestic dogs (n=50) weighting between 4.9 kg and 46 kg of undefined breed and b) human beings (n=50). Dog intercanine distances (ID) were measured directly using calipers, those from the human sample were measured from wax imprints using calipers. It was found that dog bite intercanine distance measurements were overall 2.8% wider for the upper arch and 10.4% wider for the lower arch when compared with the overall result for humans. However, it was observed that the measured values for medium sized dogs (between 9.1 kg and 23.0 kg) are similar to the overall results for humans. Therefore, for this range, the stand alone use of intercanine distance measurements from bite wounds marks are inconclusive with respect of defining if of human origin.

An assessment of adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy on the development of HIV positive children by observation of dental mineralization chronology.

BACKGROUND: The difference between dental age (DA) and chronological age (CA) indicates an advance or delay in comparison with the normal standard. Considering that DA has a very close correlation with CA in a developing child, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the effects of antiretroviral therapy on the development of HIV positive children, by observing the timing of dental mineralization. METHODS: A retrospective examination was made of the medical records and dental panoramic radiographs of 50 HIV-positive pediatric patients, aged 37-168 months of age. Through these radiographs, their DA was estimated and compared with their CA. RESULTS: The mean DA was significantly lower than the mean CA in the entire studied sample (P < 0.01). There was a statistical difference between children who received antiretroviral drugs and those who used no drugs (P = 0.02), i.e. the non-treated individuals presented practically no difference between CA and DA, while the treated patients showed a difference of 10.67 months. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the DA of HIV infected children was delayed when compared to the CA, and there was a positive association between the use of antiretroviral therapy and a delay in the chronology of dental mineralization in the sample.

Combining logistic models with multivariate methods for the rapid biological assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates.

This work represents an attempt to define a simple method to classify the relative degree of disturbance of sites in lotic systems on the basis of comparison of their faunistic composition with reference sites. Two ecotypes were selected in northern Portugal where benthic invertebrates were sampled in reaches with different levels of contamination. As a first stage, previous Geographic Information System information was used to define reference sites in each ecotype. Afterwards, multivariate techniques and non linear estimation models were combined to assess biological quality. This method allowed us to quantify sites according to increasing levels of contamination, after the probabilities of occurrence of taxa along a gradient of contamination taking into account the reference condition. The results suggest that this method is sensitive to organic pollution, easy to interpret, namely the species tolerance, and could be a good framework to establish regional rankings depending on the ecological impact of river sites.

Formaldehyde degradation in an anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor.

The development of appropriate technologies for the treatment of formaldehyde discharged into the environment is important to minimize its impact. Aerobic systems have been employed, although alternative anaerobic treatments have also been widely studied, mainly due to their low energy consumption and sludge production. However, toxic substances can lead to disturbances in anaerobic reactors. Some research has already been developed on formaldehyde anaerobic biological treatment, but no consensus has yet been reached about its behavior nor has the most efficient system been identified. Aiming at finding supporting evidence for this issue, therefore, this study investigated the degradation and toxicity of formaldehyde in a Horizontal-Flow Anaerobic Immobilized Sludge Reactor. Formaldehyde concentrations of 26.2-1158.6 mg HCHO/L were applied in the reactor, resulting in formaldehyde and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies of 99.7% and 92%, respectively. Volatile fatty acids with up to five carbons, found during the degradation of formaldehyde, are believed to indicate that the degradation followed routes unlike those suggested in the literature, which reports the formation of intermediates such as methanol and formic acid. The Monod kinetic model adhered to the experimental data well, with apparent kinetic parameters estimated as r(app)max) = 2.79 x 10(-3) mg HCHO/mg SSVh and K (app)(s) = 242.8 mg HCHO/L.

Cocaine mutagenicity and hepatocarcinogenicity evaluations in rodents.

The mutagenicity (clastogenicity) and the carcinogenicity (promoting potential) of cocaine were evaluated, respectively, by the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test (study I) and by the initiated rat liver bioassay (study II). In study I, two administration routes (i.p. and i.v.) and two sampling times (24 and 48 hours) after cocaine treatment were studied. Swiss male mice were treated with cocaine at doses of 0, 18, 37, and 75 mg/kg and 0, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg by i.p. and i.v. routes, respectively. No significant differences were observed between treated and negative control groups regarding the frequencies of micronuclei and the polichromatic/normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE/NCE) ratios. In study II, the development of putative preneoplastic foci of hepatocytes expressing the enzyme glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P+) was utilized as the end-point marker in a 8-week rat liver bioassay. The animals were initiated for carcinogenesis by a single i.p. sub-carcinogenic dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN). After a 6-week exposure to 5 or 10 mg/kg of cocaine i.v. twice a week there was no enhancement of GST-P+ foci development above the values of the control DEN-only treated animals. Also, cocaine did not induce any toxicity as evidenced by the absence of alterations of rat body and liver weights and of liver biochemical function and morphology. The results suggest that cocaine does not have a mutagenic effect on the mouse bone marrow cells or promoting activity on the rat hepatocarcinogenesis process.

The action of the herbicide paraquat on somatic and germ cells of mice.

The genotoxic potential of paraquat was evaluated in mouse somatic (bone marrow) and germ (spermatozoa) cells. Two exposure schedules were conducted: single and multiple treatment. Only for multiple treatment was an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations observed. In germ cells, paraquat induced an increase of sperm-shape abnormalities when the animals were treated at three stages of cell development: spermatozoa, spermatid and preleptotene spermatogonial cells. These toxicogenetic effects might be attributed to the ability of paraquat to generate oxygen free radicals.

Absence of genotoxic effects of crude and refined red palm oil on mouse bone marrow cells

Red Palm Oil (RPO), extracted from fruits of Elaeis guineensis, is a complex mixture consisting of over 99 per cent glycerides and about 1 per cent non-glyceride compounds. Its orange-red colour is due to its high content of carotenoid pigments, mainly alpha- and beta-carotene. Based on the fact that palm oil is a rich source of provitamin A, and because it is largely consumed in North and Northeastern Brazil, we evaluated possible clastogenic and cytotoxic activities of this oil on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo, as well as the alpha- and beta-carotene content. The experiments were performed using samples of refined and crude palm oil, of which two different phases, supernatant, sediment, and the mixture of both, were tested. The animals were treated by gavage, at daily doses of 4.5 g/Kg, for five consecutive days, and killed 24 hours after the last treatment, for chromosome preparations. The negative control group was treated with corn oil. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and in mitotic index when the animals which received palm oil were compared with the negative control. The beta-carotene content was higher than that of alpha-carotene, and the supematant phase was the richest source of carotenoids. These findings suggest that RPO has no genotoxic effect.

[Klüver-Bucy syndrome caused by viral encephalitis. Report of a case]. / Síndrome de Klüver-Bucy determinada por encefalite a virus. Relato de um caso.

A case of peculiar form of Klüver-Bucy syndrome is reported. The diagnosis of viral meningoencephalitis was made by the clinical features and by cerebrospinal fluid and histological examination (brain biopsy). The computed tomography and electroencephalographic aspects are analysed. The viral meningoencephalitis was possibly herpetic in nature (herpes simplex virus). The patient here concerned, a woman aged twenty-one years old, during the clinical course of the disease showed insatiable appetite, psychic blindness, oral tendencies, aberrant sexual behavior and hypermetamorphopsia (Klüver-Bucy syndrome). The significance of these features is discussed.

Sindrome de Kluver-Bucy determinada por encefalite a virus: relato de um caso. / Kluver-Bucy syndrome caused by viral encephalitis: report of a case

E relatado um caso de encefalite a virus, tendo o paciente desenvolvido no decurso da evolucao a sindrome de Kluver-Bucy. Inicialmente sao feitas consideracoes a respeito da etiologia do processo virotico, ressaltando os autores a provavel participacao do virus "herpes simplex" na origem do quadro. Os exames complementares realizados (liquido cefalo cefalorraqueano, eletrencefalograma, tomografia computadorizada e biopsia cerebral) sao altamente sugestivos de etiologia virotica. A seguir a sindrome de Kluver-Bucy e analisada nas suas varias vertentes: baixa incidencia no ser humano, aspectos clinicos e fisiopatologicos